Amounts Of Other Drugs Research Articles

Kajian Potensi Interaksi Obat pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Rawat Jalan RS “X” Kota Cirebon

Drug interactions are one of part of Drug Related Problem (DRP) which significantly affect the development patient health. This study aims to determine the characteristics of kidney failure patients (age and genitals), an overview of the number of potential drug interactions, an overview of the types and amounts of other drugs interacting, and the severity of drug interactions in kidney failure patients in the Outpatient of “X” Hospital Cirebon City. This study involves 126 patient prescriptions. This type of research is a non-experimental research with descriptive analysis method, and using data collection methods with prospective random sampling technique in the Outpatient of RS “X” Cirebon. The results of the research from 126 samples obtained showed that the characteristics of Kidney Failure patients were predominantly male as many as 64 people (50.79%), the most age was in the age range 61-70 years as many as 38 people (30.16%). drug interactions 78 sheets of prescriptions (61.9%), the most severity of drug interactions was the strict / significant monitoring of 128 events (64.65%), the average of drug interactions per prescription sheet was 3 interactions, the type and number of the most interacting drug was furosemide + folic acid with 32 potential interactions (41.02%).

Prevention of drug-related complications in cystic fibrosis.

Due to continuous development of new drugs and better treatment strategies, survival of patients with cystic fibrosis has changed dramatically. Recently, targeted therapy of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have become available. Despite these promising developments, treatment of this complex multiorgan disease constitutes a high and variable amount of other drugs. Complications of pharmacotherapeutic treatment are, therefore, expected to become more prevalent. This gives cause to review drug-related side effects in this new era in cystic fibrosis treatment. We will discuss cystic fibrosis-related pharmacotherapies with a focus on indication of treatment, side effects and their complications, drug--drug interactions, and options to monitor and prevent drug-induced toxicity. Many recent publications about pharmacotherapy in cystic fibrosis, focus on antifungal therapy and CFTR modulators. We will give an overview of the most important studies. With increased life expectancy which is, in part, because of better treatment options, the burden of pharmacotherapy in cystic fibrosis patients will increase. This has a high impact on quality of life as pharmacotherapy is time consuming and may cause side effects. Therefore, it is very important to be aware of possible pharmacotherapy-related side effects and their complications, drug--drug interactions, and options to monitor and prevent drug-induced toxicity.

Clinical efficacy and safety of intralymphatic immunotherapy for adult atopic dermatitis

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralymphatic immunotherapy in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Methods Eighty-five patients were enrolled into this study, and divided into intralymphatic injection group (n=34) receiving ultrasound-guided injections of standardized house dust mite allergens into inguinal lymph nodes at week 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20, and subcutaneous injection group (n = 51) receiving subcutaneous injections of the same standardized allergens for 68 weeks. The dose of house dust mite allergens in the intralymphatic injection group was 100 standardized quality units (SQ-U) on week 0, and 1 000 SQ-U at the following time points, while the standardized allergens were injected once weekly in the subcutaneous injection group during the dose-accumulative stage with the dose gradually increasing from 20 to 80 000 SQ-U at week 16, and once every 4 weeks during the following 52-week maintenance stage with the dose maintaining at 80 000 SQ-U. Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index was determined at the baseline and week 16, 20, and 68 after starting treatment. The amount of other drugs (such as antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids, etc) used was scored, and serum levels of house dust mite-specific IgE (sIgE) and sIgG4 were measured at the baseline and after 68-week treatment. Adverse reactions were recorded. Results Thirty-two patients in the intralymphatic injection group and 31 patients in the subcutaneous injection group completed the study, with the compliance rate in the former group significantly higher than that in the latter group (P< 0.01) . SCORAD index was markedly decreased in both groups after treatment, but the intralymphatic injection group showed an earlier decrease at week 16, and repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that the intralymphatic injection group was superior to the subcutaneous injection group in general improvement of SCORAD index. The score for amount of drugs used and serum levels of sIgE were both significantly decreased, while the serum levels of sIgG4 significantly increased in both groups at week 68 compared with those before starting treatment (all P < 0.01) . Five patients in the subcutaneous injection group reported systemic adverse reactions to 12 out of 1 024 injections, including 8 cases of grade I reactions and 4 cases of grade Ⅱ reactions, while no systemic adverse reaction was reported in the intralymphatic injection group who received a total of 198 injections. Conclusions Intralymphatic immunotherapy with house dust mite allergen can greatly shorten treatment duration, increase treatment compliance with marked efficacy and a good safety profile in patients with atopic dermatitis. Key words: Dermatitis, atopic; Pyroglyphidae; Lymph nodes; Immunization, passive

