Amount Of Remittances Research Articles

How altruism works during a pandemic: Examining the roles of financial support and degrees of individual altruism on international remittance

AbstractWhile the importance of international remittances has been recognised globally, understanding how public subsidies and the degree of individual altruism affect remittance behaviour remains limited. Although international remittances were predicted to decline drastically in the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic, remittance data proved that they were ultimately resilient to the anticipated negative shock of 2020. Potential reasons include altruistic motivations among migrants and economic stimulus programmes in large economies; however, a detailed investigation from a micro‐perspective is lacking and urgently needed. This study examines the impact of financial support in host and home countries and individual altruism on international remittances using unique data from foreign care workers in Japan. Our panel data estimation shows that emergency cash transfers from the host country positively affected migrant remittance amounts; however, no crowding‐out effects were observed due to subsidies from home governments. The heterogeneous analysis also reveals that highly altruistic remitters were more likely to send money home after receiving cash transfers in the host country. The results support the claims of international organisations that the resilience of remittances was supported by altruism and public financial support during the pandemic.

Remittances and Livestock Management in Agropastoral Households in Rural Kyrgyzstan: Telecoupled Impacts of Globalization☆

AbstractAgropastoralism and international labor migration are livelihood strategies that are interconnected as dominant ways of life across rural Kyrgyzstan. A prevalent rural livelihood strategy—agropastoralism—is closely tied to agrarian semi‐nomadic ways of life that link families and communities to the surrounding mountain environment. Another livelihood strategy—international labor migration—links or telecouples communities and income streams to transnational family structures, international labor markets, and distant economies. This article examines four hypothetical relationships between key elements of these two livelihood strategies. The relationship between remittances, pasture access, and livestock holdings is examined by analyzing 1,815 household surveys from southern rural Kyrgyzstan. We find remittances and livestock holdings have a significant positive relationship when a household is receiving a large amount of remittances, but not when the remittances received are modest. We also find that access to more distant, productive pastures is positively associated with the receipt of any amount of remittances. These findings demonstrate the ways in which migration and remittances can impact livestock management and agropastoral livelihoods at different levels of remittance reception.

Workers’ Remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa: Do Institutional Quality and Financial Development Matter?

This paper examines the effects of institutions and financial development on workers’ remittances in sub-Saharan Africa. To achieve the objectives, a two-step system generalized method of moment (GMM) was utilized on a panel dataset of 38 countries in the region from 2005 to 2022. Empirical findings from the study reveal that some institutional indicators, namely, control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and rule of law have a significant impact in attracting remittances to SSA. Further evidence reveals that financial development indicators notably domestic credit to the private sector and domestic credit to the private sector by banks have a significant impact on remittances inflow in the region. Financial development indicators are found to complement some of the institutional indicators, such as control of corruption, political stability, government effectiveness, and rule of law on the inflow of remittances to the region. Government efforts should be geared toward improving the institutional framework and ensuring financial market development to increase the amount of remittances inflow to the region.

Do remittances mitigate poverty? Evidence from selected countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America

The overall objective of the Sustainable Development Goals is to end poverty in all its manifestations by 2030. To achieve this, international remittance inflows have been identified as crucial external financing, especially for developing countries, to secure the resources needed to improve the living conditions of the poor in these countries. It is on this premise that this study investigates the nexus between remittances and poverty in selected countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, given that these regions receive the highest amount of remittances globally. The study uses annual data on 38 top recipients of remittances between 1990 and 2021. To ensure the robustness of the results, the study employs two indicators of poverty: household consumption expenditure and poverty headcount. On the methodological front, the study addresses the issue of cross-sectional dependence in a panel study and also corrects for endogeneity, using both static and dynamic methods of analysis, respectively. Empirical findings from the cross-sectional dependence test confirm the interdependence of countries in the study. Interestingly, the study confirms the optimistic view that remittance reduces poverty in the selected countries. This finding is consistent for the two poverty indicators regardless of the methodology adopted. The study concludes that remittance inflows play a pivotal role in alleviating poverty in the selected countries. Based on the findings, governments in the three regions are advised to devise appropriate policies and structures that can support and channel the proceeds from remittances to productive ventures to reduce the incidence of poverty in their respective countries.

