Amoxicillin Solution Research Articles

Producing Efficient Adsorbents from Kraft Lignin for the Removal of Contaminants from Water—A Full Factorial Design

This work aimed at optimizing the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from Kraft lignin for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and amoxicillin (AMX) from water. A full factorial design of three factors (precursor:activating agent (H3PO4) ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time) at two levels was used to optimize the AC production. Eight AC products were obtained and evaluated considering the following responses: product yield, specific surface area (SBET), energy consumption, and adsorptive removal of the contaminants under study. The produced AC presented satisfactory SBET, ranging between 750 and 1335 m2 g−1, and efficient adsorption of MB and AMX from water, achieving up to 99% removal under the studied experimental conditions (100 mg L−1 of MB and AMX solution and material dose of 1 g L−1). Statistical analysis showed that product yield and energy consumption for AC production were influenced by temperature and residence time. The determination of a desirability function indicated a precursor/H3PO4 ratio of 1:2, pyrolysis at 700 °C, and residence time of 60 min as the optimal production conditions. The optimized AC presented SBET 1335 m2 g−1 and maximum adsorption capacity of 210 and 280 mg g−1 for MB and AMX, respectively.

Unravelling the efficacy of pencil graphite anode decorated with PdCu@γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the electro-oxidation of amoxicillin: Insights into kinetics, oxidative pathways and toxicity evaluation

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in the occurrence of antibiotic residues in sediments, water bodies and industrial sewage, causing ill effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Electrochemical oxidation process via in-situ generation of strong oxidant •OH is the promising method for the removal of pollutants. In this work, PdCu/γ-Fe2O3 NPs electrodeposited pencil graphite electrode (PdCu/γ-Fe2O3@PGE) has been projected as a cost-effective anode for electro-oxidation of amoxicillin (AMX), while bare PGE was used as a cathode to generate H2O2. The electrochemical measurements showed that PdCu/γ-Fe2O3 @PGE exhibited lower ΔEp (0.191 V), high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) (0.4620 cm2), higher oxygen evolution potential (OEP) (1.72 V), and lower charge transfer resistance of 9.747 Ω/ cm2 which was ideal for electro-oxidation of AMX. Under the optimum reaction conditions (I = 0.2 mA, pH = 4), the % AMX removal reached 90.5 % after 50 min of electro-oxidation in 0.5 M NaCl. •OH, H2O2, and HOCl were found to be the in-situ generated oxidants. The AMX solution after electro-oxidation did not exhibit antibacterial activity. The toxicity of the formed intermediates were evaluated using Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T) and found to be less toxic. The electrical energy consumption was estimated to be 0.786 kWhm−3.Thus, modified PGE finds application in the remediation of effluents containing amoxicillin.

Degradation of the Micropollutant Amoxicillin using Enzymatic Treatment and Evaluation of Resulting Byproducts

Current Brazilian legislation for the treatment of drinking water does not require analysis for micropollutants such as the antibiotic amoxicillin. However, the presence of these compounds in the environment is directly linked to bacterial resistance, and the development of methodologies focusing on their removal is necessary. A few alternatives, such as Advanced Oxidative Processes, have already been proposed and, more recently, studies have shown that certain enzymes, like peroxidases, have the ability to degrade micropollutants in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this sense, the present study aims to evaluate the enzymatic degradation of 25 mg L-1 amoxicillin using peroxidase. For the specific method, amoxicillin solutions were fed to a batch reactor and different concentrations of peroxidase combined with varying H2O2 concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mmol L-1) were added. Reactions occurred for 9 hours. All samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the residual toxicity was assessed using Daphnia magna. The results showed around 50% degradation of the drug, and byproducts originating from amoxicillin were identified. Toxicological tests indicated that the byproducts were minimally toxic to the microcrustacean, highlighting the importance of evaluating the safety of proposed treatments.

