Antimicrobial stewardship is essential to tackle antimicrobial resistance, particularly in veterinary practice where antimicrobials of high importance for human health require careful oversight. This study assessed prescribing patterns and concordance with FECAVA recommendations for prudent antimicrobial use across common clinical scenarios, providing a Europe-wide framework for responsible antimicrobial prescribing in companion animals. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among veterinarians in Portugal (October 2019-January 2020), covering 11 clinical scenarios and 18 therapeutic options, including 'no antimicrobial therapy'. Descriptive, inferential, and cluster analyses were performed. Among 416 respondents, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (27.4%) and fluoroquinolones (13.8%) were most frequently chosen. Six prescribing clusters were identified: Cluster D (33.2%) was the largest, followed by Clusters C (23.3%) and F (22.1%). Younger veterinarians (<42years) were more likely to belong to Cluster A (p<0.001). Clusters A and F frequently selected 'no antimicrobials,' whereas Cluster B predominantly relied on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and aminoglycosides. Concordance with FECAVA recommendations was highest in Cluster A and lowest in Cluster B. Importantly, consensus across clusters was observed for post-operative prophylaxis, wound treatment, and osteomyelitis, where prescription patterns aligned with FECAVA guidance. Limitations include potential recall and social desirability bias inherent to self-reported data, and the hypothetical scenarios did not account for case severity or previous antimicrobial exposure. Six distinct prescribing profiles were identified, with broad-spectrum antimicrobials frequently selected. The variability in antimicrobial prescription recommendation between the profiles underscores the need for targeted antimicrobial stewardship interventions to strengthen adherence to guidelines in companion animal practice.

Introduction: Odontogenic Infections (ODIs) are common, originating from dental or supporting structures, often presenting as periapical abscesses, pericoronitis, or periodontal abscesses, and are polymicrobial in nature and often require antibiotic treatment. If left untreated, they can lead to severe complications. Most ODIs can be managed with local treatments, and antibiotics are only recommended when systemic symptoms are present, to prevent Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Despite clear guidelines, inappropriate antibiotic prescribing remains widespread in dental practice, contributing significantly to the growing burden of AMR, especially in countries like India. Aim: To understand the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of Indian dentists in treating ODIs. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive crosssectional survey was conducted across 12 Indian cities from August to September 2024 with 250 dentists. A questionnaire comprising seven main questions and 47 Likert-style statements was utilised. Using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI), KAP on antibiotic use was assessed. Data were analysed descriptively using R software (v4.3.1). Results: Of the 250 dentists enrolled in the study, 110 were from metro cities, 80 were from tier 1, and 60 belonged to tier 2 cities. Most dentists, 225/250 (90%), scored 50-79% on knowledge questions. Most dentists (n=232/250; 92.8%) emphasised updating antibiotic knowledge for ODIs. Notably, 68.4% agreed (171/250) that adding metronidazole to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid improves outcomes. Of the participants, 36% (n=90/250) of dentists believed antibiotic resistance is rarely encountered in practice, while 38% (n=95/250) had no opinion. Only 46% (n=115/250) felt that clinical experience alone should guide antibiotic selection for ODIs, with 30.4% (n=76/250) believed it as sometimes. A majority (78%; 194/250) believed local measures should be prioritised before prescribing antibiotics. Additionally, 58.8% (n=147/250) agreed that culture and sensitivity testing is essential for selecting oral antibiotics. Most dentists follow thorough clinical protocols- 96.4% (n=241/250) assess patient history and symptoms, and 90.8% (n=227/250) use X-rays. While 49.2% (n=123/250) prescribe empiric broadspectrum antibiotics, 85.6% (n=214/250) switch if there's no improvement. Conclusion: The present study identified current practices and possible gaps in appropriate antibiotic prescribing for ODIs. Targeted education programs for dentists, leveraging appropriate methods, are desirable to mitigate antibiotic misuse.