Use of remittance and Coronavirus pandemic in Nepal

Remittance based economy of Nepal has been badly affected by the Corona virus pandemic. In this study, we analyze the household and social level use of remittance by the remittance recipient households before and after the pandemic. We adopted cross-sectional study design to collect data from 777 randomly selected respondents residing in Chautara Sngachwokgadhi (Mountain region), Galkot(Hill) and Mithila (Tarai) municipalities in Nepal. We used a reliable questionnaire tool having 0.8 cronbachalpha, and we visited the respondents from 6th June- 18th October 2022. The study found that the remittance recipient households have good access to households, educational, financial and health facilities. A significant amount of remittance also has been used to donate to the youth club, medical treatment seeker, school/college and community level (public moral hazard) after the Coronavirus pandemic. Remittance and agriculture were the major source of family income in each ecological region. However, remittance has failed to increase agriculture production and distributions (domestic household hazard) and also failed to increase entrepreneurship development in the local levels. This study can be a reference for developing evidence-based policies for minimizing public moral hazard and domestic household hazards caused by remittance in developing countries like Nepal.

Remitansi dan Pemanfaatannya

Migrant workers or often known as Indonesian workers are workers who are facilitated to find work abroad and of course facilitated by the government. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence the amount of remittances, determine the workload obtained, and determine the correlation between the level of workload and the amount of remittances and the utilization of remittances. This research uses observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation methods in the data collection process. The theory used in this research is Rational Choice from James. S. Coleman. The technique of determining informants using purposive with the criteria of factory workers who live in Jambul View apartments. The results showed that there are several factors that influence the amount of remittances, namely family dependents, daily needs of migrant workers, and workload. In addition, the utilization of remittances is used to meet family needs, pay debts, pay for siblings education, and to save.

Migrants Stock And Income: A Zoological Analysis Of The Remittance Flow Between India And 31 Pairs Of Countries

This research delves into the complex dynamics of remittance flows between India and 31 pairs of countries through a unique zoological lens, offering a novel perspective on the migratory patterns and financial implications of these flows. With the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy, remittances have emerged as a vital component of international migration. This study employs a zoological analogy to better understand the behaviors and patterns of these financial transfers, akin to the diverse species in an ecological ecosystem. Through a comprehensive analysis of migrants' stock and income levels, we investigate the multifaceted relationships between India and its partner countries, dissecting the characteristics that define these remittance flows. This analysis not only considers the raw numbers and amounts of remittances but also explores the underlying factors, including socio-economic conditions, policies, and historical ties, which shape the migration corridors. Our zoological analysis reveals that remittance flows can be likened to various species in the animal kingdom, each with its unique traits and contributions to the ecosystem. Some flows may resemble migratory birds, representing consistent and reliable remittances over time, while others may be more akin to elusive predators, with sporadic and unpredictable contributions. The study further examines the impact of remittances on the economic well-being of both sending and receiving countries, shedding light on the intricate interplay between migrants' income levels and the socio-economic environments they inhabit. We identify how remittances can act as economic stabilizers, enhancing financial security for families in the source countries and boosting economic development in the recipient nations. The zoological approach to the analysis of remittance flows between India and 31 pairs of countries offers a fresh perspective that can enhance our understanding of this vital aspect of international migration. By recognizing the diverse "species" of remittance flows and their roles within the global ecosystem, policymakers and researchers can better tailor strategies to optimize the benefits and mitigate the challenges associated with these financial transactions.

Exploring the Impact of Remittance Inflows on Investment Patterns: A Case Study of Rupandehi District, Nepal

Remittance inflows have surpassed other sources of foreign currency in many developing countries, with Nepal ranking among the top five recipients relative to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This study examines the impact of remittances on investment in Nepal, particularly in the Rupandehi district. With remittances growing at an annual rate of approximately 20%, they significantly influence the Nepalese economy. A survey involving 404 respondents explored how remittance funds are utilized across various sectors, including land purchases, housing reconstruction, share market investments, small business ventures, and electronic appliance acquisitions. The findings reveal that while there is no significant association between remittance amounts and land purchases or housing reconstruction, a significant link exists between remittance amounts and the types of houses purchased or reconstructed. Additionally, no significant association was found between remittance amounts and business investments or the purchase of electronic appliances and internet services. The study also indicated no significant relationship between migrant education and investments in land, housing, or the share market; however, a strong association was noted between the number of migrants and land purchases. These results suggest that while remittances contribute to various investment avenues, their impact varies across different types of investments. Keywords: remittance, investment, GDP, economic growth, migrants

