Anaerobic Counts Research Articles

Investigation of Temperature-Step Aging of Beef Sirloin on Techno-Functional and Microbiological Attributes

In today’s increasingly demanding market, there is a growing need for high-quality beef products that offer exceptional sensory attributes and provide a premium gastronomic experience. The aim of this research was to develop a beef aging technology that is food-safe (validated by microbiological measurement), produces meat with a desirable color and texture as well as techno-functional properties (drip loss, pH), and also minimizes aging time. The experiments included a temperature-stepped, anaerobic process carried out in vacuum packaging. According to the temperature steps, SAMPLE GROUP I remained at 5 °C throughout the four-week aging period. SAMPLE GROUP II transitioned to a 1 °C environment after the first week, while SAMPLE GROUP III moved from a 5 °C to a 1 °C environment after the second week, and SAMPLE GROUP IV moved after the third week. Instrumentally measured parameters, such as the drip loss, pH, color, texture, and microbiological characteristics of the fresh meat, and at each week of aging for each group, were examined and evaluated by ANOVA or MANOVA. The study found that the drip loss decreased during the first week of aging, then increased, with no strong correlation to temperature. The pH increased in the first week, then decreased, which is linked to microbiological processes, though the changes were not statistically significant. Anaerobic microbial counts rose across all groups but remained within safe limits. Texture analysis showed that meat tenderness peaked after the first week due to proteolytic activity, with Fmax showing significant group differences. Using the technology presented in this paper, optimal aging was achieved after one week, but trend-like results suggested further changes and furthering the aging process will develop a harder texture.

The anticoccidial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the live coccidia vaccine and the subsequent influence on poultry performance post-challenge with mixed Eimeria species

Live vaccines containing Eimeria oocysts are commercially available to protect against avian coccidiosis. Additionally, probiotics (PRO) and prebiotics (PRE) improve the poultry productivity and health and can be used as anticoccidial substitutes. However, the impact of PRO and PRE on reproductive potential, lesion score, intestinal health, and immunization outcomes of the live coccidia vaccines has not received adequate attention. Five groups of unsexed 1-day-old broiler chicks were used as follows: negative control (NC); challenged control (CC); vaccinated and challenged (VC); vaccinated, PRO-treated, and challenged (V-PRO); and vaccinated, PRE-treated, and challenged (V-PRE). At 21 d post-vaccination (pv), the vaccine increased the count of cecal anaerobes (P ≤ 0.05) and coliforms (P > 0.05) as well as harmed body weight gain (WG) (P ≤ 0.05), cecal lactic acid bacteria (P ≤ 0.05), and plasma carotenoid level (P > 0.05). None of the additives decreased oocyst shedding after vaccination, although they lowered the middle intestine and cecal lesion scores (P > 0.05). Compared to VC (2.68 ± 0.12) and V-PRE (2.66 ± 0.05), the V-PRO group showed an improved carotenoid level pv (2.96 ± 0.05) (P ≤ 0.05). V-PRE exhibited higher WG (822.95 ± 18.25) (P > 0.05) and FI (1153.01 ± 10.02) (P ≤ 0.05) than VC (781.86 ± 25.16 and 1109.85 ± 33.68) and V-PRO pv (787.61 ± 19.92 and 1077.43 ± 15.99). Following the homologous coccidia challenge, coccidia-vaccinated broilers adminstered the PRO or PRE continued to exhibit protection levels comparable to those received the vaccine alone. During 2 weeks post-challenge, VC, V-PRO and V-PRE improved bird performance and reduced oocyst shedding and lesion scores compared to CC. Ultimately, PRO and PRE treatments did not significantly reverse the reduction in growth performance in broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidia during the 1st three weeks of age.