Aims: The present study was conducted to compare therapeutic efficacy of three different treatment regimens in otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas spp. in dogs. Study Design: Clinical study involving canine otitis externa patients caused by Pseudomonas spp. in dogs were randomly divided into 3 different groups (group I, II and III) having 06 animals in each group. Dogs in each group were subjected to three different treatment protocols along with daily flushing of ear canal with TRIS EDTA and chlorhexidine solution to compare therapeutic efficacy. Place and Duration of Study: Ear swab samples from otitis externa affected dogs were collected for a period of 09 months from January to September, 2022 from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg (C.G.) and various Government Veterinary Hospitals and Private Pet Clinics in and around Durg district of Chhattisgarh. Methodology: Sterile ear swabs from clinical cases of otitis externa were processed for microbiological isolation and identification of Pseudomonas spp. based on the cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. All isolates were also subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing as per standard protocol. Results: Antibiogram analysis of all Pseudomonas isolates demonstrated the highest susceptibility to imipenem (100%), followed by piperacillin–tazobactam (84.2%). In contrast, the lowest susceptibility rates were observed for amikacin and ceftriaxone (5.2% each). Clinical recovery was adjudged on the basis of restoration of clinical signs after treatment in affected dogs which revealed that oral marbofloxacin combined with daily Tris-EDTA and chlorhexidine flushing for two weeks achieved complete (100%) recovery in dogs with Pseudomonas otitis externa while animals treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy resulted in an 83.33% recovery. However, enrofloxacin administered with the same flushing protocol was effective in 66.66% of Pseudomonas otitis affected dogs Conclusion: Oral marbofloxacin in combination with daily Tris-EDTA and chlorhexidine ear flushing for two weeks was found to be the most effective therapeutic protocol. Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid demonstrated moderate efficacy, whereas enrofloxacin showed comparatively lower clinical success. Overall, marbofloxacin-based therapy appears to be the most reliable treatment option for the management of Pseudomonas otitis externa in dogs. The findings of our study reveal that Pseudomonas otits externa in dogs needs to be addressed with appropriate therapeutic regimen for early recovery and prevent recurrence. The limitations of small sample size in our study needs to validated with larger population size for much stronger recommendations towards therapeutic management of Pseudomonas otitis externa in dogs.

This study was carried out to determine the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) from shrimps (n=90) obtained from fishermen in Aydın province. According to traditional methods, 40 isolates gave suspicious positive results on Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose (TCBS) agar. All V. parahaemolyticus strain known to have thermolabile hemolysin encoded by tlh gene as species marker. In order to identify suspicious strains, tlh genes specific to V. parahaemolyticus were detected by using tlh primers. Eleven strains of the suspicious isolates gave a positive reaction with Real Time PCR. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates gave a positive reaction as V. parahaemolyticus by real-time PCR, penicillin G (10units), clindamycin (2µg), piperacillin (100µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg) and gentamicin (10µg) was determined by disk diffusion. All isolates showed resistance to Penicillin G and Clindamycin and One isolate showed multiple resistance to all antibiotics tested. All isolates, except the isolate showing multiple antibiotic resistance, were susceptible to Piperacillin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin. As a result, it is recommended to establish effective control measures to reduce the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection in terms of public health, it is recommended to use effective methods routinely to ensure the safety of foods and to detect V. parahaemolyticus in foods and the environment.

Background: Paediatric syrups are sugar-rich solutions widely preferred in paediatric healthcare due to their palatability, although they are highly prone to microbial contamination. Of particular concern is the presence of biofilm-producing microorganisms; existing studies have focused on contamination while overlooking the enhanced resistance mechanisms conferred by biofilm formation. This study aimed to determine the antibiogram profile of bacterial isolates from commonly prescribed paediatric syrups administered by caregivers to patients at selected healthcare centers.Materials and Methods: A total of 392 syrup sample swabs were collected from hospitals and community sources. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using standard microbiological methods. Biofilm production was evaluated using the test-tube method, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined via the disk diffusion method.Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 3.0±2.0×10³ to 10.7±3.05×10³ CFU/mL, with community samples showing the highest counts. Bacterial isolates identified included Proteus vulgaris, with the highest frequency of occurrence (18.75%) &gt; Streptococcus agalactiae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii (12.59%) &gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Arthrobacter agilis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli (6.25%). All isolates produced biofilms significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from the negative control (broth tube without bacterial cells), except Arthrobacter agilis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated multidrug resistance, particularly against amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, while showing comparatively higher susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.Conclusion: P. vulgaris was the most frequent isolate, while K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii produced the strongest biofilms. The highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, whereas fluoroquinolones remained the most effective. Paediatric syrups can harbor biofilm-producing multidrug-resistant bacteria, underscoring the importance of monitoring and safe handling.Keywords: paediatric syrup, antibiogram profile, biofilm, bacterial isolates, test-tube method

