Amur Cork Research Articles

Ресурсный потенциал бархата амурского в Приамурско-Приморском хвойно-широколиственном районе

Cedar-broad-leaved forests in the Far East cover an area of slightly more than 3 million hectares. Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) is one of the brightest representatives of the woody flora of cedar-broad-leaved forests. In the last century, volumetric and assortment tables were developed for it. There are no growth progress tables for this species. In order to increase the accuracy of forest taxation work, in this article, based on the materials of the state inventory, tables of growth progress for this species have been developed. The experimental material has been 159 model trees from permanent sample plots laid in plantations of different forest types and quality classes during the state forest inventory. When studying the growth patterns of the Amur cork tree, two approaches have been used. In the first case, when leveling taxation indicators, the diameter of the trees has been taken as an independent variable, and in the second – their age. The first version of the growth progress table is close to the digit scale of volumes, in the second case it corresponds to the generally accepted form of growth progress tables. In both versions, the total wood productivity, as well as the volume of bark and cork, has been calculated. The number of trunks has been found through the thinning constant. In plantations, the Amur cork tree occurs in single specimens, rarely growing in groups of up to 10 trees. In the analyzed sample, the maximum age of the Amur cork trees has been 100 years, the height – 25 m and the diameter – 60 cm. The developed growth progress tables reflect the patterns of development of the Amur cork trees growing in the Priamur-Primorskiy coniferous-broad-leaved area. The first growth progress table has been compiled by diameter classes, the second – by age classes. In comparison with oak, according to the growth progress tables, the Amur cork tree has shown a higher increment potential in terms of stock per one tree. The compiled tables can be used to calculate the reserves of the Amur cork tree wood as part of a mixed stand, the cork volume and mass, the amount of damage to plantations caused by logging or fires, and for other purposes. The high growth rate of the Amur cork tree at a young age indicates the prospects of this species for afforestation.

Indukce organogeneze a multiplikace korkovníku amurského (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) v in vitro podmínkách

Amurk cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) is known for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, cholagogue, and antibacterial properties, and it is also a potential source of industrial cork. Shoot organogenesis and subsequent plant multiplication of Amur cork tree were established from mature seeds of trees growing on research plots in the Czech Republic. Germination percentage was increased by mechanical disruption of the seed coat, the highest number of germinated plants was achieved within 8–10 weeks of culture on MS medium containing 2 mg.l-1 BAP and 0,2 mg.l-1 NAA. Within 4 weeks of transfer to the multiplication medium containing 2 mg.l-1 BAP and 0,2 mg.l-1 NAA, chlorosis and reduced growth were observed in all cultured microcuttings. Lowering the BAP concentration to 0,4 mg.l-1 led to a resumption of growth, the newly emerging shoots and leaves were vital and the multiplication rate was around 90%. Our developed plant regeneration method may be useful in future studies on ex vitro establishment of in vitro derived plants.

Study of amur cork tree bark extract-dyed paper under artificial UVA irradiation

Some ancient Chinese paper artifacts dyed with amur cork tree bark extracts are currently preserved to different extents in museums and libraries worldwide. As traditional natural plant dyes, the long-term performance of the amur cork tree bark extract-dyed handmade paper has been questioned under a preserved environment. The photodegradation process of the extract-dyed papers was examined under accelerating artificial UVA irradiation conditions according to China national standard-paper and board- accelerated aging (exposure to light). Changes during aging were analyzed by optical observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), pH, and tensile strength and folding endurance tests. The results showed that the main components from extracted dyes played an important role in affecting the photodegradation properties of dyed paper. The changes in surface color, pH, morphology and mechanical properties after the artificial UVA accelerated degradation tests revealed that a suitable concentration of the extract dyes for maintaining the long-term irradiation stability of the paper is important.

Yearly Fluctuations in Honey Production in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Special Reference to Weather Conditions and Masting Behavior

The factors controlling yearly fluctuations in honey production are poorly understood. To evaluate yearly fluctuations in honey production, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the autocorrelation analysis were used to determine the magnitude and periodicity of the fluctuations for seven major nectar-source plants (basswood, black locust, Amur cork tree, white clover, buckwheat, Kamchatka thistle, and horse chestnut) using 15-years of data obtained in Hokkaido, Japan. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between annual honey production and the corresponding weather conditions during the flowering month. The periodic synchronous flowering and fruiting observed in tree species is called masting or masting behavior. A masting model, based on the resource budget, was applied to tree species if periodicity was detected by an autocorrelation analysis. The CV differed markedly among species. Black locust and the Amur cork tree had the smallest and largest CVs, respectively, whereas basswood was periodic. A negative correlation was observed between monthly precipitation and honey production in black locust, white clover, thistle and the Amur cork tree. This result implies that rain inhibits honey bee foraging. Production of buckwheat honey, however, tended to increase with increasing mean temperature. It might be difficult to detect the effect of rain on the honey production using buckwheat presumably because of the long flowering period. Annual honey production in basswood could be described by the resource budget model, but not in horse chestnut. Some horse chestnut trees produce flowers even in non-mast year implying that it was difficult to detect the periodicity in this species. According to beekeepers, honey production in this last decade in Hokkaido has been disrupted by climate change and the transitioning of the industrial structure.

