Amylase Research Articles

Impact of Mushroom Consumption on Diabetic Type 2 Patients

The complicated disease known as diabetes mellitus is caused by the body producing insufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. This illness poses a global health risk and calls for inexpensive, non-adverse medication. Many synthetic hypoglycemia diabetes medicines are ineffective due to side effects. This has caused studies to focus more on medicinal plants and herbs, which are thought to be relatively harmless. There is a kind of phytotherapy that includes edible mushrooms that may be used to treat diabetes. They are abundant in naturally occurring substances such fibers, polysaccharides, phenolics, and alkaloids and have long been recognized for their ability to have antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Dietary supplements and functional foods derived from mushrooms can help treat pre-existing problems and postpone the start of potentially fatal diseases. This is confined to the suppression of intestinal glucosidase and the breakdown of composite polysaccharides by pancreatic amylase, which helps prevent and effectively cure type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the carbohydrates included in mushrooms function as prebiotics and alter the makeup of gut bacteria, which can lower insulin resistance. This paper explores the phathophysiology and complication of diabetes and provides details on the potential antidiabetic properties of several mushroom species. Nevertheless, more investigation is required to completely comprehend the therapeutic applications of mushrooms. Pre-clinical and clinical research, tests for enzyme inhibition, human trials, pilot studies, prospective and retrospective studies, and human trials should all be included in this research.

Investigating the effect of SUMO fusion on solubility and stability of amylase-catalytic domain from Pyrococcus abyssi

Alpha amylase belonging to starch hydrolyzing enzymes has significant contributions to different industrial processes. The enzyme production through recombinant DNA technology faces certain challenges related to their expression, solubility and purification, which can be overcome through fusion tags. This study explored the influence of SUMO, a protein tag reported to enhance the solubility and stability of target proteins when fused to the N-terminal of the catalytic domain of amylase from Pyrococcus abyssi (PaAD). The insoluble expression of PaAD in E. coli was overcome when the enzyme was expressed in a fusion state (S-PaAD) and culture was cultivated at 18 °C. Moreover, the activity of S-PaAD increased by 1.5-fold as compared to that of PaAD. The ligand binding and enzyme activity assays against different substrates demonstrated that it was more active against 1 % glycogen and amylopectin. The analysis of the hydrolysates through HPLC demonstrated that the enzyme activity is mainly amylolytic, producing longer oligosaccharides as the major end product. The secondary structure analyses by temperature ramping in CD spectroscopy and MD simulation demonstrated the enzymes in the free, as well as fusion state, were stable at 90 °C. The soluble production, thermostability and broad substrate specificity make this enzyme a promising choice for various foods, feed, textiles, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and many industrial applications.

Hydrolysis profile of gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst) starch to glucose using alpha amylase enzyme

Indonesia is an agrarian Country that has abundant natural resources. It has potential to be used as industrial raw materials such as sugar reduction from starch. Gadung, which is abundant in Gandus and it can be monitored for its presence in the dry season, is one source of starch. The aims of this research is to obtain glucose with a high yield percentage, to know the optimum concentration of α-amylase enzyme to hydrolysis gadung starch into glucose, and to know the relationship between hydrolysis time and concentration the glucose formed by the addition of the enzyme variation. The implementation of the research is carried out in three stages, first is preparation of raw materials, hydrolysis of gadung starch into glucose enzymatically, and analysis of glucose level using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Nelson reaction. The free variables used are the time variation of hydrolysis 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes and alpha amylase enzyme 1 %, 2 %, 3 % b/v. The optimum hydrolysis results on this study were at 1 % b/v enzyme variation, 10 minutes hydrolysis time, and a temperature of 90 oC. The yield of glucose concentration is 255.35 ppm. From this reseach, it is known that the longer the starch hydrolysis takes place, the observed glucose tends to experience in fluctuative consentration caused by the increase of α- amylase enzyme variations.