Electrospun sandwich-structured Fe3O4-CeO2/CNTs-Fe3O4-loaded carbon nanofiber mat as a binder-free adsorption-enhanced electro-Fenton cathode for amoxicillin removal.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) contamination of retail chicken meat is a significant cause of public health concern among susceptible groups like children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The current research was conducted to identify the prevalence, genotypic pattern and drug resistance of multidrug-resistant EPEC (MDR-EPEC) in chicken meat during January to June 2024 in Kuliarchar and Bhairab upazilas, Bangladesh. A total of 140 retail chicken meat samples were collected from Kuliarchar and Bhairab upazilas between January and June 2024. The isolates were confirmed by primary culture, biochemical reactions, and molecular confirmation by PCR employing phoA and eaeA genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion as per the CLSI 2020 standard. Overall prevalence of E. coli was 68.6% (95% CI: 60.2-76.2) and was found to be higher in Bhairab (81.6%) compared to Kuliarchar (47.2%). 8.6% of these were found to be EPEC. All the retrieved EPEC were resistant to ampicillin, and 91.7% were resistant to ceftazidime and gentamicin. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antimicrobials. All EPEC isolates (n=12) exhibited resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes and were therefore classified as multidrug-resistant. Genotypic analysis showed high prevalence of blaTEM-1, 2 (91.7%), blaSHV-1 (66.7%), blaOXA-1, 4 & 30 (33.3%), with aac(3)-iv (83.3%), sul1 (41.7%) and tet(A) (25.0%), indicating widespread β-lactam and gentamicin resistance in EPEC. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.40-0.50, which indicated exposure to high antibiotic pressure. The findings justify stricter food safety controls, effective use of antibiotics and proper hygiene to provide for the avoidance of the dissemination of MDR-EPEC through infected chicken meat and public health safety.

Single-entity dual-emissive MOF platform for reliable ratiometric point-of-care detection of amoxicillin residues.

Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are a leading cause of outpatient visits and antibiotic use across age groups. Amoxicillin–clavulanate (co amoxiclav) is widely prescribed due to its activity against β lactamase–producing pathogens. High dose formulations (1 g) aim to enhance pharmacodynamic target attainment and clinical efficacy, particularly against less susceptible organisms. However, real world data on otorhinolaryngologists’ prescribing practices and perceptions of high dose co amoxiclav are limited. Methods: A descriptive, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among otorhinolaryngologists attending the Annual National Conference of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India. A structured 10 item electronic questionnaire captured prescribing patterns, clinical indications, decision drivers, perceived effectiveness, safety, and patient compliance. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 176 otorhinolaryngologists participated. Acute otitis media was the most common indication (52%), followed by acute tonsillitis (25%), sinusitis (16%), and pharyngitis (7%). Overall, 70% of respondents prescribed high dose (1g) co amoxiclav sometimes or often, with 59% using it as first line therapy. Clinical efficacy (52%) and once daily dosing convenience (21%) were the main drivers of use. Prescribing decisions were guided by clinical guidelines in 45% of cases. Satisfaction with outcomes was high (93%). Diarrhoea (66%) and nausea (21%) were the most frequently reported adverse effects. Dosing frequency was considered the key determinant of patient compliance (56%). High dose (1g) co amoxiclav was perceived as more effective than other antibiotics by 77% and safer by 87% of respondents. Conclusion: High dose co amoxiclav (1 g) is widely accepted by otorhinolaryngologists for URTIs, supported by perceived efficacy, convenient dosing, favourable safety, and alignment with antimicrobial stewardship principles.