The effectiveness of glucosite gel in reducing bleeding on probing and anaerobic bacterial count pre and post intra-periodontal pocket application

The effectiveness of glucosite gel in reducing bleeding on probing and anaerobic bacterial count pre and post intra-periodontal pocket application

Shrimp Digestive Bacteria Performance for Shrimp Waste Chitin Extraction

Generally, chitin is isolated chemically. An environmentally friendly alternative to chitin extraction is enzymatic extraction. The research aims to determine the effectiveness and optimum conditions for enzymatic chitin extraction of shrimp waste (heads, shells, and tails) using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and proteolytic bacteria from the shrimp's digestive tract (faeces and intestines). The research stages were isolation, enrichment, and determining shrimp digestion's bacterial colonies, microscopic identification of shrimp digestive bacteria, and determining the effectiveness and optimal conditions for shrimp waste's chitin isolation. Aerobic and Anaerobic Total Plate Count (TPC), LAB, and proteolytic bacteria from shrimp's digestive tract per gram of sample were respectively 5.52 and 5.59 log CFU; 4.76 and 4.56 log CFU; 6.46 and 6.20 log CFU. Microscopic morphology shows that LAB and proteolytic bacteria of shrimp digestive are gram-positive as cocci or rods. The deproteinization value of shrimp waste reached 31%, especially for treatment with a pH of 5.0–7.0 (during proteolytic bacteria fermentation) and pre-treatment of boiling, drying and coarse grinding of shrimp waste (PP2) before extraction. However, the demineralization value of shrimp waste is only 4.5% (PP1) and 3% (PP2), with LAB as the primary fermentation agent because proteolytic bacteria have been unable to reduce the mineral content in shrimp waste further.

Multidrug resistance and virulence genes in Campylobacter isolates from poultry waste in Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective: This study aims to determine antibiotic susceptibility profile and detect virulence genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry waste in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: Poultry droppings were collected from ten poultry farms, and Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Total Anaerobic Count (TAC) of the samples were determined. Campylobacter species were isolated using modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA). The isolates were identified using conventional biochemical techniques, and antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay on Mueller Hinton agar. Detection of virulence genes in selected multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Campylobacter species (240) were isolated from Moniya (44.6%) and Igbo-Oloyin (55.4%) farms. Campylobacter (C.) lari was the most prevalent isolate (32.5%) while C. fetus was the least common. Resistance to streptomycin was observed in 76.7% of the isolates, while 3.3% exhibited resistance to ertapenem. Specifically, C. jejuni isolates from Igbo-Oloyin farms showed resistance rates of 86% to cephalothin and 71% to cefuroxime. In comparison, C. jejuni isolates from Moniya farms showed even higher resistance rates of 95% to cephalothin and 81% to cefuroxime. The antibiotypes of the selected isolates showed that four Campylobacter spp. were resistant to a combination of eight antibiotics. Furthermore, the detection of virulence genes from the selected MDR isolates showed that cadF and hipO genes were detected in 70.0% and 50.0% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: MDR strains with virulent genes were found in Campylobacter species isolated from poultry wastes, posing a significant health challenge. Therefore, prudent use of antibiotics in animal husbandry should be ensured in addition to preventing indiscriminate discharge of untreated poultry waste into the environment.

The efficacy of 2780 nm Er,Cr;YSGG and 940 nm Diode Laser in root canal disinfection: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectivesEffective disinfection of the root canals is the cornerstone of successful endodontic treatment. Diminishing the microbial load within the root canal system is crucial for healing in endodontically treated teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm diode lasers on the eradication of microorganisms from single-rooted teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.Materials and MethodsThirty participants conforming to the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the disinfection protocol used; Conventional group: 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA solution NaOCl/EDTA, Dual laser group: 2780 nm Erbium, chromium: yttrium scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and 940 nm diode laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode, and Combined group: 17% EDTA and 940 nm diode laser EDTA/Diode. Bacterial samples were collected before and after intervention. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Friedman’s test and Kruskal–Wallis test (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe results of the study showed that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups showed significantly less mean Log10 CFU/ml of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts than the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group.ConclusionsIn this study we evaluated in vivo the bactericidal efficacy of three disinfection protocols for endodontic treatment of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis. The results indicated that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups provide superior bactericidal effect compared to the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group.Clinical relevanceThe integration of lasers into root canal disinfection protocols has demonstrated significant bacterial reduction which might promote healing and long-term success.

Nanotopography and oral bacterial adhesion on titanium surfaces: in vitro and in vivo studies.