The effect of weather conditions on the seasonal rhythm of plant development of Amur cork tree (<i>Phellodendron amurense</i>rupr.) in the forest-steppe of the Ob region

Background. Amur cork tree is a valuable woody plant of great economic importance. Its bark, liber, leaves, and fruits are successfully used in medicine and cosmetology. This tree is very ornamental and serves as is a good honey plant. It can be a potential source of industrial cork. Due to its properties and relative unpretentiousness, Amur cork tree may be of interest for introduction. In this regard, the aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the influence of weather conditions on the seasonal rhythm of plant development for Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) under the conditions of the foreststeppe in the Ob region.Materials and methods. Thirty two Amur cork trees were used as the material for the study. These trees were successfully introduced in the forest-steppe of the Ob region. Phenological observations to evaluate the rhythm of seasonal growth were carried out according to the methodological recommendations of I. D. Yurkevich and coauthors. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to identify the dependence of the rhythm of seasonal growth on weather conditions.Results. The plants of Amur cork tree were found to be successfully adapted to the conditions of the arboretum of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding. It was shown that in the year with the highest sum of effective temperatures (2020), the duration of interphase periods was on average 2 days shorter than in other years. At the same time, in the coldest year (2018), the plants did not have time to complete their leaf fall before the snow cover appeared. The vegetation of Amur cork tree was observed to start in mid-May. The completion of the growing season varies greatly from year to year. Conclusion. It was established that the seasonal development of Amur cork tree in the forest-steppe of the Ob region corresponded to the features specific to the development of this species within its natural range.

Dye Identification in Mounting Textiles of Traditional Korean Paintings from the Late Joseon Dynasty

In the framework of the ‘Amorepacific Project for the conservation of Korean pictorial art’ (2018–2023) at the British Museum, three traditional Korean paintings have been investigated with the aim of supporting their conservation and obtaining information about the dyes used in the mounting textiles and other mounting elements. The paintings include a rare example of late 18th-century traditional Korean portraiture (accession number 1996,0329,0.1); a late 19th-century two-panel screen silk painting of Pyeongsaeng-do-Scenes of life (accession number 2016,3028.1); and a late 19th-century twelve-panel screen silk painting representing the Five Confucian virtues (accession number 1957,1214,0.1). The mounting textiles were investigated non-invasively by using digital microscopy and fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), and the results guided a minimally invasive sampling campaign. Fourteen samples were analysed by using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS), leading to the identification of the natural dyes indigo, sappanwood (Biancaea sappan, formerly Caesalpinia sappan), amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in the mounting elements of the 18th-century portrait. These results confirmed some of the non-invasive observations and were in agreement with the production date of the painting. Both natural and synthetic dyes were identified in the mounting textiles of the panel screens. Among the synthetic dyes, fuchsin (C.I. 42510), methyl violet 3B (C.I. 42536), methyl blue (C.I. 42780) and benzopurpurin 4B (C.I. 23500) were identified. These are early synthetic dyes first synthesised between the 1860s and the 1880s, suggesting that the silk textiles are likely to have been dyed in the last part of the 19th century.