Amoxicillin degradation in the heat, light, or heterogeneous catalyst activated persulfate systems: Comparison of kinetics, mechanisms and toxicities

Various activated persulfate (PS) technologies have been investigated and implemented to eliminate antibiotic contaminants from water. The investigation and evaluation of different activation systems are essential for the application of PS techniques. The degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) by heat, light, or heterogeneous catalyst of Fe–AC composite activated PS was investigated, and the kinetics, mechanisms and toxicities were compared in this work. The apparent activation energy of the Fe–AC system was lower than that of the heat system. Hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and quenching tests. There were 22, 21 and 13 types of degradation intermediates detected in heat, light and Fe–AC system, respectively. Six pathways of AMX degradation were proposed and compared in the three activated PS systems. The toxicity prediction of degradation intermediates under different treatment processes was estimated by ecological structure-activity relationship model and toxicity estimation software tool. The genotoxicity of the AMX degradation solution was tested by Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1_recA, which indicated that the AMX solution after treatment in the Fe–AC system had almost no genotoxicity. The Fe–AC/PS system shows apparent advantages over the heat or light activated PS system in most cases, demonstrating that the Fe–AC/PS system is suitable for AMX-contaminated remediation in aqueous solution.

Electrocatalytical effect of UV to oxidizing amoxicillin at (Sn-SnO2)-NPh-CPE: Analytical application in tap water and wastewater

The (Sn-SnO2)-NPh-CPE modified electrode at based Microparticles of tin and tin oxide scattered on natural phosphate were utilized for amoxicillin (AMX) oxidation, it was preceded by an activation phase using ultraviolet radiation (UV) as the catalytic step before its electrochemical detection. The (Sn-SnO2)-NPh modifier was prepared via a solid-state reaction process at a high temperature of 400 °C using natural phosphate and tin dichloride. The AMX activation by UV radiation was studied using differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thus, the results confirm that the utilization of UV radiation catalyzed AMX oxidation. It has been found that the oxidation current of AMX increases with the increasing exposure time of AMX solution to UV radiation. The results demonstrated that the activation of the AMX by UV radiation before the electrochemical oxidation is necessary for its detection at the trace level. The oxidation peak current was linear to the AMX concentration in the range 2.0 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−6 mol/L with a detection limit of 7.78 × 10−8 mol/L. Moreover, the designed sensing platform was successfully employed to determine AMX in tap water and wastewater samples.

Superior and effective adsorption of amoxicillin by using novel metal organic framework and its composite: Thermodynamic, kinetic, and optimization by Box–Behnken design

Exploring the potential of silver metal organic frameworks (Ag‐MOF), we modified it with sulfanilamide (Ag‐MOF‐NH2) to create an efficient means for the adsorption of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions. We characterized this new material with various imaging and analyzation techniques. Investigations into adsorption were conducted with varying solution pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages. Moreover, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms were also tested by different models. Results revealed that equilibrium was reached between the antibiotic and the adsorbents within 100 min, with 1.93 and 2.63 mmol·g−1 as the maximum adsorption capacities of Ag‐MOF and Ag‐MOF‐NH2, respectively. The adsorption of AMX onto the adsorbents is closely in line with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, intraparticle‐diffusion model, and Langmuir isotherm, suggesting that the surface of the adsorbent is homogeneous and that the highest binding sites are filled first. By utilizing this data, an engaging conclusion can be drawn: the process of adsorption is efficient and effective. Optimizing adsorption results with Box–Behnken design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) produced impressive outcomes. Additionally, experiments were conducted on non‐buffered AMX solutions at various NaNO3 concentrations to ascertain the influence of the electrolytes' composition. Surprisingly, its capacity to take up the element was affected by different concentrations and has ability to be reused several times by capacity above 80% for up to four cycles. Discovering the intricate mechanisms behind AMX adsorption, such as electrostatic forces, π–π interactions, H‐bonding, and pore filling, proves to be an invaluable asset in reducing its concentration from real water samples. The mighty potential of Ag‐MOF and Ag‐MOF‐NH2 makes them excellent adsorbents with removal efficiencies ranging between 86% and 97% making them ideal for industrial uses and protecting our environment.

Degradation of amoxicillin under a UV or visible light photocatalytic treatment process using Fe2O3/bentonite/TiO2: Performance, kinetic, degradation pathway, energy consumption, and toxicology studies