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Blended Organic Fertilizer from Yam and Sweet Potato Peels

This study shows the production of organic fertilizer by utilization of yam and sweet potatoes peels through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Method. Samples are categorized into sun-dried, sundried and autoclaved, Heat-dried, heat-dried and autoclaved, the fermentation process is carried out using alpha amylase and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Investigation of mineral elements (N, Cd, P, Zn, Pb, As, K, Hg.), in the eight varieties of Organic Fertilizer produced shows concentration of Cadmium (Cd) ranges from 0.0015 mg/kg to 0.0033 mg/kg), Nitrogen (N) in Percentage ranges from 2.3450% to 3.8550%; Phosphorus (P) ranges from 2.345 mg/kg to 3.607 mg/kg; Zinc (Zn) ranges from 2.215 mg/kg to 6.335 mg/kg. Lead (Pb) ranges from 0.00 mg/kg to 0.0015 mg/kg, potassium (K) ranges from 3.952 mg/kg to 6.213 mg/kg; Mercury and Arsenic nil. The study shows that Sweet Potato Peel (SDSPP) contains high Cadmium and potassium compare to other organic fertilizer produced. Sundried and Autoclaved Yam Peel (SDAYP) contains high percentage of Nitrogen (N), Heat Dried and Autoclaved Sweet Potato Peel (HDASPP) contains low Nitrogen, Sundried and Autoclaved Sweet Potato Peel (SDASPP) contains low phosphorus, Sundried Yam Peel (SDYP), Sundried and Autoclaved Yam Peels (SDAYP), Heat Dried Sweet Potato Peel HDSPP and Heat Dried Sweet Potato Peel (HDSPP) has zero trace of Lead (Pb) making it free of food intoxication from heavy metals, SDYP contains high phosphorus. These indicate that the samples will make quality organic fertilizer because it contains high Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium (NPK) which are essential elements required in plant structures.

Response surface methodology as an approach for optimization of alpha amylase production by using bacterial consortium under submerged fermentation

The present study aims to isolate amylolytic bacteria and later the formation of a bacterial consortium for alpha-amylase production. The potent amylolytic strains in a selected consortium were identified as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. Initially cultural conditions for alpha amylase were optimized in Plackett–Burman design, followed by the central composite design. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the optimization study indicated pH 7, 0.05 %CaCl2 and 24 h incubation time were the significant variables that mainly effect the alpha amylase production. After the process of statistical optimization, the enzyme was then partially purified by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation at a 60% saturation level, resulting in a 2-fold purification with 1.4 U/mg specific activity. Enzyme kinetics studies showed that the maximum velocity of the reaction (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were 47.4 mg/ml and 13.2 mM, respectively. Current results suggest the newly isolated bacterial consortium could be considered as a promising candidate for industrial applications.

Differential intestinal effects of water and foodborne exposures of nano-TiO2 in the mussel Mytilus coruscus under elevated temperature

With the wide use of nanomaterials in daily life, nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) presents potential ecological risks to marine ecosystems, which can be exacerbated by ocean warming (OW). However, most previous studies have only centered around waterborne exposure, while there is a scarcity of studies concentrating on the impact of trophic transfer exposure on organisms. We investigated the differences in toxic effects of 100 μg/L nano-TiO2 on mussels via two pathways (waterborne and foodborne) under normal (24 °C) and warming (28 °C) conditions. Single nano-TiO2 exposure (waterborne and foodborne) elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as the content of glutathione (GSH), indicating activated antioxidatant response in the intestine. However, depressed antioxidant enzymes and accumulated peroxide products (LPO and protein carbonyl content, PCC) demonstrated that warming in combination with nano-TiO2 broke the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of mussels. Our findings also indicated that nano-TiO2 and high temperature exhibited adverse impacts on amylase (AMS), trypsin (PS), and trehalase (THL). Additionally, activated immune function (lysozyme) comes at the cost of energy expenditure of protein (decreased protein concentration). The hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 at 24 °C (1693–2261 nm) was lower than that at 28 °C (2666–3086 nm). Bioaccumulation results (range from 0.022 to 0.432 μg/g) suggested that foodborne induced higher Ti contents in intestine than waterborne. In general, the combined effects of nano-TiO2 and warming demonstrated a more pronounced extent of interactive effects and severe damage to antioxidant, digestive, and immune parameters in mussel intestine. The toxicological impact of nano-TiO2 was intensified through trophic transfer. The toxic effects of nano-TiO2 are non-negligible and can be exerted together through both water- and foodborne exposure routes, which deserves further investigation.