The Status of Foreign Labor Migration in Jhapa District

This paper describes the labor migration of Shivasatakshi Municipality of Jhapa District. The main objective of this research study is to examine the foreign labor migration from Nepal to Gulf countries including Malaysia. Information was collected through 136 respondents and respondents' households' information and sample selection has been based on a systematic sampling method. The highest percentage of foreign labor migrants (23.53%) was found in the age group of 25-29 years. 55.88 percent of the respondents are married. About 44.12 percent of foreign labor migrants went to Malaysia due to unemployment. About 58.09 percent of respondents went for factory labor work. Hill Brahmin/Chhetri occupies the highest percentage. The Hill Brahmin/Chhetri respondents are 32.36 percent in first position and Tarai Janajati respondents are 26.47 percent in the research area. Most of the Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people are involved in the agriculture sector and lack employment opportunities and services in other sectors. Moreover, this community is migrated from hills and holds less percentage of agricultural land in the research area. Due to unemployment and insufficient agricultural land, most Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati migrate to Gulf countries. Selection for Gulf countries as destinations by Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people in the research area due to the low-privilege households and lack of skills in this manpower. The Government of Nepal should guarantee/ manage safer and better foreign labor migration. Foreign labor migration sends a large amount of remittance to Nepal, but they do not utilize it properly.

Trends, Patterns and Effects of Remittance in Nepal

Remittance refers the sending or transfer of cash or kinds received or sent or by individual or household from one place to another place within the country or our of country through the legal channel and it is important lifeline in many developing countries. Almost 25 percent GDP of Nepal coveraged by Remittance. The main purpose of this article is to analyzed trends, patterns, using areas, coverage of remittance and its’ social effects in Nepal. An article is prepared on the basis of available data /information related to remittance sent in Nepal. Other data/information has not been collected and analyzed by the Author rather than Remittance Transfer situation of Nepal and its social effects. The sources of information has been clearly mentioned and also given the references. Author has prepared this article maintaining the academic ethics and value. Secondary based quantitative information are analyzed and interpreted with inductive approach. Percent of household receiving the remittance almost three times increased since 1995/96 to 2010/11 and it is gradually increased until fiscal year 2017/18. Terai household received more remittance comparing to mountain and hills. Same way, more remittance are receiving by rural areas comparing to urban areas. The remittance is coverage the almost more than 25 percent GDP of Nepal. Largest amount of remittance utilize for food and cloths. However, there are huge effects of the remittance in Nepalese society (CBS, 2014, KC B.B. 2017 and Nepal Rastra Bank, FY 2018/19).

Human Development Remittances and Economic Growth: An Evidence from Selected Developing Countries

This study aims to explore the influence of human development and remittances on the economic growth of eight developing nations spanning from 2000 to 2020. The primary findings of this research reveal a significant and positive relationship between human development and the economic advancement of these developing countries. Descriptive statistics were employed to elucidate the characteristics of the data variables, providing insights into the various factors related to human development, remittances, and economic growth. The results underscored the noteworthy and positive impact of remittances on the GDP of these nations. However, Govt. expenditure on education has an insignificant and negative effect on GDP. Similarly, GDP is negatively affected by inflation. However, foreign direct investment (FDI) significantly and positively affected the GDP whereas the exchange rate shows a negative and significant effect on GDP. Like, the population has a positive and extremely significant impact on GDP. Primary and secondary school enrolment has a positive and significant impact on GDP. Similarly, tertiary school enrolment has also high impact on GDP. Brazil has higher economic growth from selected developing countries followed by Thailand whereas Egypt and Pakistan receive the maximum amount of remittance among selected developing countries. Similarly, Brazil has a maximum expenditure on education (>6% of GDP) whereas Pakistan has a minimum amount on education (about 2.5% of GDP). Nepal has the maximum primary enrolment (> 140% gross), Thailand has the maximum secondary enrolment and Brazil has the maximum tertiary enrolment while Pakistan has the lowest primary and secondary enrolment.