The present work investigates the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) using a Fe2O3/bentonite/TiO2 (Fe2O3/B/TiO2) nanocomposite under visible LED light and UV irradiation. XRD, UV-Visible, FTIR, EDS, VSM, EPR spectra and TEM techniques were utilized to estimate the features of the prepared photocatalyst. The saturation magnetization for Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/B/TiO2 was 57.4 and 17.4 emu/g, respectively. Factors affecting degradation rates, such as pH, catalyst dose, radiation intensity, and initial AMX concentration, were investigated. The results showed that an AMX concentration of 25 mg/L, a pH of 5, and a catalyst dosage of 0.75 gr/L are the optimal parameters suggesting a 100% degradation of the contaminant in the presence of UV light for 60 min. However, during the use of visible light the optimal contact time was 90 min, producing a removal percentage of 98.8%. The results for the reaction rate indicate the adherence of the data to pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the reaction rate constant for UV and visible radiation was 0.0181 and 0.0176 1/min, respectively. The energy consumption range for a degradation time of 10–90 min for UV and visible radiation was 9.4–14.6 and 7.61–15.4 kWh/m3, respectively Both light sources have also been shown to convert nonbiodegradable effluent into a biodegradable form. Finally, a mere 8% reduction in catalyst efficiency was observed after 6 recycling and reuse cycles. The degradation of AMX was negatively affected by common coexisting anions in water (10–25%). Moreover, toxicity assessments indicated the usability of the studied system to remarkably diminish the toxicity of AMX solution compared to untreated controls. Hence, the studied Fe2O3/B/TiO2/UV or visible light processes could be considered an auspicious technology for providing high efficiencies in the treatment of AMX-contaminated wastewater.

BIOTESTING METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF DRUGS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

The article presents experimental data on the use of the biotesting method for the toxicological evaluation of tap water containing the antibiotic amoxicillin solution and the hormone 17-estradiol solution. Different test organisms differ in their sensitivity to toxicants. Therefore, a series of biotests using different test organisms from different systematic groups: daphnia (Daphnia magna Straus), infusoria (Paramecium caudatum), and algae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer) were used to increase the accuracy of toxicity assessment of solutions. It was found that of the selected test cultures infusoria were the most sensitive to the solution with antibiotic and hormone. The effect of amoxicillin in the dose range from 0.000078 mg/L to 0.000000078 mg/L contributed to the toxic effect of the test cultures in the following sequence in descending order: infusoria daphnia = chlorella. In a toxicity study of water containing the hormone 17-estradiol in the dose range from 0.00001mg/L to 0.00000001 mg/L, the sensitivity of the test objects developed in the following chronology: infusoria chlorella. Daphnia (Daphnia magna Straus) were not at all susceptible to this class of drugs. Therefore, the proposed biotesting methods for the detection of drugs in the aquatic environment are a promising direction in assessing the toxicity of pharmpollutants in wastewater.

Electroanalytic properties of unmodified and modified solid contact potentiometric β-lactam sensors in aqueous and biological media

Results of a comparative study of the electroanalytic properties of solid contact sensors (tubular and planar) in cefuroxime (Cefur), cefotaxime (Ceftx), cefixim (Cefix), and amoxicillin (Amox) solutions are presented. Tetraalkylammonium associates — tetradecylammonium (TDA) and dimethyldistearylammonium (DMDSA) — with complex compounds silver (I) — β-lactam [Ag(β-lac)2] TAA; ZnO modifiers, polyaniline, and polyaniline nanotubes are used as electrode active components (EAC). The studied sensors based on [Ag(Cefur)2] TDA and [Ag(Amox)2] DMDSA in solutions of cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cefixime, and amoxicillin are characterized by a short response time: for tubular 20 – 25 sec (unmodified), 12 – 17 sec (modified); for planar – 20 – 25 sec (unmodified), 10 – 15 sec (modified). Modifiers stabilize electrode potential and perform a function of a mediator of electron transfer, which leads to improvement of electroanalytic characteristics of sensors. The linear range of electrode functions in antibiotic solutions is 1 × 10–4 – 1 × 10–2 M, the detection limit ranges between 2.5 × 10–5 – 8.9 × 10–5 M for unmodified and 5.6 × 10–6 – 7.5 × 10–5 M for modified sensors, and 4.2 × 10–5 – 7.2 × 10–5 M for planar sensors. The potential drift is 8 – 12 mV/day for unmodified and 5 – 7 mV/day for modified planar sensors; service life is 1.5 – 2 months. The advantage of planar sensors is the possibility of using them in microassay detection, which is relevant in the analysis of biological media. Application of solid-contact sensors for determination of the antibiotics under study in model aqueous solutions, medicinal preparations, oral fluid, blood serum in various infectious diseases is demonstrated.