Abstract 5096: Clinical feature of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury

Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) cause multiple adverse inflammatory reactions known as immune-related adverse events(irAEs), but ICI-related pancreatic injury(ICI-PI) is rare. ICI-PI ranges from asymptomatic hyperamylasemia to acute pancreatitis(ICI-AP), and its clinical features are not fully understood. We investigated the frequency and clinical features of ICI-PI and ICI-AP as well as their possible risk factors. Of the 186 consecutive cases who received ICI for GI cancers in our hospital from January 2020 to May 2022, 185 could be evaluated for serum amylase(AMY) levels pre- and post- ICI treatment. We retrospectively examined the clinical features and predictors of ICI-PI. Hyperamylasemia of grade 2 or higher according to CTCAE(v.5.0) was considered ICI-PI, and cases with other obvious factors were excluded. In the case of ICI-AP, we analyzed the pathological features of the tissues collected by EUS-FNA as well as the clinical features. The median of ICI doses was 6.0(range, 1-64), and the median duration of observation was 236 days(range, 17-1162). There were 25 cases of hyperamylasemia (higher than ULN) before starting ICI treatment. After starting ICI treatment, 14 patients(7.6%) developed ICI-PI, in all cases grade 2. The median time to onset of ICI-PI was 37.5 days(7-715). No cases discontinued ICI dosing due to ICI-PI, and no cases developed obvious pancreatic endocrine or exocrine insufficiency during the observation period. Overall survival was significantly longer in cases with ICI-PI than in those without ICI-PI(MST; 855 vs. 347days, p=0.029) and there was a trend toward longer PFS(MST; 160 vs. 96 days, p=0.057). Multivariate analysis revealed that only pretreatment serum AMY level(≥80 U/L) was a significant independent predictor of developing ICI-PI(HR: 5.00, 95% CI: 1.057-23.668, p=0.04). ICI-AP occurred in 2 cases(1.1%), both of them discontinued ICI treatment. Both cases showed enlarged pancreas on CT scan, negative serum IgG4 level, and responded well to steroid therapy. Pathological findings showed lymphoplasma cell infiltration, flower-like fibrosis, and obstructive phlebitis, which were similar to type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP) in one case. In the other case, neutrophil infiltration was observed in the stroma and epithelium, similar to type 2 AIP. The best overall response was PR in both cases with ICI-AP. The findings of this study indicate that higher pretreatment serum AMY levels may increase the probability of ICI-PI. ICI-PI cases without pancreatitis did not show any pancreatic endocrine or exocrine insufficiency during the observation period without interruption of ICI treatment and had favorable prognosis, but a more long-term evaluation of the impact on pancreatic function is needed. The clinical implications of ICI-related hyperamylasemia and its differences from ICI-AP remain uncertain and need to be explored in the future. Citation Format: Junichiro Itani, Takeshi Ishikawa, Toshifumi Doi, Daiki Sone, Ryuichi Morita, Naoto Iwai, Ryohei Hirose, Ken Inoue, Osamu Dohi, Naohisa Yoshida, Kazuhiko Uchiyama, Tomohisa Takagi, Hideyuki Konishi, Yoshito Itoh. Clinical feature of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5096.