ОРНІТОФАУНА ДЕНДРАРІЮ БОТАНІЧНОГО САДУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЛІСОТЕХНІЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents data on bird observations in the Botanical Garden of the National Forestry University of Ukraine. The information was collected from 2017 to 2021. In 2021, 37 species of birds were identified. Of these, 8 species belonging to the Passeriformes series are settled. The best represented family is Muscicapadae, including 7 species. The family Fringillidae includes 6 species, the family Paridae – 5 species. As many as 7 families represent only one species of birds. Birds identified in 2021 are: The great tit (Parus major L.), The Eurasian blue tit (P. caeruleus L.), Crested tit, (P. cristatus L.), Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus L.), The coal tit (P. ater L.), The marsh tit (P. palustris L.), The common blackbird (Turdus merula L.), Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris L.), The song thrush (T. philomelos Brehm), Redwing (T. iliacus L.), The mistle thrush (T. viscivorus L.), The spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata Pallas), European robin (Erithacus rubecula L.), Common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus L.), common pigeon (Columba livia, Gmelin), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica L.), The Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius L.), Hooded crow (Corvus cornix L.), The rook (C. frugilegus L.), Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major L.), The middle spotted woodpecker (D. medius L.), The white-backed woodpecker (D. leucotos Bechstein), Grey-headed woodpecker (Picus canus Gmelin), Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea L.), Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris L.), Short-toed treecreeper (C. brachydactyla Brehm), Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes L.), Common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), European greenfinch (Chloris chloris L.), Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula L.), Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus L.), Red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra L.), Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla L.), Eurasian wren (Troglodytes troglodytes L.), The goldcrest (Regulus regulus L.), Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra L.), Common buzzard (Buteo buteo L.).
 The most populated is the part of the arboretum, which is located at the top of the hill, where there are plantations of conifers, including yew, Amur cork tree grows. Ivy and mistletoe on the trees, attract birds throughout the year. The most important risk factor for birds is cats. A marten also occurs in the protected area. Care gardening has a pronounced negative effect on birds, especially during the nesting season. Such work includes pruning bushes, removing individual trees or dry branches, and removing fallen leaves. The collection of nuts, acorns and seeds is not carried out in full – for animals, there is always a significant supply of crops. No special animal protection measures have been implemented in the protected area. It would be appropriate to hang artificial nests in trees and inform people about the inadmissibility of semi-free keeping of cats that regularly hunt birds.

The effect of traditional amur cork tree bark extract dyes on thermal stability of paper by accelerating ageing

Extracts from amur cork tree barks contain some of the most important traditional natural dyes used, especially for functional production in ancient Chinese papers, due to religious reasons and their aesthetic aspects and antibacterial properties. Some ancient paper artefacts, dyed with this colourant and scattered around the world, are currently preserved to different extents. This study aims to characterize the thermal degradation process of amur cork tree bark extracts dyed papers to improve the knowledge and effectiveness of restoration practices. The properties of extracts dyed papers treated under dry-heat accelerating ageing conditions were investigated via optical observation and scanning electron microscopy as well as with pH, tensile strength and folding endurance analyses. The results showed that the main components from extracted dyes played important roles in affecting the properties of dyed paper. The changes in surface colour, pH, morphology and mechanical properties after the artificial dry-heat ageing tests revealed the most suitable concentration of extract dyes for maintaining the long-term thermal stability of the paper.

Amur cork tree as a promising introduction plant for urban green spaces in Moscow and the Moscow region

The article assesses the success of the introduction and decorativeness of Amur cork tree in several plantings on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region, and also concludes on the expediency of its further use. The results of a survey of five previously created artificial populations are presented. The assessment of the sanitary conditionwas carried out according to the methodology recommended by the Rules of Sanitary Safety in Forests. Flowering andfruiting of plants were evaluated according to the method of N. E. Bulygin. The aesthetic evaluation of the trees was given on a three-point Agaltsova scale. Seasonal decorativeness was studied according to the method of N. V. Kotelova andO. N. Vinogradova. The success of the introduction was evaluated by the method of the Main Botanical Garden of theRussian Academy of Sciences. Studies have established that Amur cork tree in urban plantings in Moscow and the Moscow region is not affected by local diseases and plant pests, shows a high degree of winter hardiness, retains a high degreeof aesthetic appeal, has a consistently high winter decorative effect, blooms profusely and bears fruit, forming germinatingseeds. Therefore, it can be recommended for wider use when creating new green construction projects.

Effects of yellow natural dyes on handmade Daqian paper

Natural yellow plant dyes and traditional medicines were used widely on historical papers in ancient China for religious reasons and conservation considerations. This study aims to evaluate some traditional yellow botanical sources of dyes that contain different chemical colorant compositions in order to understand their effects on the properties of traditional handmade paper. The physical and chemical changes in paper specimens treated with plant dyes were studied by examining properties such as the color, pH, thermogravimetric (TG) characteristics, tensile strength, folding endurance and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that different colorants had different toning effects and that the main components, including carboxyl and ketone groups, could affect the paper stability at high temperatures. The results also revealed that the mechanical properties of paper specimens were improved after treatment with plant dyes. The significant improvements in the tensile strength and folding endurance and the slightly higher decomposition temperature of Amur cork tree-dyed paper could be ascribed to the strong interaction between the colorants’ main components and the fibers. The scientific evaluation of the property changes is therefore valuable information for weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the various yellow toning materials for paper conservation treatment.

