Amygdalina Leaf Extract Research Articles

Effects of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Ethanolic Extract on Streptocuccus Pyrogenes Induced Wister Rats

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of V. amygdalina leaf extract on the remediation of the cytological and physiological damages on albino rats caused by streptococcus pyogenes. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) design with multiple treatment groups. Research was done at the department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Calabar, Cross River state, between March 2023 and June 2023. Methodology: Bitter extract was obtained through Soxlet extraction, and screened for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard phytochemical screening procedures. A pure culture of S. pyogenes was gotten from Microbiology Laboratory University of Calabar. Thirty five albino rats (100-175g), obtained from the Pharmacology department, University of Calabar were placed in 7 groups (A-G). Rats in groups A-F each was injected with the bacterium, observed for five days. Group A-E rats were subsequently treated with 0g/200 ml, 20g/200 ml, 40g/200 ml, 60g/200 ml, and 100g/200ml crude extract of bitter leaf respectively. While group F was treated with standard antibiotics. 0.5ml Cefuroxime Axetil tablets usp was injected into the rats. Group G rats served as negative control. Results: Results showed the presence of alkaloids, acidic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and Saponins. Haematocrit increased slightly in group A-E (18.3-46.3%) treated with 0g/200ml, 20g/200ml, 40g/200 ml, 60g/200 ml, and 100g/200ml concentrations of the extract, respectively. But more in group F (50.2%) that received antibiotics treatment, when compared with the control. Similar trend was observed for haemoglobin (Hb) values (15.3g/dl) and red blood cell (RBC) counts (3.0 x1012/l) that increased with increasing concentration of 100g/200ml extract treatment and antibiotics treatment (Hb = 15.7g/dl; RBC = 3.3 x1012/l) respectively. The white blood cell counts decreased with antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: Study established that in vivo administration of bitter leaf extract on albino rats was best at 60g/200 ml, and 100g/200ml in ameliorating haematotoxicity caused by S. pyogenes.

Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis in HeLa Cells: A Metabolomics and Proteomics Study.

Medicinal plants produce various bioactive molecules with potential anti-cancer properties with favorable safety profiles. We aimed to investigate the comprehensive composition of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and its cytotoxic effects via apoptosis in HeLa cells. The metabolomics approach using LC-MS/MS was conducted to gather the metabolite profile of the extract. Proteomics was performed to understand the comprehensive mechanistic pathways of action. The apoptosis was visualized by cellular staining and the apoptotic proteins were evaluated. V. amygdalina leaf extract exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on both HeLa and Vero cells after 24 h of exposure in the MTT assay with the IC50 values of 0.767 ± 0.0334 and 4.043 ± 0.469 µg mL-1, respectively, which demonstrated a higher concentration required for Vero cell cytotoxicity. The metabolomic profile of 112 known metabolites specified that the majority of them were alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and steroids. Among these metabolites, deacetylvindoline and licochalcone B were suggested to implicate cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic pathways involved the response to stress and cell death which was similar to doxorubicin. The upstream regulatory proteins, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), were significantly altered, supporting the regulation of apoptosis and cell death. The levels of apoptotic proteins, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p53, and caspase-9 were significantly increased. The novel insights gained from the metabolomic profiling and proteomic pathway analysis of V. amygdalina leaf extract have identified crucial components related to apoptosis induction, highlighting its potential to develop future chemotherapy.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extract: Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extract: Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties

Evaluation of In vitro Anti-Diabetic Properties of Biosynthesized Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles from Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) Aqueous Leaf Extract

Introduction: Vernonia amygdalina is a common shrub that is widely used and extracts from them have been traditionally used as remedies for treating diabetes mellitus in various parts of the world. The use of V. amygdalina to synthesize MgO nanoparticles has been used for various biomedical applications and it is compatible with anti-diabetic studies. This research investigates the in vitro anti-diabetic potentials of biosynthesized from aqueous V. amygdalina leaf extract. Methodology: Aqueous extract of V. amygdalina-MgO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. FTIR validated the presence of functional groups, the crystallization and size (66nm) of the nanoparticles was validated by XRD while SEM confirmed the shape of the nanoparticles synthesized. Result: Qualitative screening confirmed the presence of saponin, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides while their concentrations were evaluated quantitatively. V. Amygdalina-MgONPs extract and acarbose showed significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 55.05% and 20.0% respectively. Conclusion: The study found that biosynthesized MgONPs-V. amygdalina aqueous extract has strong anti-diabetic properties, indicating its potential for diabetes treatment and management.