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of titanium surface nanotopography on the initial bacterial adhesion process by in vivo and in vitro study models. Titanium disks were produced and characterized according to their surface topography: machined (Ti-M), microtopography (Ti-Micro), and nanotopography (Ti-Nano). For the in vivo study, 18 subjects wore oral acrylic splints containing 2 disks from each group for 24 h (n = 36). After this period, the disks were removed from the splints and evaluated by microbial culture method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and qPCR for quantification of Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as total bacteria. For the in vitro study, adhesion tests were performed with the species S. oralis and A. naeslundii for 24 h. Data were compared by ANOVA, with Tukey's post-test. Regarding the in vivo study, both the total aerobic and total anaerobic bacteria counts were similar among groups (p > 0.05). In qPCR, there was no difference among groups of bacteria adhered to the disks (p > 0.05), except for A. naeslundii, which was found in lower proportions in the Ti-Nano group (p < 0.05). In the SEM analysis, the groups had a similar bacterial distribution, with a predominance of cocci and few bacilli. In the in vitro study, there was no difference in the adhesion profile for S. oralis and A. naeslundii after 24 h of biofilm formation (p > 0.05). Thus, we conclude that micro- and nanotopography do not affect bacterial adhesion, considering an initial period of biofilm formation.

Влияние упаковки на качество пищевых концентратов из корнеплодов

Russian cuisine reflects the identity of its peoples. However, modern nutrition tends to level the multicultural peculiarities of Russian cuisine. This research objective was to identify the effect of packaging and storage time on the quality profile of instant turnip and rutabaga porridges.&#x0D; The study featured quality indicators of food concentrates. Samples of instant porridges were packaged in sachet bags and cups made of complex materials. They were stored at a 20–25°C and a relative humidity of ≤75% for 8 months. The sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological variables were measured using standard research methods.&#x0D; After 6 and 8 months of storage, the total sensory assessment for the porridge cups was higher by 1.0 and 2.0 points, respectively, than for the porridge sachets. The cups did not affect the moisture and fat content during storage. The recoverability of the cupped samples was higher by 10.9 and 14.2% after 6 and 8 months of storage, respectively. The mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbial count for porridge cups fell by 11.0 times after 6 months of storage and by 3.2 times after 8 months of storage, compared to the sachets. The tests revealed no yeast, mold, Bacillus cereus, coliform bacteria, or pathogenic microorganisms.&#x0D; Shelf-life had a greater effect on quality profile of instant porridge than packaging. In this research, the recommended shelf life for instant turnip and rutabaga porridges was 6 months. The effect of other packaging types and materials on food concentrates is a promising research direction.

Optimizing the use of low-frequency ultrasound for bacterial detachment of in vivo biofilms in dental research—a methodological study

ObjectivesLow-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound is commonly utilized in various dental research fields to remove biofilms from surfaces, but no clear recommendation exists in dental studies so far. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the sonication procedure for the dental field to efficiently detach bacteria while preserving viability.Materials and methodsInitial biofilm was formed in vivo on bovine enamel slabs (n = 6) which were worn by four healthy participants for 4 h and 24 h. The enamel slabs covered with biofilm were then ultrasonicated ex vivo for various time periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 min). Colony-forming units were determined for quantification, and bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF. Scanning electron microscopic images were taken to also examine the efficiency of ultrasonications for different time periods.ResultsUltrasonication for 1 min resulted in the highest bacterial counts, with at least 4.5-fold number compared to the non-sonicated control (p < 0.05). Most bacteria were detached within the first 2 min of sonication, but there were still bacteria detached afterwards, although significantly fewer (p < 0.0001). The highest bacterial diversity was observed after 1 and 2 min of sonication (p < 0.03). Longer sonication periods negatively affected bacterial counts of anaerobes, Gram-negative bacteria, and bacilli. Scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated the ability of ultrasound to desorb microorganisms, as well as revealing cell damage and remaining bacteria.ConclusionsWith the use of low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound, significantly higher bacterial counts and diversity can be reached. A shorter sonication time of 1 min shows the best results overall.Clinical relevanceThis standardization is recommended to study initial oral biofilms aged up to 24 h to maximize the outcome of experiments and lead to better comparability of studies.