Natural deep eutectic solvent modified nanofiltration membranes with superior antifouling properties for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

Herein, the L-menthol/10-camphorsulfonic acid (L-M/CSA) natural deep eutectic solvent (NDES) was introduced as an innovative modifier for polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration (NF) membrane. Four membranes with different L-M/CSA NDES loadings (0, 0.2, 0.6, and 1 wt%) were prepared and characterized to evaluate the influence of L-M/CSA NDES on the properties of the membranes. The modified membrane with 0.2 wt% L-M/CSA NDES (M-0.2NDES) showed the pure water flux (PWF) of 111.5 L/m2h, which was about 7 times higher than that of the control membrane (M-0NDES). Meanwhile, the mean pore radius was increased from 0.7 nm for the M-0NDES membrane to 0.85 nm for the M-0.2NDES membrane, indicating the good pore forming capability of L-M/CSA NDES. Benefiting from L-M/CSA NDES blending, the modified membranes showed excellent removal efficiency to ceftriaxone (CTX) and amoxicillin (AMOX) solutions. Particularly, the M-0.2NDES membrane possessed 99.6 and 99.2% rejection to CTX and AMOX, respectively, with permeated flux up to about 111 L/m2h, which was far better than the data reported in the literature. M-0.2NDES membrane showed 89.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 100% turbidity, and 51.6% total dissolved solids (TDS) removal from the industrial pharmaceutical wastewater. Blending with L-M/CSA NDES was also confirmed to be crucial to ameliorate the membrane antifouling properties. The related results revealed that the flux recovery ratio (FRR) of the M-0.2NDES membrane for milk solution reached 90.2%. The facile fabrication method of L-M/CSA NDES from green materials, good pore forming capability, enhanced antifouling properties, together with the efficient pharmaceuticals removal indicated the good prospect of L-M/CSA NDES for membrane separation applications.

Bermuda Grass (Cynodon Dactylon) as an Alternative Antibacterial Agent against Staphyloccocus Aureus

Antibacterial products have been found to have harmful chemicals like Triclosan. There is currently a need for alternative antibacterial agents to replace Triclosan in many antibacterial products like shampoo, toothpaste, and soaps. This experimental study, which utilized post-test only control group design, aimed to determine the effect of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) oil as an antibacterial agent that inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Sensitivity disks testing was done to find out the efficacy of Bermuda grass oil extract against S. aureus. The application of water served as negative control and that of Amoxicillin solution as the positive control. With the use of t-test and mean, it was found that there is a significant difference in the measure of the area of the zone of inhibition between the negative control group (treated with water) and the experimental group. There is a significant difference in the measure of the area of the zone of inhibition between the positive control group (treated with amoxicillin) and the experimental group. Further, Bermuda grass oil has a positive result in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, though amoxicillin shows a greater positive effect on the said bacteria. This study would be of great benefit to pharmaceuticals, making Bermuda grass as a potential source of organic antibacterial substances.

Effect of oxygen-containing functional groups of layered graphene oxide membrane on the removal of amoxicillin: a molecular dynamics study

ABSTRACT The removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from the pharmaceutical industrial wastewater with a non-lamellar graphene oxide (GO) membrane has been investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The influence of oxygen-containing functional groups of the GO nanosheets on the separation of AMX molecules is investigated by considering three different membranes. These membranes are GO, reduced GO, and extended reduced GO which differ in the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO nanosheets. AMX solution is used as the feed solution, and a mixture of and solution is used as a draw solution. This study reveals that the water and ion permeance depend on the number of oxygen-containing functional groups and pore sizes of the membranes. Reducing the number of oxygen-containing functional groups of the membranes leads to smaller pore sizes and lower water permeance. The retention and dynamics of AMX molecules reveal that the AMX molecules are likely to be retained on the basal plane of the membrane. This can be attributed to a strong interaction between hydroxyl and epoxy functional groups of the GO nanosheets with AMX molecules.

Solar Light Activation of Persulfate by TiO2/Fe2O3 Layered Composite Films for Degradation of Amoxicillin: Degradation Mechanism, Matrix Effects, and Toxicity Assessments