Application of mesenchymal stem cells in severe acute experimental pancreatitis

Background. The significance of the problem of acute pancreatitis is due to an increase in the incidence with an increase in the number of common forms of pancreatic necrosis, accompanied by a high incidence of severe complications.Aim. To determine the effect of regional application of mesenchymal stromal cells on the systemic manifestations of severe acute experimental pancreatitis.Material and methods. This experimental study was carried out on 42 adults Wistar rats. Acute pancreatitis was induced by administering 0.3 ml of 5% solution of non-ionic polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether detergent into the caudal part of the pancreas. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group I (n=6) consisting of intact animals, Group II (control group) (n=12) of rats with untreated pancreatitis, Group III (n=12) of rats with pancreatitis treated: anesthesia + infusions of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (saline), and Group IV (n=12) of rats with pancreatitis treated: anesthesia + infusions of saline + regional application of mesenchymal stromal cells. Animals were taken out of the experiment by euthanasia on the 3rd and 7th day. The hematological parameters, markers of systemic manifestation of the pathological process (pancreatic amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine), markers of endogenous intoxication (lipid peroxidation activity, nitric oxide level), markers of systemic inflammatory response (C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6) have been evaluated.Results. The application of mesenchymal stromal cells in the early stages of acute pancreatitis made a favourable effect on the platelet count, the level of glycemia, helped to reduce the content of endogenous intoxication elements (malonic dialdehyde, nitric oxide) and of those of the systemic inflammatory response (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein), which are key links in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis.Conclusion. Comparison of different treatment regimens for acute experimental pancreatitis has shown that the early use of mesenchymal stromal cells has a systemic positive effect and confirms the therapeutic efficacy of the method in the treatment of this disease.

Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of pancreatic alpha amylase as a novel biomarker in dogs with acute pancreatitis: a pilot study

Pancreatic alpha amylase (P-AMY) is used as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis (AP) in human medicine. To our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the usefulness of P-AMY in dogs with AP. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of P-AMY, currently not verified in veterinary medicine. The AP group (n = 40) consisted of dogs with AP diagnosed using clinical signs and laboratory examinations, including abnormal canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) concentration, and compatible abdominal ultrasound examination at first presentation. Evaluation of the canine AP severity (CAPS) score was performed. The control group (n = 38) was composed of normal dogs without any abnormalities in clinical findings, blood exams or diagnostic imaging. The correlation of P-AMY with cPL was confirmed by Pearson’s correlation analysis (r = 0.564, p < .001). The sensitivity and specificity for the most appropriate cut-off values of P-AMY were recorded similar to the values of DGGR. The dogs with AP and CAPS ≥11 had significantly higher serum P-AMY (p = .016) contrary to DGGR lipase and cPL. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the median P-AMY dependent on the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (p = .001). P-AMY showed similar level of diagnostic accuracy along with sensitivity and specificity compared to DGGR lipase. In addition, P-AMY showed a significant association with CAPS score, contrary to cPL and DGGR lipase. Along with other biomarkers associated with AP, P-AMY has the potential of usefulness as a supportive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of AP in dogs.

In vivo Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass) Leaf Extract on Wister Rats

Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass) a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of diseases including diabetes was evaluated for its effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes in vivo. The crude ethanol extracts (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg) of P. maximum were investigated using starch, sucrose, glucose and maltose as substrates and acarbose as reference drug. The leaf extract caused significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels of the treated rats with the four substrates used. The findings show that the leaf extract of Panicum maximum has the potentials to inhibit alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase in rats.

Trauma film viewing and intrusive memories: Relationship between salivary alpha amylase, endocannabinoids, and cortisol

The endogenous cannabinoid (ECB) system is a small molecule lipid signalling system that is involved in stress response activation and is associated with PTSD, but it is unclear whether salivary ECBs are part of the sympathetic nervous system response to stress. We conducted an adapted trauma film paradigm, where participants completed a cold pressor test (or control) while watching a 10-minute trauma film. We also collected saliva and hair samples and tested them for ECBs, cortisol, and salivary alpha amylase (sAA). As hypothesised, there were significant positive correlations between sAA activity and salivary ECB levels, particularly 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), though ECBs were not correlated with sAA stress reactivity. Participants who had a significant cortisol response to the trauma film/stressor reported less intrusive memories, which were also less distressing and less vivid. This effect was moderated by arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), where decreases in AEA post-stress were associated with more intrusive memories in cortisol non-responders only. This study provides new evidence for the role of ECBs in the sympathetic nervous system.