The impact on shelf life of Tulum cheese of modified atmosphere packaging

Tulum cheese is one of the most important conventional fermented dairy products produced in Türkiye. In this study, the effects of modified atmosphere packaging on the microbiological, physicochemical, sensory properties, and shelf life of Tulum cheese were investigated. For this aim, Tulum cheese samples were divided into four groups (B=100% CO2, C =100% N2, D=70% N2+30% CO2, E=75% N2+25% CO2), and the control samples were packaged in the air (A). These samples stored at 4±1°C were analyzed for the microbiological, chemical, and sensory on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240. TMAB, LLP, lactic streptococcus, lipolytic microorganisms, proteolytic microorganisms, and yeast-mold counts increased while the counts of coliform group bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus continually decreased in all groups during the storage. During the storage period, the E. coli and sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria counts were detected below detectable levels (&lt;1.0 log10 CFU/g) in all groups. Other chemical parameter values increased continuously while pH values continually decreased during the storage in all the groups. It was observed that the total sensory scores of the samples decreased continually during the storage period. However, when the scores of the E group were evaluated within themselves, significant differences were obtained. In conclusion, Tulum cheese samples packaged in MAP showed significant changes in quality, and their shelf life was extended.&#x0D; Keywords: Modified atmosphere packaging; Quality characteristics; Sensory evaluation; Shelf-life extension; Tulum cheese

Nisin and Organic Acid Salts Improved the Microbial Quality, Extended the Shelf Life, and Maintained the Sensory Attributes of Semidry Beef Luncheon Marketed at Adverse (35-40 °C) Ambient Summer Temperatures.

Semidry beef luncheon may undergo deteriorative changes during storage at ambient temperatures in tropical and subtropical regions including Egypt. This study was conducted in a meat plant in Egypt with the aim of overcoming the economic losses from the returns of spoiled unsold beef luncheon displayed in grocery stores at adverse summer temperatures of 37 °C or more. Ten approaches were applied using different preservatives, comprising sodium nitrite, nisin, potassium sorbate, and organic acid salts (a combination of sodium lactate, sodium acetate, and sodium diacetate). In addition, the product was cooked at different temperatures and was stored for 21 days at 37 °C, during which time the shelf life, microbial quality, pH, and sensory attributes were investigated. By Day 21 of storage, the luncheon contained 50 mg/kg sodium nitrite, 25 mg/kg nisin, and 1000 mg/kg organic acid salts and, when cooked at a final core temperature of 92 °C, exhibited reductions in aerobic plate count, anaerobic plate count, lactic acid bacterial count, and mold and yeast counts by 4.32, 3.54, 3.47, and 1.89 log10 CFU/g, respectively, when compared with the control. The sensory attributes and pH were also maintained in the final products of such treatment, with no product return and the avoidance of economic loss. This study presents a novel approach for solving the major problem of the deteriorative changes that occur in semidry luncheon sausage and similar meat products which require rejection with a huge economic loss, especially in tropical and semitropical areas of the world that have similar problems of high climatic temperatures and a low availability of energy or technological resources.

Low energy electron beam to support safe whole dried insect products

Abstract Product safety is a major concern when using edible insects and insect-derived products due to insects’ diverse microbial community. Therefore, development of reliable post-processing treatments are required. Commonly used thermal treatments are effective against microorganisms but can have negative effects on product quality and nutritional value. Low-energy electron beam (LEEB) is an emerging non-thermal surface treatment technology for microbial decontamination of low water activity goods while preserving product quality. However, its potential application as an insect post-processing treatment has not been explored. To assess the effectiveness of LEEB treatment (250 keV and 12 kGy), three separate experiments were conducted with dried black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and yellow mealworm (YMW). First, to assess LEEB’s potential in inactivating microorganisms in insect products, LEEB treatment was conducted on dried BSFL inoculated with Escherichia coli K-12. Secondly, the effect of LEEB treatment on reducing naturally occurring microbial populations after microwave drying was evaluated. Finally, a six-month controlled shelf-life study (24 °C, 65% RH) was conducted to assess the long-term efficacy of LEEB treatment by monitoring physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. LEEB achieved a 4-log10 reduction of inoculated E. coli K-12 on dried BSFL and was effective in reducing numbers of all microbiological parameters (aerobic and anaerobic counts) in YMW. Specifically, in non-inoculated samples, aerobic and anaerobic total viable counts (TVC) were reduced by approximately 4-log10 colony forming units per gram (cfu/g) in YMW. In contrast, LEEB treatment moderately reduced microbial numbers in BSFL, with aerobic and anaerobic TVC reduced by approximately 1–2-log10 cfu/g following LEEB treatment. Microbial counts in both BSFL and YMW remained lower than the control throughout the shelf-life. LEEB treatment did not have an influence on the peroxide value. Therefore, LEEB can be an effective and gentle processing technique to support safe dried insect products.