Growth in Acanthamoeba sp. and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Legionella micdadei Isolated from Hot Spring Water Samples

As part of an epidemiological study on legionellosis, we attempted to isolate Legionella spp. from hot spring water samples, and were able to isolate Legionella micdadei from 3 (5.5%) of 55 samples. All of these isolates were able to grow within Acanthamoeba sp., suggesting that the isolates will be pathogens. We also confirmed that the K-2 strain from hot spring water grew in guinea pig monocytes. Sensitivity tests using 10 drugs showed that the isolates were most sensitive to imipenem, with the MIC90 of 0.032 microg/ml, were least sensitive to minocycline, with the MIC90 of 4 microg/ml, and were not sensitive to low amounts of other drugs.

P‐Dimethyl Amino Benzaldehyde as a New Chromogenic Reagent for the Determination of Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug by First‐Order Derivative Spectrophotometry

Mefenamic acid reacts with P‐dimethylamino benzaldehyde to give a bluish‐green complex in acidic media after heating for 90 s at 90°C, having maximum absorbance at 597.5 nm. The reaction is selective for mefenamic acid with 0.02 mg/10 mL as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.02 mg to 2.5 mg/10 mL of mefenamic acid and the relative standard deviation is 0.50%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs not interfering has also been studied. First‐order derivative spectrophotometric procedure was applied for the determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Determination of Five Phenothiazines in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Vanadium Pentoxide as a Chromogenic Reagent

Determination of two or more compounds in the same sample without previous chemical separation is a basic analytical problem. In the present study the resolution of the binary mixtures of compounds can be determined by a very simple, sensitive, and accurate spectrophotometric procedure. Five phenothiazine drugs namely, Promethazine HCl (PMH), Promethazine Theoclate (PMT), Chlorpromazine HCl (CPH), Trifluoperazine HCl (TFPH), Prochlorperazine Maleate (PCPM), in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations were assayed by a single chromogenic reagent (V2O5) in an acidic medium, to form a red colored complex having maximum absorbance range from 500 to 525 nm. The reaction is selective for these phenothiazine drugs with 0.05 mg/10 mL as visual limit of quantitation and thus provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The color reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.05 mg/10 mL to 2 mg/10 mL for all five phenothiazines with a relative standard deviation from 0.63 to 0.80%. The quantitative assessments of tolerable amounts of other drugs were also studied. The results compare favorably with those of the official methods.

AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE AS A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC REAGENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INDOMETHACIN IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

ABSTRACT Indomethacin reacts with ammonium molybdate in concentrated hydrochloric acid to give a violet colour after heating for 5 min at 100°C having maximum absorbance at 550 nm. The reaction is selective for indomethacin with 0.01 mg/10 mL as visual limit of identification and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.01 mg to 3 mg/10 mL of indomethacin and the relative standard deviation for 0.01 mg of indomethacin is 0.71%. The quantitative assessment of common interferences and tolerable amount of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Prochlorperazine Maleate in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

Prochlorperazine maleate reacts with 1-naphthylamine and sodium nitrite, after heating for 110 s at 80 °C to give an orange red colour having maximum absorbance at 460 nm. The reaction is selective for prochlorperazine maleate with 0.01 mg/mL as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer’s law from 0.01 mg/10 mL to 0.33 mg/10 mL of prochlorperazine maleate and the relative standard deviation is 0.68%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRIPROLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE BY m-DINITROBENZENE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

ABSTRACT Triprolidine hydrochloride reacts with m-dinitrobenzene and sodium hydroxide to give a purple coloured complex, after heating at 60°C for 40 s having maximum absorbance at 550 nm. The reaction is selective for triprolidine hydrochloride with 0.01 mg/10 mL as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.01 to 2 mg/10 mL of triprolidine hydrochloride and the relative standard deviation is 0.66%. The quantitative assessments of tolerable amounts of other drugs not interfering are also studied.

