Amounts Of Triethanolamine Research Articles

Influence of stabilizing agent on dip coating of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film

In the present study, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films with different amount of Triethanolamine (0μl, 30μl, 150μl and 300μl) as a stabilizing agent in 200ml precursor solution have been synthesized on glass substrate using a simple dip coating technique followed by annealing in nitrogen atmosphere at 300°C for 1h with 10°C/min ramping rate. The influence of different amounts of Triethanolamine (TEA) on CZTS films are assessed through studies on phase formation, structural information, morphology, compositions and band gap energy which are obtained using X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy respectively. 30μl of TEA addition is found to generate void free evenly spread stoichiometric CZTS film with a narrow Raman CZTS vibrational mode at 329cm−1 and energy band gap of 1.47eV.

Preparing hydroxyapatite-silicon composite suspensions with homogeneous distribution of multi-walled carbon nano-tubes for electrophoretic coating of NiTi bone implant and their effect on the surface morphology

Preparing a stable suspension is a main step towards the electrophoretically depositing of homogeneous and dense composite coatings on NiTi for its biomedical application. In the present study, different composite suspensions of hydroxyapatite, silicon and multi-walled carbon nano-tubes were prepared using n-butanol and triethanolamine as media and dispersing agent, respectively. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were first functionalized in the nitric acid vapor for 15h at 175°C, and then mixed into suspensions. Thermal desorption spectroscopy profiles indicate the formation of functional groups on multi-walled carbon nano-tubes. An excellent suspension stability can be achieved for different amounts of triethanolamine. The amount of triethanolamine can be increased by adding a second component to a stable hydroxyapatite suspension due to an electrostatic interaction between components in suspension. The stability of composite suspension is less than that of the hydroxyapatite suspension, due to density differences, which under the gravitational force promote the demixing. The scanning electron microscopy images of the coatings surface show that more dense coatings are developed on NiTi substrate using electrophoretic deposition and sintering at 850°C in the simultaneous presence of silicon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the hydroxyapatite coatings. The atomic force microscopy results of the coatings surface represent that composite coatings of hydroxyapatite-20wt.% silicon and hydroxyapatite-20wt.% silicon-1wt.% multi-walled carbon nano-tubes with low zeta potential have rougher surfaces.

Synthesis and Characterization of SnS Nanoparticles through a Non-Aqueous Chemical Route for Depositing Photovoltaic Absorber Layers

SnS nanocrystals of sub-10 nm in size were synthesized by a room temperature, non-aqueous chemical route in the presence of different amounts of triethanolamine (TEA) used as a complexing agent. The crystallinity, size, morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of the as-prepared SnS nanoparticles were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), micro Raman and optical absorption spectroscopy. The XRD analysis and HRTEM investigation of SnS nanoparticles confirmed the presence of crystalline orthorhombic SnS phase. Upon increasing the amount of TEA, the crystallite size of the samples decreased gradually showing evidence of quantum confinement. EDS analysis showed that SnS nanoparticles (NPs) grown in absence of TEA were highly stoichiometric whereas in TEA capped samples, the atomic concentration of S is slightly higher than that of Sn. As-synthesized SnS nanocrystals displayed strong absorption in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions followed by a blue shift of their absorption edge on increasing the TEA concentration. These nanoparticles were used to prepare SnS paste which was deposited on conducting glass substrates to obtain thin films for photovoltaic applications. The crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of annealed SnS films were investigated.

Synthesis of large-scale uniform mulberry-like ZnO particles with microwave hydrothermal method and its antibacterial property

Large-scale uniform mulberry-like ZnO particles were successfully synthesized via a fast and simple microwave hydrothermal method. The formation mechanism of mulberry-like ZnO particles was investigated by adding different types of alkalis and different amounts of triethanolamine (TEA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to observe the morphology and crystal structure of the obtained ZnO. The results revealed that the as-prepared ZnO products had an average diameter of about 150nm and polycrystalline wurtzite structure. The existence of TEA was vital for the formation of nanoparticle-assembled mulberry-like ZnO particles. These mulberry-like ZnO particles exhibited stronger antibacterial effects on Candida albicans than did sheet-like and flower-like ZnO.