Viability of Anaerobic Bacteria in Dental Sub-Gingival Calculus and Its Minerlization – An Observational Microbiological Study

Background: Dental calculus, a mineralized product of plaque, remains ignored and is considered as a fossilized remnant of minor significance. Dental plaque is still considered as the main culprit in etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Several studies suggest that calculus has a porous and spongy nature because of which it may act as a reservoir for endotoxins and bacterial antibodies. However, the viability of bacteria in sub gingival calculus and its role in the pathogenesis and disease progression still remains a mystery. The present study aims to investigate the viability of bacteria within sub-gingival calculus and to assess the degree of mineralization of dental calculus and the variation of viable micro flora corresponding to the extent of mineralization. Materials and Methods: Eighteen samples of sub gingival calculus were harvested from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The samples were divided into two groups, Group 1 (non-irradiated) and Group 2 (samples exposed to UV radiation) and Group 3 (samples assessed for mineralization). Group 1 and 2 samples were utilized for anaerobic culture to detect the presence of anaerobic bacteria. Group 3 samples were crushed in a Universal testing machine and mineralization was assessed according to the force required for crushing. Results: All study specimens showed positive bacterial growth under anaerobic conditions. The bacterial cultures revealed decrease in the bacterial count in Group 2 i.e. Irradiated group (I) when compared with Group 1 i.e. Non-irradiated group (NI). The results obtained from computerized Universal Testing Machine showcased varying values required to crush the sub-gingival calculus samples suggesting variation in mineralization of each sample. The correlation between mineralization and viable anaerobic bacterial count revealed an inverse relation. Conclusion: Sub-gingival calculus plays a key role in harbouring pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, owing to its porous ....

Comparison of bacterial colonization on absorbable non-coated suture with Triclosan- or Chlorhexidine-coated sutures: a randomized controlled study.

The oral cavity is a colossal reservoir for the bacteria. The healing of tissues is compromised after flap surgery, particularly in the presence of sutures, as they can act as repositories for bacteria, ultimately leading to surgical site infections. Hence, antibacterial-coated sutures have been considered as an alternative to reduce the risk of these infections and further improve the wound healing of the tissues after flap surgery. Since minimal information is available on the effect of antibacterial-coated sutures on periodontal tissues, this study aims to clinically and microbiologically assess the antibacterial efficacy of Triclosan (TCS) and Chlorhexidine-coated sutures (CCS) on periodontal tissues compared to non-coated sutures (NCS). A total of 75 subjects with moderate to severe periodontitis were included in the study and randomly allocated to one of the three groups, (TCS, CCS, and NCS groups) equally. Suture removal was performed on postoperative day 8, and parameters such as wound healing and post-operative pain were evaluated. The retrieved suture samples were subjected to microbiological analysis and the bacteria were identified quantitatively and qualitatively. Intragroup analysis of the wound healing index and post-operative pain for all the groups showed a significant improvement (p<0.01), from day 8 to day 30. Intergroup analysis of the wound healing index revealed significant wound healing (p<0.05) on day 15 and day 30. For post-operative pain, intergroup analyses showed significantly low pain scores (p<0.01) for the TCS group. Microbiologic analysis of aerobic colony counts in both anterior and posterior regions revealed significantly (p<0.01) least colony counts in TCS and highest colony counts in NCS groups, respectively. Although anaerobic colony counts were not statistically significant, relatively fewer colony counts were identified in the TCS group. Whereas, relatively higher anaerobic colony counts were seen in the CCS group in the anterior region and in the NCS group in the posterior region. Qualitative assessment revealed higher amounts of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species in all the three groups (TCS, CCS, and NCS groups). Antibacterial-coated sutures, particularly Triclosan-coated sutures, are effective in reducing bacterial accumulation compared to non-coated sutures. Therefore, these sutures can be effectively utilized in periodontal flap surgery.