AbstractIn this study, sandwich‐type composites made of commercial TiO2‐P25 and α‐Fe2O3 are obtained by spin coating thin films with different layer configurations, namely: i) TiO2 layer over α‐Fe2O3 (TiO2@α‐Fe2O3), ii) α‐Fe2O3 layer over TiO2 (α‐Fe2O3@TiO2), and iii) physically mixed 50% (w/w) of TiO2/Fe2O3. Photocatalytic activity under simulated solar irradiation of the aforementioned composites and their pure components is investigated for the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) in the presence and absence of persulfate (PS). In both cases, TiO2@α‐Fe2O3 sandwich‐type achieve the highest degradation rates of AMX and a marked effect of PS addition on the AMX degradation rate is noted. The influence of pH and PS concentration on AMX degradation rate is established by means of experimental design and response surface modeling. The AMX degradation pathway is studied by means of reactive oxygen species scavenging and identification of intermediates by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Their evolution is directly correlated with an increased toxicity assessed by Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri assays. Furthermore, biodegradability changes are correlated with the mineralization profile of AMX solution. The influence of water matrix constituents (Cl−, CO32−, NO3−, PO43− and Suwannee river natural organic matter) on AMX degradation is established as well.

Interactional behavior of saccharides/derivatives with amoxicillin drug in aqueous medium: Insights from volumetric, calorimetric and spectroscopic studies

The physicochemical studies are significant in understanding the molecular interactions of saccharides and their derivatives with amoxicillin drug in aqueous solution. Therefore, the apparent molar volumes (V2,ϕ), and the limiting standard molar enthalpies of dilution (ΔdilH∞m) of saccharides and their derivatives in (0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004) mol·kg–1 aqueous solutions of amoxicillin were determined from the precise density, ρ and heat change, q measurements at (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K under pressure, p = 0.1 MPa. The data were processed to obtain the corresponding transfer volumes (ΔtrV2∞) and enthalpies of dilution of transfer (ΔtΔdilH∞m) of solutes from water into aqueous solutions of amoxicillin. The volumetric expansion coefficients (∂V2∞/∂T)P, their second-order derivatives (∂2V2∞/∂T2)P and heat capacity change (∆dilC∞p,2,m) were also determined. Proton (1H) NMR spectra for mA = 0.02 mol·kg–1 saccharides/derivatives were also recorded in different molalities, mB = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 mol·kg–1 of amoxicillin solution prepared in solvent {9:1 H2O + D2O}. The NMR results show that the Hc proton of amoxicillin has more activity (acidity) and it interacts more with the solute molecules (saccharide/derivative) than other protons of amoxicillin.

The Effects of Psi Morphology on the Detection Efficiency of the Au-Nps Hot Spot SERS Sensors

This work is related to the investigation of the effects of porous silicon (PSi) morphologies on the performance of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) hot spot SERS sensors for the detection of amoxicillin molecules. Two Si wafers with different resistivity values of 10 and 100 Ω.cm were used to synthesize a PSi layer of pores- and mud-like structures, respectively, by pulsed photo chemical etching process. The hot spot SERS sensors were synthesized by incorporating the Au-NPs within the PSi morphologies of pores- and mud- like structures which are characterized by high density of nucleation sites. Plasmonic Au- NPs with different sizes and hot spot regions were incorporated into the porous structures by the ion reduction process. It was recognized that the PSi morphologies have a considerable influence on the fabrication process of the detection sensors and, consequently, on the detection process. The plasmonic Au-NPs hot spot SERS sensor based on the PSi morphology of the mud-like structures shows higher sensitivity than that of pores-like structures, even at very low concentrations of amoxicillin solutions.

Effects of the microbiome manipulation on survival and GI tract development of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Microbial diversity within an aquatic community can be used to increase the growth and development of organisms. In this study, Zebrafish larvae were reared in three treatments 1) a probiotic containing 17 strains of Lactobacillus spp., 2) an amoxicillin solution, 3) water from the broodstock culture tank as the control. Survival of the larvae throughout 10 dpf was recorded. To determine the development of the gastrointestinal tract DASPEI stain was used for larvae at the age of 3 dpf to 6dpf. The intensity of the fluorescence in each larva was observed through the automated digital microscope. According to the experiment results, a significant difference (P<0.0001) in the survival rates among all treatments was recorded. The probiotic-treated larvae (PTL) had a higher survival rate. This could be due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria in the probiotic treatment, which helps in enhancing immunity. In DASPEI staining, also PTL exhibits more fluorescence in the GI tract at 24 hours to 48 hours post-hatch than the other two treatments. The main possible reason behind this could also be the presence of Lactobacillus spp. Which directly influences the higher activity of the digestive system.