Crystal structure and morphology of fully hydrated zeolite Na-A

Zeolite Na-A with idealized composition usually stated as Na12Al12Si12O48 · 27 H2O was synthesized with various amounts of triethanolamine (TEA) between 0.25 and 2.5 mol/L, and constant amounts of sodium, silicon, aluminum, and water. The maximum crystal size increased from 9 to 28 μm with decreasing lattice parameters upon increasing amounts of TEA in the initial gel. Crystals synthesized with low amounts of TEA exhibit both {100} and {110} crystal forms while the bigger crystals made with high amounts of TEA are cubes with {100} faces only. The crystal structure of fully hydrated zeolite A, Na94Al94Si98O384 · n H2O (unit-cell composition, n refined to 243 compared with about 216 expected for the type material). was investigated by single-crystal synchrotron methods (space group Fm-3c, a = 24.550(3) Å, room temperature, R1 = 0.071) yielding a very regular framework geometry with Si—O distances between 1.599(1) Å and 1.611(1) Å, and Al—O distances between 1.719(1) Å and 1.737(1) Å. Water molecules form a sodalite-cage-like cluster in the big grc units (α cages). Other water molecules occupy a 48-fold position in the toc units (β cages). Na atoms are close to the centers of the 6-rings and in the grc units of the centers of the 8-rings.

Building block-tunable synthesis of self-assembled ZnO quasi-microspheres via a facile liquid process

Self-assembled ZnO quasi-microspheres constructed of tunable building blocks have been grown directly through a facile liquid process. The effects of preparation parameters, such as the amounts of triethanolamine (TEA) and types of zinc counterions (SO 4 2−, CH 3COO −), on the morphology of building blocks (BLs) have been examined. Experimental data show that TEA has played a dual key function in the self-assembly process; namely, one is to regulate the morphology of BLs, and the other is to induce the oriented attachment of these particles. A rational formation mechanism is proposed on the basis of detailed results of FESEM, TEM and zeta potentials tests. The overall formation of 3-D self-assembled ZnO quasi-microspheres can be summarized as: (a) growth of ZnO building blocks; (b) preassembly of these BLs into small aggregates; (c) further assembly of these aggregates to form special 3-D architectures. XRD and Raman spectra show that the self-assembled quasi-microspheres have wurtzite structures. Room-temperature PL spectra indicate that they have a potential application as ultraviolet emitters. This work presents a simple route using common organic molecules, TEA, as “growth modifiers”, to the fabrication of novel 3-D self-assembled ZnO superstructures.

Determination of triethanolamine in air samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Low amounts of triethanolamine, collected in ORBO 53 tubes during air sampling, required the development of a very sensitive method for determination. After desorption and silylation reaction with trimethylsilyl imidazole/trimethyl chlorosilane, the derivative was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Ultra 2 silica capillary column in single ion monitoring mode (retention time: about 6 min). The method has a detection limit of 1–2 pg with a desorption efficiency of about 81%. Linearity of response was ascertained in the ranges 10–100 ng and 100–1000 ng. Short-term method validation was carried out by intra- and inter-day assays on three amounts for each reference calibration curve. All results satisfied the pre-defined acceptance criteria. In general, the whole procedure was easily performed and was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was determined on authentic samples and was about 40–60 L, using a flow rate of 1 L·min−1. The amounts of triethanolamine found in the samples ranged from 150 to 250 ng (about 2.5–4.2 μg·m−3).

Electrodeposition of Thick, Smooth, Ductile Coatings of Cadmium from Cyanide Baths

SYNOPSISThe effects of adding small amounts of triethanolamine, nickel salts and Turkey Red Oil to the cyanide type of cadmium bath have been assessed in terms of grain size, surface appearance, hardness and ductility of coatings at a thickness of approximately 5 × 10−3 in. Coatings of cadmium show lack of adhesion when plated directly on to steel at a considerable thickness and a marked improvement in adhesion has been found to result from the use of a copper undercoat.