Ameliorative Potentials of Vernonia amygdalina on Acetaminophen-induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice

Aims: To investigate the ameliorative potentials of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.
 Methodology: Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury was conducted on Swiss-albino mice weighing 25 - 30 g. Group A was maintained as a negative control (healthy liver) while group B was assigned as a positive control (damaged liver). Group C, D and E were orally administered 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of dried Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract, respectively. Meanwhile, group F, G and H were orally administered 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of fresh Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract, respectively, for 21 days. All mice were subjected to the assessment of symptoms including the severity of liver injury, biochemical assay and histological features. Phytochemical screening was also performed as per standard test methods.
 Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of biological active compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Steroids were found in dried Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract, but not in the fresh Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract. Compared to the pathological changes observed in the liver parenchyma, sinusoids and hepatocytes in the positive control group, lesions were determined to be less severe particularly in the group D receiving 200 mg/kg of dried Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and group H receiving of 400 mg/kg of fresh Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract. This was in agreement with the biochemical assessment whose ALT and AST levels were significantly decreased into the normal range as compared to the negative and positive control groups. However, dose of 400 mg/kg dried Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract significantly elevated the serum ALT and AST.
 Conclusion: Vernonia amygdalina has proven its ameliorative potentials on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice as determined by marked indicators on liver tissue and biochemical parameters including ALT and AST.

BIOSYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

Objective: This research was carried out to synthesize and characterize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties using clinical microbial isolates. Methods: The CuONPs were synthesized by heating a mixture of copper sulfate pentahydrate and V. amygdalina aqueous extract. The CuONPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. Phytochemical analysis of V. amygdalina was carried out to determine the bio-molecules that served as a reducing agent during the synthesis of CuONPs. The antimicrobial activities of CuONPs and V. amygdalina were evaluated by the agar disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Ampicillin and fluconazole were used as reference antibacterial and antifungal agents, respectively. Results: The nanoparticles were in the nanometer dimension and exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (P<0.05) against the tested microbes. However, the standard antibacterial drug, ampicillin, showed higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with the inhibition zone diameter of (IZD) of 13.10±0.38 mm and 11.80±0.12 mm, respectively. Fluconazole had no antifungal activity against C. albicans while V. amygdalina demonstrated good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli but lacked antifungal activity against C. albicans. However, the combination of CuONPs and plant extract exhibited significant antifungal activity with an IZD of 10.37±0.72 mm. Conclusion: An eco-friendly, simple, reproducible, and economical CuONPs have been synthesized using V. amygdalina leaf extract. The findings indicate that CuONPs could be used as an antimicrobial agent.

Rhodamine 6G Dye Adsorption Using Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesized With the Support of Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extract (Bitter Leaf)

This study reports the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using the co-precipitation method with the support of Vernonia Amygdalina (VA) (bitter leaf) extract for the efficient sequestration of rhodamine 6G dye (Rhd 6G) from a water-soluble solution. The prepared MNPs were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM,) X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry. The average particle sizes from TEM and XRD analyses were 4.81 ± 2.2 nm and 5.61 nm respectively. The sorption of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs was pH-dependent, with ideal confiscation of dye molecules observed at pH 10 (∼91.4%)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim 91.4\\%)$$\\end{document}. The sorption process of Rhd 6G dye was reported to follow the Freundlich (FRH) isotherm model, while the pseudo-first-order model (PFOM) best depicted the sorption process of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs from the non-linear modelling. The determined sorption capacity of the MNPs was established to be 454 mg.g−1. Also, the sorption of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs was observed to be thermodynamically spontaneous, endothermic and with increasing randomness between the interface of the water-soluble solution and the MNPs. Hence, the prepared MNPs have proven to be an effective potential magnetic sorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from an aqueous solution.Graphical