Introgression and Stability of Common Bean Weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus [Say]) Resistance in Diverse Market Classes From the Andean Gene Pool of Common Bean

ABSTRACTThe common bean weevil (Acanthoscellides obtectus [Say]) is a major post‐harvest pest of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in tropical regions. Developing and using weevil‐resistant varieties is the most environmentally and cost‐effective means of mitigating the losses caused by the common bean weevil. The arcelin–phytohemagglutinin–alpha‐amylase (APA) locus, originally from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), provides effective resistance against the common bean weevil. The APA locus is currently deployed in very limited market classes, and knowledge of the stability of its resistance across different market classes of common bean is limited. The objectives of this study were to (i) introgress the APA locus into selected market classes of Andean gene pool of common bean and (ii) determine the stability of APA‐based resistance to A. obtectus (AO) in multiple market classes of common bean. A total of 571 F5:7 breeding lines derived from crossing the weevil‐resistant breeding line AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A (AO‐3A) possessing the APA locus with seven Andean genotypes belonging to five market classes were evaluated for resistance to AO. Of the 571 breeding lines screened, 16 were resistant, representing a low weevil resistance recovery rate of 2.8%. These lines are across diverse market classes, including those preferred in African countries. Of the 16 newly developed resistant breeding lines, six were more resistant to AO (scores ranging from 1–1.3) than AO‐3A (score of 2), and these can be used for further genetic enhancement of common bean resistance to AO.

Anti-Obesity Potentials of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera Incana Leaves Hemi-Parasitic on Guava, Cashew, Kolanut and Mango Trees in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

The anti-obesity potential of methanol extracts of Phragmanthera incana leaves hemi-parasitic on guava Psidium guajava (PIPG), cashew Anacardium occidentale (PIAO), mango Mangifera indica (PIMI) and kolanut Cola acuminata (PICA) trees were evaluated. Thirty high-fat diet-induced rats were grouped into six; four experimental, negative control and positive controls were orally administered lipid emulsion (5 mL/kg). Experimental received 400 mg/kg body weight from each of the four methanol extracts in addition to the lipid emulsion, positive control received 120 mg/kg bw Orlistat in addition to lipid emulsion while negative control received lipid emulsion alone. Blood samples were collected from ophthalmic venous plexus at 0, 90, and 180 minutes to determine plasma pancreatic lipase (PL) activity, alpha amylase activity and lipid profiles. PL inhibitory activity of the four methanol extracts showed that methanol extracts of PICA and PIAO had greater than 50% inhibition at 400 µg/mL. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of PICA was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with PIAO, PIPG and PIMI. A significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in total cholesterol, low density Lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and atherogenic index of plasma of PICA when compared with other treatment groups after 180 minutes of extracts administration was observed. Methanol extract of PICA was found to exhibit higher inhibitory pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activities and higher hypocholesterolemic activity when compared with those of guava (PIPG), cashew (PIAO) and mango (PIMI). This indicates that methanol extract of P. incana leaves could serve as a source of phyto-compounds that could be developed as antiobesity drugs.