This paper reports an advanced statistical physics modeling to elucidate the adsorption process of two relevant pharmaceuticals, namely amoxicillin (AMOX) and imipramine (IMP), on aluminum-pillared clay. A double-layer model was used to interpret the adsorption mechanism of these pharmaceuticals at 298–318. This model indicated the presence of molecular aggregation for IMP adsorption via the formation of dimers or trimers, and a monomolecular AMOX separation process. The removal of both compounds was endothermic, showing better adsorption capacity for IMP (82 mg/g) than for AMOX (37 mg/g). Calculated adsorption energies (ΔE1, ΔE2 &lt; 40 kJ/mol) confirmed a physisorption mechanism, which may be governed by hydrogen bonding due to the adsorbent chemistry and adsorbate molecular structure. Configurational entropy and free enthalpy were calculated to analyze the thermodynamics of AMOX and IMP adsorption equilibria. These thermodynamic functions confirmed the molecular disorder during adsorption and system’s spontaneity. This study contributes with new theoretical findings for unraveling complex adsorption mechanisms, at the molecular level, of pharmaceutical molecules, with the aim of intensifying water depollution systems.

Contaminated surfaces of inanimate objects of healthcare facilities have been identified as possible routes for transmission of Hospital Acquired Infections amongst patients, especially children. These infections have been attributed to the increase in morbidity and mortality as well as increased length of hospital stays. This study aimed to identify pathogens found on inanimate surfaces in a Paediatric ward of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, as well as the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the organisms. Seventy (70) swab samples were collected from different inanimate surfaces using sterile swab sticks. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey and Blood agar at 37 C for 18–24 hours. Gram staining and biochemical tests were used to identify the organisms. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was carried out using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. A total of 48 organisms, which include S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated. Gram positive organisms were 41.7% while the Gram negative were 58.3%. S. aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Occurrence of isolates was 20.8% on children's lockers, bedside floor and beds while doorknobs had 16.8%. Teddy bears and stethoscopes had 10.4%. A 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in the K. pneumoniae isolates. Varying resistance from 40–45% against ceftazidime, cefuroxime and nitrofurantoin was observed in the S. aureus isolates. The Gram-negative pathogens showed resistance pattern ranging from 61.5% to 75% against Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. The study has shown that inanimate surfaces in the paediatric ward harbours pathogenic organisms. Effective hygiene control and disinfection should be implemented.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global health concern exacerbated by rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in developing countries where empirical therapy is common. Untreated UTIs can progress to sepsis with a poor prognosis. Understanding local AMR profiles of uropathogens is crucial for effective UTI treatment. This study aimed to identify the predominant uropathogens and determine their AMR profiles against a range of commonly used antimicrobials. This study was a 5-year retrospective cross-sectional surveillance study conducted on urine cultures processed from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024 at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali. In total, 2,921 positive urine cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were recorded and analyzed by pathogen and across care settings. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Associations were evaluated at a 5% significance level. This study found that among 2,921 isolates, Escherichia coli (64%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.9%) were the predominant uropathogens. High resistance rates were observed against commonly used antibiotics, such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (>88%), third-generation cephalosporins (51-75%), and fluoroquinolones (∼55%) in both species, with K. pneumoniae showing a more extensive resistance profile. Conversely, the isolates were less resistant to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and amikacin (<20%) across care settings. The findings reveal a significant burden of multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship and sustained surveillance. Such measures are essential to preserve the efficacy of critical antibiotics, particularly carbapenems and aminoglycosides, and to guide effective clinical management.