Control of Ear Rot Fungal Disease of Maize (Zea mays L.) Caused by Fusarium graminearum Using Plant Extracts

Background: This study investigated fungal ear rot disease of maize caused by Fusarium graminearum in Southern Borno state Nigeria. Methods: Aqueous extracts of waltheria (W indica), sickle pod (S. tora) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) root, stem, leaf, seed and flower were tested for their efficacy in controlling ear rot fungal pathogen of maize. Completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications protocol was used. Results: The results obtained revealed that the three plant extracts studied, all were found to have inhibitory effect on conidial growth of F. graminearum. The V, amygdalina leaf extract recorded maximum inhibition of F. graminearum macroconidial growth at 40%, followed by 60% and 20% respectively. The effectiveness of V. amygdalina extract in controlling F. graminearum is closer to that of W. indica. The inhibition of F. graminearum on macroconidial growth by aqueous extract of W. indica followed same pattern with that of V. amygdalina, recording maximum inhibition by the leaf extract at 40%, followed by 60% and 20% respectively. The outcome of this study revealed that there is no significant difference between concentration and plants in inhibition of conidial growth of Fusarium graminearum on S. tora root at 40% concentration which eliminated F. graminearum. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that Fusarium graminearum is the common pathogenic fungi which cause ear rot disease of maize in the study area. The plant extracts investigated demonstrated inhibitory effect against the fungi, thus serve as a source of natural agent for the prevention or treatment of fungal ear rot disease of maize.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the Proliferation, Viability and Function of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cardiomyocytes

Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina) leaves are commonly used in traditional medicine around the world for the treatment of a plethora disorders, including heart disease. The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the cardiac effect of V. amygdalina leaf extracts using mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) and their cardiomyocytes' (CMs) derivatives. We used a well-established stem cell culture to assess the effect of V. amygdalina extract on miPSC proliferation, EB formation and the beating activity of miPS cell-derived CMs. To study the cytotoxic effect of our extract, undifferentiating miPSCs were exposed to different concentrations of V. amygdalina. Cell colony formation and EB morphology were assessed using microscopy, whereas the cell viability was accessed with an impedance-based method and immunocytochemistry following treatment with different concentrations of V. amygdalina. Ethanolic extract of V. amygdalina induced toxicity in miPSCs, as revealed by a decrease in cell proliferation and colony formation, and an increase in cell death at a concentration of ≥20 mg/mL. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the rate of beating EBs was observed with no significant difference regarding the yield of cardiac cells. In addition, V. amygdalina did not affect the sarcomeric organization, but induced positive or negative effects on miPS cell-derived CMs' differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of V. amygdalina affected cell proliferation, colony forming and cardiac beating capacities in a concentration-dependent manner.

Influence of Eco-Friendly Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extract on the Acid Corrosion of Aluminium

The corrosion inhibition influence of Vernonia amygdalina extract on aluminium in 1M HCl solution was investigated using the gravimetric techniques at 300C and 600C temperatures. Aluminium coupons (type AA1060 and 98%) of dimension 3cm x 3cm were immersed into test solutions of uninhibited acid system and a five-test system containing different extract concentrations of 200mg/L, 400mg/L, 600mg/L, 800mg/L and 1000mg/L for 3 hours at 300C and 600C temperatures to check the effect of temperature increase in order to elucidate the nature of adsorption of the plant extract species onto the aluminium surface. Results obtained indicated that the Vernonia amygdalina was found to be a good green inhibitor of aluminium corrosion in a very aggressive, acidic, environment. The efficiency of inhibition increased with Vernonia amygdalina concentrations at 300C but decreased at 600C, which suggested physical adsorption mechanism, as the adsorption intermediate formed at the metal/solution interphase became soluble at higher temperature. Also, the inhibitor acted by being adsorbed on the surface of the aluminium according to classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity: a possible potential in the management of liver and kidney diseases