Albiflorin Alleviates Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Liver Injury by Inactivating P38MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Albiflorin (Alb) is a monoterpenoid component that is commonly found in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch. It is known for its impressive anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of Alb on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)-associated liver injury has not been fully understood. To investigate this, we conducted a study using a rat model of SAP induced by administering two intraperitoneal injections of 20% L-arginine (3.3g/kg) over a period of 2h. Subsequently, the SAP-induced rats were randomly assigned into different groups with the treatment of gradient doses of Alb (5, 10, and 20mg/kg), with the normal saline as the sham group. The pathological changes in rat livers were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Furthermore, the levels of amylase (AMY), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Moreover, the serum levels of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, were quantified. Finally, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were conducted to determine phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and mitogen-associated protein kianse (MAPK) p38 in the liver tissues. TNF-α stimulated liver cells were used as a cell model to further confirm the involvement of NF-κB and p38 in the effect of Alb. Our study revealed that Alb effectively mitigated the hepatic pathological damage in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the levels of indicators associated with hepatic malfunction (AMY, AST, and ALT) in rats with SAP-induced liver injury. Additionally, Alb demonstrated its ability to suppress inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the liver tissues. Alb exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects by modulating the P38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Overall, our findings strongly support the hepatoprotective effect of Alb in rats with SAP-induced liver injury, suggesting that Alb protects against SAP-induced liver injury through the suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress via the P38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Quantitative Estimation of Mangiferin and Molecular Docking Simulation of Salacia reticulata Formulation

The phytochemical constituents present in herbal products need to be determined in their prescribed strength in order to ensure their efficacy and product quality in formulations. The marker-based standardization of herbal products is a well-accepted concept. In this study Mangiferin is used as marker to estimate the amount of Mangiferin present in the formulation Salacia Lin. Veggie capsules containing 400mg of Salacia reticulata extract to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method was validated as per the international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines that is applicable in industry as well as in academia. The method was developed using reverse phase, Analytical column used for the separation of analytes, Phenomenex HPLC C18 (250 X 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The run time was of 7 min. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile and orthophosphoric acid (pH adjusted to 3.5) in the ratio 85:15 at a flow rate of 0.5ml/min, column temperature was maintained at 28°C and a detection wavelength of 257 nm using a photodiode array detector. The optimized method that was developed resulted in the elution of Mangiferin at 4.83min and % recovery was between 97.09 to 101.57. Molecular docking investigation was done using Schrodinger software. The binding affinity of phytoconstituents present in Salacia reticulata to intestinal enzymes alpha amylase was investigated to study their possible inhibitory mechanism. The physicochemical and drug-likeness properties of the phytoconstituents were evaluated. The phytoconstituent salacinol showed highest docking score (- 9.592) with alpha amylase (2QV4 obtained from protein data bank) and Mangiferin showed a score of -8.235 in comparison with standard acarbose ( -10.274). Studies showed phytoconstituents Mangiferin, Salacinol and Kotalanol can be potential inhibitors of 2QV4, and potent drug candidates for T2DM. However, further studies on these phytoconstituents should be carried out by wet lab experiments to prove their effectiveness.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; studies on the antidiabetic and antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; leaf

Silver nanoparticles having applications in the field of medicine and biology are shown to have tremendous health benefits. Diabetes is still on rampage and antibacterial resistance is currently a global health challenge. This study focuses on the in-vitro antidiabetic and antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf. An aliquot (5 mL) of extract sample was added to 50 mL of 1 mM aqueous AgNO3. Reaction mixtures were heated and maintained at 700C for 10 minutes. Colour change to dark brown solution and a UV-vis spectrum peak at 400 nm confirmed silver nanoparticle synthesis. The antidiabetic activity of the nanoparticle was studied using an in vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. Acarbose was used as antidiabetic control drug. Disc diffusion method was used for antibacterial susceptibility testing on Mueller-Hinton agar medium with ampiclox as control antibiotic. Results of the analysis showed significant inhibition of alpha amylase that resembled the activity of acarbose. The highest percentage inhibition of alpha amylase by AgNPs was observed at 65.625% while that of acarbose was 90.357%. Antibacterial inhibition assay revealed that 100% biosynthesized silver nanoparticles had significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibitory effects on Eschericia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes.