Comparative Analysis of Conditions for Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Korean Pine Plantations (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) on the Territory of Vladivostok Agglomeration

The forest cover of the Far East is very high. The forests of the Russian Far East (FE) occupy from 3 to 16% of the areas, that is stock of wood, and biological diversity of this form of vegetation cover. In order to restore and diversify the forest fund in Primorsky Krai, to determine the possibility of obtaining various wood within a short time and the possibility of switching to mass planting, pure crops of Manchurian walnut, Manchurian ash, Amur cork tree, Maksimovich poplar, Korean pine and Scotch pine has been created on the territory of the state forest fund since the early 1950s. The article analyzes the growth of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) plantations. The yield class, age, diameter and height, density and stock were determined on 5 trial areas. The analysis of the condition of artificial plantings for Korean cedar and Scotch pine, which were planted from 1954 to 1980, indicates their low capacity for survival, which decreases to 14–25% in 25–40 years, depending on the location of the research object. It confirms the need to expand and reconstruct the green zones of towns of “Great Vladivostok.” The main reasons for reducing the capacity for survival of plantings are forest fires and unauthorized logging.

Overexpression of TaLEA3 induces rapid stomatal closure under drought stress in Phellodendron amurense Rupr

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins participate in drought stress responses in plants. In the present study, the gene TaLEA3 from the drought-resistant plant Tamarix androssowii was transformed into Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens to investigate the mechanism of stomatal closure in response to osmotic stress. Our results showed that P. amurense overexpressing TaLEA3 were resistant to drought stress by rapid stomatal closure. To study the stomatal movement regulated at the molecular level, a model system for stoma closure was established in in vitro P. amurense. In this work, we found that the increased Ca2+ accumulation in guard cells of transgenic plants caused stomatal closure and activated K+ efflux under polyethylene glycol (PEG) stress. Moreover, H+ changes might provide a needed pH condition for stomatal closure. Further, nitric oxide (NO) fluorescence was measured using an NO-specific fluorescent probe, diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate, which showed that guard cell NO fluorescence was stronger in transgenic plants compared with wild type plants. Additionally, five genes encoding nitrate reductase were up-regulated, indicating that TaLEA3 overexpression positively regulated NO biosynthesis and accumulation in the guard cells. This discovery will further our understanding of the LEA gene function and will help in engineering drought-resistant tree cultivars.

Comparing The Effects Of Nexrutine And Exercise In Modulating The Pathophysiology Of Cachexia In Treatment Naïve Prostate Cancer Mouse Model

Oncologists encourage nutritional and physical interventions to improve outcomes in cancer patients with cachexia; however, it is inconclusive how these interventions affects the pathophysiology of cachexia. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of Nexrutine® (Nex; a natural bark extract of the Amur cork tree) and exercise in modulating the pathophysiology associated with cachexia in treatment naive transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. METHODS: Forty-five, 10-week old male TRAMP mice were randomized to control (Con), Nex (600 mg/kg pelleted into chow) or exercise (Ex; voluntary wheel running). At 4, 8, 12 and 20 weeks, gastrocnemius muscle was collected to quantify intramuscular IGF-1, myostatin, TNF-α, proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) and ubiquitin (Ub). An ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was done with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Analysis of gastrocnemius mass revealed significant group differences (F=4.159, p=0.02) with both Nex and Ex groups having greater mass compared to Con (p<0.05). A treatment response was observed for myostatin (F=4.762; p=0.01), PIF (F= 8.633, p=0.001) and Ub (F=19.55, p<0.001). Specifically, Ex mice had significantly lower concentrations of myostatin, PIF and Ub compared to Con (p<0.01). Group comparisons at 20 weeks showed significantly lower concentrations of PIF (F= 22.85, p<0.001) with Ex (p<0.001) and Nex (p=0.03) significantly lowering PIF concentrations compared to Con. Time point comparisons for Ub revealed significant differences at weeks 4 (F=32.35, p<0.001) and week 8 (F=16.24,p=0.002), respectively, with Ex mice having significantly lower concentrations of Ub compared to Con mice (p=0.004) at both time points. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Nex and Ex similarly maintain muscle mass in treatment naïve TRAMP mice by reducing tumor specific cachectic protein PIF. Exercise was capable of reducing downstream Ub; however, the mechanisms by which Nex elicits a protective effect require further study.