The rising prevalence of liver and kidney diseases is worrisome and constitutes a major threat to public health. The present study investigates the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in the management of liver and kidney diseases. Albino rats were randomly divided into five groups each containing 5 animals. In all groups, except group I (control), animals were exposed to 3 ml/kg bw of CCl4 and then administered further different treatments. Groups III, IV, and V each were treated with 50 mg/kg bw, 100 mg/kg bw of bitter leaf extract, and 100 mg/kg bw of silymarin, respectively. Group II animals were left untreated after exposure to toxicant. Activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as the level of urea, uric acid, and bilirubin were determined in the serum and tissue homogenates. Lipid profile as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also determined. Exposure to CCl4 resulted in a significant increase in CK, AST, ALP, and ALT levels as well as bilirubin, urea, and uric acid when compared to the control. Lipid profile was disrupted, activities of SOD and CAT were markedly inhibited and the level of GSH was significantly depleted. However, treatment with V. amygdalina reversed the toxic trend in a dose-dependent manner comparable to animals treated with silymarin. In conclusion, V. amygdalina leaf extract restored deranged lipid profile, distorted histoarchitecture as well as liver and kidney function markers. Hence, the plant is a potential candidate for the management of liver and kidney diseases.

Vernonia amygdalina processing as a functional ingredient: Oil‐thermal influence on antioxidant, vitamin, mineral, and functional group retention

This work investigated how to minimize minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and functional group losses during the processing of Vernonia amygdalina leaf as a functional food ingredient. Fresh V. amygdalina leaf was subjected to hot oil-aqueous mixtures (soybean oil: water and palm oil: water) treatments at 1:40 and 1:30 (v/v), respectively. Results showed that V. amygdalina treated with hot-soybean oil: water had retention rates of 45.39%–96.91% for mineral contents, pyridoxine (97.73%–98.24%), total phenolic (84.30%–92.87%), DPPH (89.56%–98.18%). Hot-palm oil: water had retention rates of 33.33%–89.21% for mineral, pyridoxine (75.82%–80.35%), total phenolic (82.0%–88.11%), and DPPH (74.12%–92.69%). Hot-water had retention rates of 28.37%–71.69% for mineral, pyridoxine (30.23%), total phenolic (63.06%), and DPPH (56.29%). Amide functional group decreased by 21.09%–44.48%, 37.53%–41.23%, and 70.61% for hot-soybean oil: water, hot-palm oil: water, and hot-water, respectively. Hot-soybean oil: water mixture is a good alternative for the processing of V. amygdalina as a functional food ingredient. The process is scalable and could be employed for domestic and industrial utilization. Practical Application In tropical Africa and Asia, Vernonia amygdalina is one of the potential nutritional and functional plants. Saponins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids are only a few of the secondary metabolites found in V. amygdalina leaf extracts. Its anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-allergic, anti-malaria, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, antileukemia activities, and hypolipidemic physiological properties may be attributed to these phytochemicals. With such potential as an active ingredient, functional meals can be developed domestically and industrially to treat a wide range of illnesses.

Neurobehavioural and Histological Alterations in Lead Acetate-Exposed Rats Pretreated with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina

Lead is a systemic toxicant that affects virtually every organ system, primarily the central nervous system, through an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This increase in ROS overwhelms the natural antioxidant system of the body leading to oxidative stress. Some plants such as Vernonia amygdalina have been reported to possess antioxidant activity which counteracts the damage induced by free radicals. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the possible protective activity of aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract against lead-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar rats were randomised into six groups (A-F) consisting of five rats each for a study period of 28 days. Group A served as the control group, Group B was administered with 100mg/kg body weight of lead only, Groups C and D were pretreated with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg bodyweight of aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and 100mg/kg body weight of lead respectively. Groups E and F were administered with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract only. The Open field and Novel Object Recognition tests were assessed and thereafter, the cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus were harvested for histological examination. Results showed a significant decrease in the body and brain weights, ambulation, rearing and discrimination index as well as a conversely significant increase in grooming and immobility in lead-treated rats. Histological examination of lead-alone treated groups showed loss of some Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, degenerating pyramidal cells in the cerebrum and altered morphology with pyknotic nuclei in the hippocampus. Pretreatment of rats with Vernonia amygdalinaattenuated lead-induced alterations to body and brain weights, neurobehavioural activities and tissue histomorphology, thus indicating a potent protective activity. These findings provide the first research evidence that Vernonia amygdalina protects against lead-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Phytochemical Analysis of Polyphenols in Leaf Extract from Vernonia amygdalina Delile Plant Growing in Uganda

Due to the presence of phytochemicals, plants have been known to be used in the treatment and management of various diseases. Vernonia amygdalina, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a plant known for its many applications in traditional medicine for various purposes. Previous studies on the methanolic leaf extract of this plant have proved the antibacterial, cytotoxic, anticancer and antioxidant effects indicative of promising therapeutic potentials. In this work, chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques along with high-performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis were adopted to isolate, identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds in V. amygdalina leaf extract. UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and UHPLC-DAD methods were adopted for qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. In the case of polyphenol separation, some reference substances were isolated by preparative HPLC. Seven polyphenols were identified and quantified in this study: 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, luteolin hexoside, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin dihexoside, with 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid being isolated in the highest quantity of 27.49 mg g−1 extract.

Potensi Ekstrak Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina), Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L) Serta Kombinasi Kedua Ekstrak Terhadap Jumlah Folikel Primer, Sekunder dan Tersier Pada Mencit (Mus musculus)

African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and papaya leaf (Carica papaya L) are plants that contain secondary metabolites and are thought to have antifertility effects. V amygdalina and C papaya L leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. The purpose of this study was to prove that V amygdalina leaf extract, C papaya L leaf and the combination of the two extracts could reduce the number of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles. This study used 44 female mice. Extraction was carried out by maceration . The doses of V amygdalina leaf extract and C papaya L leaf extract used were 150 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg. kg BW, 250 mg/kg BW and the combined doses of V amygdalina leaf extract and C papaya leaf were 75:75 mg/kg BW, 100:100 mg/kg BW, and 125:125 mg/kg BW. The positive control used KB Andalan with a dose of 0.000078 mg. Ovarian histology was made according to laboratory standards Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA tand LSD test. The results showed that the administration of V amygdalina leaf extract, C papaya leaf, and their combination significantly affected the decrease in the number of primary follicles (P= 0.03), secondary follicles (P=0.032) and tertiary follicles (P=0.033). The combination extract of V amygdalina leaf and C papaya leaf at a dose of 125:125 mg/kg BW has the most potential as a natural contraceptive ingredient.

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of three types of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extract sold in the markets of Lomé-Togo

Nowadays, the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria and the absence of new antibiotics are an increasing risk of therapeutic impasse. Nutraceuticals are plants which are reputed to have therapeutic properties and which are consumed as food. One of these plants consumed as a leafy vegetable, having amoebicidal properties and very popular among togolese populations is Vernonia amygdalina. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three types of V. amygdalina leaf extracts. The extracts were obtained by maceration of dried leaf powder (hydroethanolic 30:70), by decoction of fresh leaves and crushed boiled leaves (FEBEVA). The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the extracts was carried out by the diffusion method and microdilution. The decoctate had a bactericidal effect on S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. FEBEVA was only activated on day 7 and only with a concentration of 400 mg. Phytochemical screening revealed secondary metabolites such as saponosides, tannins, triterpenes, polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids. This work has provided a scientific basis for the use of Vernonia amygdalina in traditional pharmacopoeia, particularly in the treatment of bacterial pathologies.

Effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics of pullet and broiler birds

A six week experimental trial was conducted to determine “The effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract on the growth performance, carcass characteristics of broilers and pullets birds”. The experiment was carried out at the poultry unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa state. Forty (40) day old chicks were used for the experiment comprising of two genotypes, twenty broilers and twenty pullets. Each genotype was divided into treatment and control. The treatment was administered 50ml V. amygdalina leaf extract was diluted into 1 litre of drinking water except the control group. The result showed significant difference (P<0.05) between the control group and the group administered V. amygdalina leaf extract as they were different in carcass, live weight, heart, liver and gizzard weight for broilers. The result also showed that the experimental group was significantly different (P<0.05) from the control group in lungs weight. However, the result showed no significant difference (P>0.05) for both kidney and spleen weights for both groups. The results also show no significant difference (P>0.05) between the control and treatment group of pullets. The study recommends that the use of V. amygdalina up to the level used in this study is suitable for broiler production. It can also be used to enhance performance at the growing phase of pullet’s birds.

Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Abates Oxidative Hepatic Damage and Inflammation Associated with Nitrobenzene in Rats

Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Abates Oxidative Hepatic Damage and Inflammation Associated with Nitrobenzene in Rats

Histopathological effect of aqueous bitter leaf extract (Vernonia amygdalina) on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in albino rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Liver diseases are a worldwide problem. Medicinal plants are being increasingly utilized to treat a wide variety of diseases, liver disorder inclusive. The effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced liver damage via the assessment of the histopathological examination was examined. Five groups of albino rats were used (n = 5). Animals in group 1 were fed normal laboratory pellet and water ad libitum (Control); those in group 2 received 3000mg/kg of acetaminophen alone. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 3000mg/kg of acetaminophen and in addition 50mg/kg Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract. 100mg/kg Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and 200mg/kg Silymarin, respectively for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed. The organs (liver) was excised and used for the histopathological examination. Histological examinations of the liver showed acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Histology of the liver revealed altered cellular architecture (poor architecture, moderate to severe congestion of the portal vein as well as severe peri portal infiltration of inflammatory cells, the liver parenchyma also showed area with destroyed liver plates with severe hemorrhage and necrosis. The morphology of the hepatocytes showed some degenerated liver cells, the liver parenchyma also showed focal area of moderate aggregate of inflammatory cells) following administration of acetaminophen (Group 2). Normal histological features were restored after treatment with aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina. The study has demonstrated that aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina ameliorate liver of rats against acetaminophen-induced toxicity and modulates the adverse effects of acetaminophen on the liver

Physicochemical parameter influences and their optimization on the biosynthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract

The manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) were synthesized using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract which was used as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents due to the presence of bioactive phytochemical compounds. Twenty five runs were designed to investigate the effect of V. amygdalina leaf extract ratio (A), initial potassium permanganate (KMnO4) concentration (B), pH (C), and reaction time (D) on the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs using 4-factor, 4-level D-Optimal Response Surface Quadratic Design Model approach. The relationship between physicochemical variables and absorption responses were established using transform second degree polynomial quadratic model. The effects of each absorption responses were analyzed by ANOVA principle using quadratic equations. A very low p-values (<0.0001), non-significant Lack of Fit F-values, and reasonable regression coefficient values (coefficient R2 = 0.9790, adjusted R2 = 0.9496, and predicted R2 = 0.8452) suggested that there is an effective correlation between experimental results and predicted values. Numerical and graphical optimized results demonstrated that the optimized conditions for the predicted absorbance at 320 nm (1.095) were suggested at 43.72%, 1.81 mM, 6.02, and 103.42 min for V. amygdalina leaf extract ratio, initial KMnO4 concentration, pH, and reaction time, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the average absorbance from four experimental run was recorded to be 0.9678. This result was very closest to the predicted values. The average size elucidated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was found in the range between 20 nm and 22 nm. The stretching/or and vibrational, surface topography, thermal, and surface roughness as well as its porosity distributions were investigated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and Gwyddion software analysis.