IDENTIFYING ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITORS IN OCIMUM BASILICUM USING IN VITRO AND IN SILICO APPROACHES

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disorder and the most common type of diabetes, is caused by reduced insulin secretion or insulin resistance in the body, leading to ineffective glucose uptake by the cells and eventually resulting in hyperglycemia. Metformin, sulfonylureas, and glitazones are the currently available commercial drugs used to treat T2D. These drugs either reduce the blood glucose level or elevate the insulin produced. However, the high cost, unavailability, and various side effects occurring from the use of these drugs have resulted in people looking for healthier and cost-effective ways to treat this disorder, including the use of plant extracts. This study highlights the alpha-amylase inhibition properties of Ocimum basilicum (basil) extracts through in vitro qualitative and quantitive inhibition assays. It also focuses on in silico approaches such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to determine the strength of the alpha-amylase inhibition. In vitro study revealed 1:20 diluted ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum strongly inhibited salivary amylase. In silico analysis revealed Gamma Sitosterol, a compound present in relative abundance in O. basilicum, could be one of the phytocompounds responsible for this anti-diabetic property of O. basilicum. Thus, Gamma Sitosterol can be used as a potential therapeutic for T2D alongside other measures such as physical exercise and diet because the findings in this paper, although pertaining to human salivary amylase, can be extrapolated to human pancreatic amylase as salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase are known isoenzymes and share ~97% sequence homology.

Discovering the Radiation Biomarkers in the Plasma of Total-Body Irradiated Leukemia Patients.

The increased risk of acute large-scale radiological exposure for the world's population underlines the need for optimal radiation biomarkers. Ionizing radiation triggers a complex response by the genome, proteome, and metabolome, all of which have been reported as suitable indicators of radiation-induced damage invivo. This study analyzed peripheral blood samples from total-body irradiation (TBI) leukemia patients through mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and quantify differentially regulated proteins in plasma before and after irradiation. In brief, samples were taken from 16 leukemic patients prior to and 24 h after TBI (2 × 2.0 Gy), processed with Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labelling kit (TMTpro-16-plex), and analyzed by MS. In parallel, label-free relative quantification was performed with a RP-nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS system in a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Protein identification was done in Proteome Discoverer v.2.2 platform (Thermo). Data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD043516. Using two different methods, we acquired two datasets of up-regulated (ratio ≥ 1.2) or down-regulated (ratio ≤ 0.83) plasmatic proteins 24 h after irradiation, identifying 356 and 346 proteins in the TMT-16plex and 285 and 308 label-free analyses, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Combining the two datasets yielded 15 candidates with significant relation to gamma-radiation exposure. The majority of these proteins were associated with the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism. Subsequently, from these, five proteins showed the strongest potential as radiation biomarkers in humans (C-reactive protein, Alpha amylase 1A, Mannose-binding protein C, Phospholipid transfer protein, and Complement C5). These candidate biomarkers might have implications for practical biological dosimetry.

Investigation of alpha amylase inhibitors from Bidens pilosa L. by in silico and in vitro studies

Investigation of alpha amylase inhibitors from Bidens pilosa L. by in silico and in vitro studies

Effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol and alpha amylase in young adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha amylase (sAA) in young adults. Sixty healthy university students, habitual coffee consumers, participated in this descriptive observational study. Participants were divided into three groups: G1 low consumption (≤ 2 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), G2 moderate consumption (2-5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), and G3 high consumption (>5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20). Saliva self-collection was in the morning (6:30-7:30 AM) and at night (08:00-09:00 PM). sCort was analyzed using chemiluminescence and sAA activity by kinetic method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. The sample consisted of 30 women and 30 men, aged between 20 and 35 years. In all groups, sCort values were higher in the morning (AM 0,29 ± 0,19 vs. PM 0,09 ± 0,05 µg/dl, p < 0.0001). In contrast, sAA levels were higher in the night (PM 160,16 ± 60,42 vs. AM 32,79 ± 12,98 U/ml, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were detected, in the contents of Corts and AAs, between the groups. : Coffee consumption, in non-stressful conditions, did not alter levels and patterns of sCort and sAA in young adults.