The effect of obtaining EU citizenship in former transition economies on remittance flows

AbstractWe estimate the effect of the granting of European Union (EU) citizenship rights on the flow of remittances from Italy. We use the EU enlargements of 2007 and 2013 as natural experiments. The results show a negative impact on remittance flows. The effect of the 2007 EU enlargement shows how Romanian and Bulgarian citizens reduced the average annual amount of remittances by 1400 Euros per year per migrant. In the case of the 2013 EU enlargement, we find a smaller decrease of about 50 Euros per year per Croat. These results are consistent after a series of robustness checks. We analyse this decline in depth to the extent that remittances are an important source of monetary flows in transition economies. We find that both the change in the taxonomy of immigrants from the new Member States and the improvement of economic conditions in the country of origin after the EU accession provide suggestive evidence on plausible mechanisms behind our results.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGELUARAN DI DAERAH TUJUAN, JUMLAH REMITAN PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA KECAMATAN MENGWI

The purpose of this study was to analyze the direct effect of income, the number of dependents in the destination area, and the presence of nuclear family members in the area of origin on expenditure in the destination area and the amount of remittances, as well as the indirect effect through expenditure in the destination area of street vendors in Mengwi District. Location this research in Mengwi District, Badung Regency. Sample technique uses accidental sampling as 80 samples. Data analysis technique used path analysis with the SPSS program. Results are income has significant positive on expenditure in destination area and the amount remittances. Number of dependents and presence of nuclear family members in area of origin don’t have significant effect on expenditure in destination area. Number of dependents has a significant negative effect on the amount of remittances. Presence of nuclear family members did not significantly affect the amount of remittances. Expenditure in destination area has significant negative effect on the amount of remittances from street vendors in Mengwi District. Income has partial indirect effect on the amount of remittances through spending in the destination area. Meanwhile, the number of dependents in the destination area and the presence of nuclear family members are not.
 Keywords: Income, Number of Dependents, Existence of Nuclear Family Members, Expenditures, Remittances

Exploring the Socioeconomic Factors and Causes of In-Migration: A Study on Rainas Municipality, Lamjung District

The main causes of migration of that place were for higher education and employment. Migrant people left their home mainly in search of employment. The proportion of dependent migrants was higher than proportion of migrants involved in economic activity. The main objective of the study is to find out the situation, nature and causes of migration and explore the patterns of remittance from migration. The migrants were mostly students and unemployed adult population for searching jobs. The highest migration by ethnic Caste groups were Brahman and Dalits. The highest caste-wise remittance entered Dalits and Gurung and the highest amount of remittance was used for buying land in this place.

REMITTANCE IN NEPAL: STATUS, TREND AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

This study assesses the trend, status, and economic impact of remittance in Nepal by using twenty years of data from 2002 to 2021. Remittance is the part of household income sent by individuals through their earnings from the foreign economy. Remittances are one of the major international financial resources in developing countries contributing significantly to national Gross Domestic Product. The data required for the study were obtained from secondary sources such as official reports of many organizations, research papers published in various journals, and other scientific documents. The data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics and correlation through MS-EXCEL. The trend of remittance inflow in Nepal is increasing. In terms of the amount of remittance received and share of remittance to Gross Domestic Product Nepal is in 19th rank in the world. Remittance shows a strong positive association with the national gross domestic product (r=0.9817), trade deficit (r=0.96), final consumption expenditure (r=0.985), and gross capital formation (r=0.954). Remittance and agricultural gross domestic product were negatively correlated (r=-0.7715) and with inflation, remittance showed a positive but low association (r=0.315). Though remittance is becoming an important source of income and is increasing household consumption levels, less use of remittance in the productive sector shows negative impacts on long-run economic welfare and sustainability. So, the government needs to formulate the plan, policies, and programs to encourage the use of remittance in long-term investment in productive sectors to promote the long-run economic growth of the country.