Effect of rearing system (free-range vs cage) on gut and muscle histomorphology and microbial loads of Italian White breed rabbits.

The growing consumers' interest on animal welfare has raised the request of products obtained by alternative rearing systems. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of housing system on gut and muscle morphology and on microbial load in rabbits reared under free-range (FR) and cage system (CS). A total of forty weaned (35 days of age) male Italian White breed rabbits were allotted according to the rearing system, and at 91 days of age were randomly selected and slaughtered for the morphological evaluation of tissue from duodenum and longissimus lumborum. Morphometric analysis of the villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and villus surface was performed. The microbial loads on hind muscle was determined by total mesophilic aerobic count (TMAC), Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae; whereas, total anaerobic bacteria count (TABC) and TMAC, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae was determined on caecal content. Rearing system did not interfere with the duodenum and muscle histomorphology in both rabbit groups. Similarly, microbial load of caecal content showed no significant differences on the TABC and TMAC. Conversely, significant difference was found for E. coli strains in caecal content, with the lower counts in FR compared to CS rabbits (p<0.01). Microbiological assay of muscle revealed significant lower TMAC in FR vs CS rabbits (p< 0.05). All rabbit meat samples were negative for E. Coli and Enterobacteriaceae. Free-range could be considered a possible alternative and sustainable rearing system in rabbits to preserve gut environment and muscle quality.

Monitoring the process of yogurt spoilage by dielectric measurements and spread plate method

In my research work, I primarily focused on the investigation of yogurt (made from home-made raw milk) spoilage by microbiological and dielectric measurements. During the experiment, I continuously monitored the changes in aerobic and anaerobic Lactobacillus cell counts of the product, as a possible spoilage process would cause the deteriorative microbes to displace the lactic acid bacteria, and I also monitored the changes in the dielectric properties of the sample material at 400 MHz frequency. The research results verified that there is a strong correlation between the variation in live cell counts and dielectric parameters in both aerobically and anaerobically cultured lactic acid bacteria. The main conclusions of the results are that the change in the bacterial count, and thus the deterioration process leading to it, can be indirectly monitored in the dairy product under study by low-frequency determination of both the dielectric constant and the loss factor.

Antimicrobial efficacy of superoxide water as an intracanal irrigant in primary anterior teeth against facultative anaerobes: A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Background: There is always a call for a search for an irrigating solution that can mask the disadvantages and simultaneously have antimicrobial action when used in root canals (RCs) at par with that of the most commonly used irrigants. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of superoxide water (SOW) to 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX-G) when used as RC irrigants in primary anterior teeth against facultative anaerobes. Materials and Methods: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trial was carried out among children between the age groups of 3 and 7 years. Sixty teeth were randomly grouped into three groups: Group I: 1% NaOCl irrigation, Group II: 2% CHX-G irrigation, and Group III: SOW. Pre- and postirrigation samples using the paper points were sent to the microbial laboratory for the culture. Chi-square analysis and analysis of variance were carried out to find the significance of study parameters on the categorical scale and between the groups, respectively. Results: All the three irrigating solutions showed a statistically significant reduction in the microbial count of facultative anaerobes when pre- and postirrigating samples were compared. Conclusion: All the three solutions had almost similar antimicrobial efficacy. SOW was found to have similar effects on facultative anaerobes as that of NaOCl. Hence, SOW can be used as an alternative to NaOCl in the pediatric population.