Amoxicillin (AMO), a penicillin antibiotic, and ciprofloxacin (CIP), a quinolone antibiotic, are widely used to combat bacterial infections and are frequently co-administered to enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, improper use of AMO and CIP may lead to antibiotic residues in the environment, posing serious threats to human health. The visual detection of AMO and CIP remains significant challenges. Herein, the Eu-DPA@CQDs was used for the dual-mode detection of AMO and CIP, which was synthesized by CQDs doped in europium-DPA metal-organic framework. In the colorimetric mode, the catalase-mimicking Eu-DPA@CQDs oxidized TMB to blue oxTMB. Upon addition of AMO, the oxTMB was reduced, causing color fading. Subsequent introduction of CIP restored nanozyme activity, regenerating the blue signal and enabling dual-analyte antibiotic detection. In the fluorescence mode, the Eu-DPA@CQDs probe exhibited dual emission at 440nm and 613nm. Upon AMO addition, the fluorescence at both wavelengths was quenched, accompanied by a color change from red to purple. In the presence of CIP, the emission at 440nm increased and redshifted to 490nm, while the signal at 613nm was quenched, resulting in a multicolor transition from red to cyan. The Eu-DPA@CQDs sensor enabled rapid and dual-mode detection of AMO and CIP. The colorimetric method exhibited wide linear ranges of 0.005-25μM for AMO and 0.007-4.25μM for CIP, with detection limits of 1.67nM and 3.75nM, respectively. A visible color transition from dark blue to colorless was observed with increasing AMO concentration, while the addition of CIP reversed the signal back to dark blue. Similarly, the fluorescence detection achieved wide linear ranges from 0.005 to 30μM for AMO and 0.005 to 15μM for CIP, with detection limits as low as 4.74nM and 3.11nM, respectively, also within only 1min. As the concentration of AMO increased, the color shifted from red to purple. In contrast, increasing CIP concentration induced a color transition from red to cyan. These color transitions were both clearly visible to the naked eye. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity and anti-interference capability, providing a reliable platform for accurate, sensitive, and quantitative determination of both antibiotics in real samples.

Aims: Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dental implant surgery remains controversial. This study evaluated the pre- and postoperative prescribing patterns of Turkish clinicians performing implant surgery and assessed the influence of specialization and workplace on prescribing behaviors.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 15-item questionnaire adapted from validated instruments and reviewed by experts. Items covered clinician characteristics, pre- and postoperative prescribing habits, antibiotic choice, dosage, route, and duration. The survey was distributed electronically, and 333 responses were analyzed. Descriptive statistics summarized prescribing trends; Chi-square tests and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals examined associations. Results: Of 333 respondents, 201 (60.4%) were general dentists, 69 (20.7%) residents, and 63 (18.9%) specialists. Preoperatively, 30 clinicians (9.0%) routinely prescribed antibiotics, 171 (51.4%) never prescribed, and 132 (39.6%) prescribed occasionally. The most common indication was systemic comorbidities (58.6%). Aminopenicillins were the preferred agents (64.0%), mainly administered orally. Postoperatively, 282 clinicians (84.7%) prescribed antibiotics, most often amoxicillin–clavulanic acid 875/125 mg twice daily (59.5%) or amoxicillin 1000 mg twice daily (28.8%) for 5–7 days. Preoperative prescribing was significantly associated with workplace(p

Immediate drug allergic reactions (IDAR) to betalactams are frequent, yet mislabelling remains common and negatively impacts clinical decisions. Conventional diagnostics such as STs and drug provocation are effective but limited by time, risk, and contraindications in severe cases. Invitro alternatives-sIgEquantification and basophil activation tests (BAT)-offer safer options, although performance may be affected by biological variability and suboptimal sensitivity with an important drawback for the latter in patients with non-releaser basophils. This study aimed to evaluate a mast cell activation test (MAT) based on human CD34+-derived mast cells (dMCs) for IDAR diagnosis to amoxicillin (AX) using both free AX and dendrimeric amoxicilloyl conjugates (G4/G5-AXO). CD34+ cells were cultured for 10-12 weeks to generate dMCs. After passive sensitization with sera from AX-allergic patients (N = 28) or tolerant controls (N = 11), dMCs were stimulated with free AX, G4-AXO, or G5-AXO. Activation was quantified by CD63 expression via flow cytometry. Diagnostic performance was compared with BAT and sIgE determination by ImmunoCAP. MAT with free AX achieved 53.57% sensitivity, G4/G5-AXO reached 46.43%, and all methods maintained 100% specificity. Combining results with AX or dendrimeric stimuli increased sensitivity to 75% while preserving specificity. Importantly, MAT identified positive cases among BAT non-releasers and patients with undetectable sIgE. Under optimized conditions, MAT using dMCs and different AX determinants reached 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The complementary use of free AX and dendrimeric conjugates expands detection across heterogeneous IgE reactivity profiles from AX-allergic patients, reinforcing the diagnostic value of advanced cellular models and engineered allergens.