Spatial Variability in Growth‐Climate Relationships of Amur Cork Tree (Phellodendron amurense) and Their Connections With PDO in Northeast China

AbstractWe used a dendrochronological approach to identify the spatial variability in growth‐climate relationships of Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense), using a network of 12 sites across its natural range in Northeast China. Results showed that the signal‐noise ratio, expressed population signal, and mean interseries correlations of the site chronologies decreased significantly with decreasing latitude. Correlation matrix, cluster, and rotated empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis all indicated that the 12 chronologies can be classified into two groups, the southern and northern chronologies. Minimum temperature (Tmin) was a major factor limiting Amur cork tree growth at regional scales. Almost all sites had positive correlations with monthly temperature, while correlation coefficients with precipitation were much lower than minimum temperature correlations, and only a few months (January, April, and July) were significant (p &lt; 0.05). The positive effects of summer Tmin on tree growth were significantly decreased with increasing latitude (except BSL site), while positive effects of summer precipitation increased significantly with latitude and longitude and decreased significantly with altitude. The southern nine site chronologies (EOF‐1) were significantly positively correlated with the seasonal or annual Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index of the previous year and the current spring, while the northern three chronologies (EOF‐2) showed different relationships, which is consistent with the spatial relationship between PDO and local temperature. The spatial variability in growth‐climate relationships of Amur cork tree can be affected by PDO, which can modulate the spatiotemporal variation of spring onset, autumn termination, and the effective accumulated temperature by affecting local temperature.

Capillary-HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry in analysis of alkaloid dyestuffs - a new approach.

Development of the identification method of alkaloid compounds in Amur cork tree as well as not examined so far Oregon grape and European Barberry shrubs are presented. The novel approach to separation of alkaloids was applied and the capillary-high-performance liquid chromatography (capillary-HPLC) system was used, which has never previously been reported for alkaloid-based dyestuffs analysis. Its optimization was conducted with three different stationary phases (unmodified octadecylsilane-bonded silica, octadecylsilane modified with polar groups and silica-bonded pentaflourophenyls) as well as with different solvent buffers. Detection of the isolated compounds was carried out using diode-array detector (DAD) and tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI MS/MS). The working parameters of ESI were optimized, whereas the multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) parameters of MS/MS detection were chosen based on the product ion spectra of the quasi-molecular ions. Calibration curve of berberine has been estimated (y=1712091x+4785.03 with the correlation coefficient 0.9999). Limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 3.2 and 9.7ng/mL, respectively. Numerous alkaloids (i.e., berberine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine, as well as phellodendrine, menisperine and berbamine) were identified in the extracts from alkaloid plants and silk and wool fibers dyed with these dyestuffs, among them their markers.

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense

The aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (Amur Cork Tree) provides a rich source of antioxidants and chemical compounds, and can be used for food and wood preservative materials. In this study, we characterized the chemical composition of this extract by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using a variety of antioxidant assays (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, and DPPH radical scavenging activity). Additionally, total polyphenolic content was determined. Phenolic acids and acetone derivatives were major compounds of the extract capable of scavenging the DPPH free radical and reducing ferric ions. DPPH and ferric ion reduction results were strongly correlated with total phenolic content of the extract which also exhibited strong nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of the Tertiary relict tree Phellodendron amurense (Sapindales: Rutaceae) using Illumina sequencing technology

The Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) is an endangered deciduous tree species with high medicinal and economic values. In this study, its complete chloroplast genome was determined using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology. The cp genome of P. amurense is 158,442 bp in length, and contains a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,999 bp each, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,160 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,284 bp. It encodes 113 gene species (including 79 PCG, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA species) with 21 of them occurring in double copies. The nucleotide composition is asymmetric (30.5% A, 19.6% C, 18.8% G & 31.1% T) with an overall A+T content of 61.6%. Phylogenetic analysis supports the morpho-taxonomy of the order Sapindales, and indicates that P. amurense is relatively closely related to the genus Zanthoxylum (as represented by Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Zanthoxylum piperitum and Zanthoxylum schinifolium).

Anatomical Characteristics of Amur cork tree

Anatomical Characteristics of Amur cork tree

Making of Natural Dyeing Scarves by Tie-Dyeing Technique

This research aims to make a natural and eco-friendly scarves of Korean and modern style. For the purpose, natural dyeing with safflower, sappan wood, gromwell, amur cork, and areca nut was carried out. As a result, traditional multi-colored scarves were created. And unique scarves of patterns were made by various tie-dyeing methods like tying, folding, wrapping, pleating, and twisting.

황백을 이용한 양피에의 천연염색

황백을 이용한 양피에의 천연염색