Novel Development of RP-HPLC Method to Quantify Amoxicillin, Omeprazole and Rifabutin in Combination

Objectives: Helicobacter pylori infections are liable for most of the ulcers in the stomach and small intestinal. Talicia capsules was approved to be prescribed for the Helicobacter pylori infections. These capsules have combination of amoxicillin (ACN), omeprazole (OPE) and rifabutin (RFN). In this present study, for the first time, we developed a stability demonstrating RP-HPLC methodology to quantify ACN, OPE and RFN simultaneously. Methods: Assay of this combination was done with Thermo C18 stationary phase column using the mobile phase solvent system of 0.1M KH2PO4 buffer (3.5 pH): acetonitrile. Degradation tests were done on ACN, RFN and OPE solution by applying five different conditions, i.e. 0.1N HCl, 0.1N NaOH, 30% H2O2, 105°C and sun light. Results: Retention times of ACN, RFN and OPE were 2.539 min, 3.863 and 5.423 min, respectively. Method linearity scope was ranged from 125 – 375 μg/ml for ACN, 5 – 15 μg/ml for OPE and 6.25 – 18.75 μg/ml for RFN. The accuracy was computed in the range of 98.13–101.07% and the precision was between 0.282% and 0.569% relative standard deviation for three drugs. The method can effectively separate the degradation products from ACN, RFN and OPE. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that this method can be employed to quantify ACN, OPE and RFN simultaneously in presence of impurities produced during degradation investigation.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Antibiotic Delivery System Using Linden Extract

Green chemistry enables iron oxide nanoparticle production with easy, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. Amoxicillin is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections, however antibiotic resistance is a major problem for treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles are promising alternatives for overcoming these problems and magnetically targeted antibiotic delivery. In this work, it was aimed to synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with green chemistry method utilizing the linden plant, and loading of amoxicillin to these magnetic nanoparticles to be targeted antibiotic delivery system. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using aqueous linden extract and FeCl3 solution. These nanostructures were characterized with FTIR, SEM, and zetasizer. Amoxicillin solutions at varying concentrations were incubated with magnetic nanoparticles for drug adsorption and in vitro drug release from nanoparticles at pH 7.4 was studied. It was found that nanoparticles had spherical morphology (70-88 nm), iron oxide structure and were capped with polyphenols. Optimum amoxicillin amount in magnetic nanoparticles was determined as 100.17 μg drug/ mg nanoparticle. Drug release was faster in the first hours and proceeded in controlled manner. It can be suggested that amoxicillin loaded iron oxide nanoparticles could have potential of magnetically targeted therapy of bacterial infectious disease with low cost and ecofriendly production.

Establishment and in vitro morphogenesis of sapucaia explants (Lecythidaceae)

Lecythis pisonis Cambess, popularly known as sapucaia, has great economic and socio-environmental potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the establishment and in vitro morphogenesis of L. pisonis under the effect of disinfecting agents, plant growth regulators, and thermal stress. The study was divided into three experiments: (i) development of the disinfection protocol by testing different concentrations and times of exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and different concentrations and methods of amoxicillin application, (ii) in vitro budding induction by testing different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) supplemented to Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media, and (iii) in vitro formation from plantlets by analyzing different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with different exposure times to a thermal stress of 40°C. The disinfection of stem segments was effective using 3% NaOCl and 3.0 g L−1 amoxicillin solution. MS culture medium supplemented with 0.25 mg L−1 BAP induced more shoots in vitro. One milligram per liter IBA promoted greater rooting in vitro, and it is not necessary for thermal stress tolerance.

Effects of Early Intervention with Antibiotics and Maternal Fecal Microbiota on Transcriptomic Profiling Ileal Mucusa in Neonatal Pigs.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of early intervention with antibiotics and maternal fecal microbiota on ileal morphology and barrier function, and transcriptomic profiling in neonatal piglets. Piglets in the amoxicillin (AM), fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and control (CO) groups were orally administrated with amoxicillin solution (6.94 mg/mL), maternal fecal microbiota suspension [>109 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL], and physiological saline, respectively. Compared with the CO group, early intervention with AM or FMT significantly decreased ileal crypt depth on day 7 and altered gene expression profiles in ileum on days 7 and 21, and especially promoted the expression of chemokines (CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL11) involved in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway on day 21. FMT changed major immune activities from B cell immunity on day 7 to T cell immunity on day 21 in the ileum. On the other hand, both AM and FMT predominantly downregulated the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In summary, both early interventions modulated intestinal barrier function and immune system in the ileum with a low impact on ileal morphology and development.