Assessment of physiochemical properties and bacteriological diversity of Otamiri river in Owerri eastern Nigeri

The physiochemical and bacteria diversity of Otamiri River was analyzed using standard microbiological methods. A total of seventy two (72) water and twenty four (24) sediment samples were collected. The routine plate count revealed that the number of heterotrophic bacteria present ranged from 1.00E+06 Cfu/ml to 9.70E+06 Cfu/ml, fecal coliform count 2.00E+05 Cfu/ml to 9.00E+06 Cfu/ml, Salmonella/Shigella count 3.50E+05 Cfu/ml to 1.52E+07 Cfu/ml, Staphylococcus count 2.00E+05 Cfu/ml to 1.79E+07 Cfu/ml, coliform count 3.50E+05 Cfu/ml to 4.59E+08 Cfu/ml, Vibrio count 1.50E+05 Cfu/ml to 3.52E+07 Cfu/ml. Anaerobic bacteria count ranged from 2.00E+05 Cfu/ml to 2.85E+06 Cfu/ml. The proportion of bacteria isolated from the samples showed that Alcaligens faecalis had the highest 68(94.44), 24(100), followed by Lysinibacillus macrolides 54(75), 21(87.5) while Lactobacillus spp had the least in water sample 6(8.33), Klebsiella aerogenes had the least in sediment 6(25). Among the physiochemical parameters analyzed in the river water and sediment samples had values above the recommended standard by WHO. The samples biophysical parameters did not meet the standard recommended by WHO for portable water. Therefore, to prevent potential health risks, those who use river water for domestic purposes must appropriately cleanse it before use. The government of the day should devise ways of disposing solid waste and effluent rather than channel same into the river and enact strict laws that will punish individual, agencies and firms that indulge in such in order to protect natural bodies of water from pollution. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance Posthoc = Tukey Alpha (0.05) indicated that the mean bacteria counts between the sampling stations differ significantly at the 0.05 level.

Standardisation of traditional rennet produced from sheep abomasum

Traditional rennet (TR) from small ruminants is required to produce many cheeses, but can be a source of technological and safety problems due to low milk-clotting activity (MCA) and microbiological quality. TR samples were obtained from producers of Erzincan tulum cheese in the Gölyurt plateaus (Turkey). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast and moulds, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria counts in the TRs were in the ranges of <1 to 8.07 log cfu mL−1, <2 to 7.33 log cfu mL−1, <1 to 4.32 log cfu mL−1, <1 to 3.19 log cfu mL−1, <1 to 3.46 log cfu mL−1, and <1 log cfu mL−1, respectively. In standardising the TRs, microfiltration decreased the number of microorganisms (<1–2 log cfu mL−1); evaporation increased the MCA by 5 times and reached 1:806–1:5336 MCU mL−1. As a result, increased microbiological safety and MCA of standardised rennet and improved sensory properties of cheese were obtained by a practical and reproducible process.

Microbial Evaluation of Root Canals after Biomechanical Preparation with Manual K-files, Manual H-files, and Kedo-SG Blue Rotary Files: An In Vivo Study.

The purpose of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of Kedo-SG blue rotary files, manual K-files, and manual H-files in eliminating the root canal microflora of primary molars. Forty-five primary molars requiring pulpectomy were included in the study. Based on type of instrumentation, the teeth were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: group A: Kedo-SG blue rotary files, group B: manual H-files, and group C: manual K-files. Sterile absorbent paper points were used for sample collection and stored in sterile Eppendorf tubes containing saline as transport medium. Culturing was done on thioglycolate agar and blood agar media for the cultivation of anaerobic and aerobic microbes, respectively, and recorded as colony-forming units (CFU) using digital colony counter. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were performed for statistical analysis. Postinstrumentation, 93-96% reduction of aerobic and anaerobic microbial count was recorded in group A. Whereas, it was 87-91% reduction in group B and 90-91% reduction in group C. No statistically significant difference was noted between the three groups. Kedo-SG blue rotary files showed a better reduction of microbes in root canals when compared to manual instrumentation. However, there was no significant difference between manual and rotary instrumentation in microbial reduction of primary root canals. Lakshmanan L, Jeevanandan G. Microbial Evaluation of Root Canals after Biomechanical Preparation with Manual K-files, Manual H-files, and Kedo-SG Blue Rotary Files: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):687-690.