Migrant remittances, agriculture investment and cropping patterns

AbstractWe investigate how the receipt and amount of domestic or international transfers influences household decisions regarding farm investment and the selection of capital and labour‐intensive crops. We argue that, even though recipient households may use additional income to increase agricultural investment, investment can fall in the short run if labour constraints arising from the migrant member's absence are binding and capital accumulation is suboptimal. Employing a set of endogenous treatment estimates, we test this hypothesis on data from 5636 rural households in Pakistan. Our findings show a substantial difference between recipient and non‐recipient households in terms of their economic behaviour. Recipient households make 100% less agricultural investment and generate 82% less production compared to non‐recipient households. The estimates are found to be robust when tested with alternate empirical techniques (Heckman Selection and matching). The impact is stronger in the case of households that receive domestic transfers, with 100% less farm investment and 77% less production than non‐recipient households. Remittances result in a decrease in production of both capital‐ and labour‐intensive crops, reflecting a decline in overall farm activity. Similar farm investment and cropping patterns are observed relative to the amount of remittances received. The results are robust to different model specifications and estimation procedures.

Impact of remittance inflows on the migration outflows of African countries: Statistical panel analysis

This article examines the statistical results for several African nations. The country with the highest migration rate in east Africa is Sudan, where there are about 0.24 million migrants every year. Seychelles has the fewest migrants, with only 5,000 people. Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda are the countries that get the most donations. South Africa is the nation in the South African area that receives the highest levels of emigration and remittances, with an emigration rate of 0.13 million and repatriated profits of 489.6 million US dollars. In Botswana, transfers and emigration are at their lowest levels. In our statistical analysis, the Hotelling test statistic shows the population mean vector with migration and remittances for various countries in East Africa, South Africa, and West Africa. It produces statistically significant results at the 5% level in MANOVA analyses for the equality of means test for the nations of all three regions. To construct a panel regression model on the data, the data analysis was assisted by the LM test statistic and a fixed-effect model. Panel data analysis can help identify the yearly average number of migrants and the amount of remittance in different respected regions. Migration has a significant impact on remittances, and the inability of time-series migration data to be time-series migrated is one of the study’s main constants. One can use a simulation study to get fruitful results.

Potential Discrimination and Coping Strategy Models Implemented by Indonesian Trainees in Japan

The Indonesian Diaspora has been active in sending large amounts of remittances. The big contribution was mainly given by TITP trainees from Indonesia. Indonesian TITP trainees in Japan are divided into first-year trainees ( jisshusei) and subsequent-year trainees (kenshusei). Amidst a difficult situation, Indonesian TITP trainees who work in dirty, dangerous, and demeaning sectors also have to face various problems related to discrimination which can increase their stress levels. The researchers examined the potential discrimination faced by the trainees through research conducted on three kenshusei who have returned to Indonesia. The three kenshusei were interviewed using the in-depth interview method. This paper discusses how the three kenshusei solved their problems with the concepts of coping strategies namely: strengthening ethnic identity, seeking social support, and channeling anger. From the results of the study, it was found that the discrimination experienced by those kenshusei could be overcome with 3 models of Brandolo’s coping strategies and 6 other models of coping strategies.
 Keywords: TITP trainees, discrimination, kenshusei, jisshusei, coping strategies

Social Ties and Stricter Immigration Enforcement Influencing Mexican Migrants’ Remitting Behavior

This study examines whether Mexican migrants’ remitting behavior during their last U.S. trip changed as policies restricting unauthorized immigration in the U.S. tightened. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP 150), this study addresses two research questions: 1) does Mexican migrants’ social ties influence their remittance behavior? and 2) does social ties counteract immigrant restriction effects on Mexican migrants’ remittance sending behavior? A Logistic regression model was used to estimate the likelihood that migrants send remittances during their last U.S. trip. An ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the effect of social ties and immigrant enforcement periods on the logged amount of remittances sent monthly (2010 USD) by Mexican migrants during their last U.S. trip. Findings show that stricter immigration policies and social ties increased their likelihood in sending remittances and quantity sent.

Remittances flows to farm households in rural Punjab: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACT This study, based on primary data, highlights various facets of overseas remittances received by rural farm households of Punjab. Importantly, higher proportion of sampled farm households had received overseas remittances on regular basis. Per-household and per capita amount of remittances realized was substantial. All size class of land holders had received remittances with no unique relationship to size of holding. The remittances, in overall, had contributed substantially to income of households. The pattern of utilization of remittances showed their diverse uses. The level of remittances depends upon 'years of stay of first emigrant in destination country', 'education of first emigrant from family', and 'number of persons abroad from family'. However, remittances had practically bypassed agriculture sector as large number of sampled households has completely leased out their agricultural land and very small proportion of received remittances was used for purchase of agricultural land and machinery.