Background. Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health challenge, complicating the management of infections. Aminoglycosides are increasingly associated with resistance, raising the risk of clinical complications and mortality in severe infections. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of 135 aminoglycoside-resistant clinical strains collected in Setif between 2021 and 2023. Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST guidelines, and phenotypic assays were conducted to assess key virulence traits, including biofilm formation and enzyme production. Results. Aminoglycoside resistance was more frequently observed in female patients (55.6%) and was found to be predominant among adults (68.1%). Urinary tract infections represented the main clinical presentation (76.3%), with Escherichia coli being the most common isolate (40.7%). High resistance rates were detected for amoxicillin (83%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (80%), cephalexin (74.8%), cefixime (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (74.8%), and gentamicin (72.6%). Conversely, chloramphenicol (53.3%), imipenem (47.4%), amikacin (47.4%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (31.1%) remained comparatively more effective. Multidrug resistance involving seven antibiotics occurred in 25.6% of isolates, with notable cross-resistance patterns between gentamicin and β-lactam antibiotics (5 out of 22). Genotypic analysis showed that 43% of isolates carried at least one β-lactamase gene, whereas 9.6% harbored a qnr determinant. Regarding virulence factors, isolates with low biofilm-forming ability were found to be the most common (62.96%). Conclusion. In conclusion, this study revealed substantial variations in aminoglycoside resistance in Setif, shaped by demographic, clinical, and bacteriological factors.

Enteric bacterial pathogens are a significant threat to public health, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from environmental samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Four bacterial species were identified: Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2). The isolates exhibited varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, including penicillin (PN), streptomycin (S), cephalexin (CEP), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 60.34%, with 71.43% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p &lt; 0.05). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices

Stream water contaminated with antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria poses a significant threat to public health, serving as a reservoir for pathogens that can cause waterborne disease and complicate treatment. This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from stream water samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method.. Four bacterial species were identified:Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2) The isolates exhibited high levels of resistance to antibiotics, including streptomycin (S), penicillin (PN), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 63.33%, with 78.95% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p = 0.012). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from environmental samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Four bacterial species were identified: Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2). The isolates exhibited varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, including penicillin (PN), streptomycin (S), cephalexin (CEP), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 54.72%, with 65.52% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p = 0.021). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals is a growing One Health concern. However, data on AMR in indicator microorganisms from clinically healthy dairy cattle in Latvia remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the AMR profiles of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from rectal swabs and bulk-tank milk collected from 18 dairy farms between February and May 2025. Bacterial identification was performed using conventional culturing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method, interpreted according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Resistance levels were further quantified using resistance scores (R-scores) and the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI). In total, 582 E. coli and 428 Enterococcus spp. isolates were recovered from rectal swabs, with E. coli showing the highest resistance to ampicillin (12.5%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (6.7%), whereas resistance to tetracycline was rare (0.3%). Enterobacteriaceae from milk exhibited higher resistance to ampicillin (45.8%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20.8%). Among Enterococcus spp., resistance was highest to an antibiotic not used in dairy cows in Latvia quinupristin-dalfopristin (69.2%), while resistance to vancomycin and linezolid remained low (0.5% each). Milk-derived enterococci showed a comparable pattern, with additional resistance to streptomycin (25%). Overall, resistance levels and multidrug resistance were low. However, the presence of sporadic resistant isolates and elevated MARI values, particularly in large-scale farms and milk-derived bacteria, highlights the importance of continued AMR surveillance and prudent antimicrobial use in the Latvian dairy sector.