SODIUM DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE AS A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC REAGENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE

Chloral hydrate reacts with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to give an orange-red colour after heating at 100°C for 3 min. having maximum absorbance at 450 nm. The reaction is selective for chloral hydrate with 0.01 mg/10 ml as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometeric determination. The reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.01 to 3 mg/10 ml of chloral hydrate and the relative standard deviation is 0.68%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs like aldomet, benzodiazepines, phenytoin sodium, phenobarbitone and naproxen are also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenytoin Sodium in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

Phenytoin sodium reacts with o-nitrobenzoic acid in alkaline media after heating for 10 minutes at 70 °C, to give a red coloured complex having maximum absorbance at 510 nm. The reaction is selective for phenytoin sodium with 0.01 mg/10 mL as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer’s law from 0.01 mg to 3 mg/10 mL of phenytoin sodium and the relative standard deviation is 0.29%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Using Benzoyl Peroxide and Potassium Iodide

Fluoxetine hydrochloride reacts with benzoyl peroxide and potassium iodide, after heating for 1 min at 30 °C, to give a blue colour having maximum absorbance at 570 nm. The reaction is selective for fluoxetine with 0.01 mg/mL as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer’s law from 0.1 mg/10 mL to 2.0 mg/10 mL of fluoxetine and the relative standard deviation is 0.68%. The qualitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Naproxen in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

ABSTRACT Naproxen reacts with 1-naphthylamine and sodium nitrite to give an orangish red colour having maximum absorbance at 460-480 nm (working wavelength 480 nm). The reaction is selective for naproxen with 0.001 mg/ml as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The reaction obeys Beer's law from 0.01mg to 6.5 mg/10ml of naproxen and the relative standard deviation is 1.5%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amount of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Imipramine-HCI in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

ABSTRACT Imipramine-HCl reacts with ammonium vanadate in the presence of HCl to give a green colour having maximum absorbance at 400-410 nm. The reaction is selective for imipramine-HCl with 0.001 mg/ml as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer's law from 0.001 mg to 0.05 mg/ml of imipramine-HCl and the relative standard deviation is 1.1%. The quantitative assessment of the tolerable amount of other drugs is also studied. The method has been applied to pure drugs as well as to commercial preparations and is precise and reproducible.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Methyldopa in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

Methyldopa reacts with barbituric acid to give a red colour having maximum absorbance at 540 nm. The reaction is selective for methyldopa with 0.01 mg/ml as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.1 mg to 2.5 mg/10 ml of methyldopa and the relative standard deviation is 1.1%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amount of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Barbituric Acid

Barbituric acid reacts with chloral hydrate in alkaline media, after heating for 1 min. at 100°C to give an orangish yellow colour having maximum absorbance at 450 nm. The reaction is selective for barbituric acid with 0.01 mg/ml as the visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.001 to 0.6 mg/ml and the relative standard deviation is 1.1%. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric determination of some antipsychotic phenothiazines

Thioridazine hydrochloride reacts with sodium nitrite and antimony(III) potassium tartrate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to give a yellowish orange colour having maximum absorbance at 420 nm. The reaction is specific for antipsychotic phenothiazines with 1 μg/ml as visual limit of identification and provides a basis for a new Spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.01 to 1.25 mg/10ml thioridazine. The standard deviation does not exceed 0.050 mg/10 ml. The method is successfully applied to pure and pharmaceutical preparations of antipsychotic phenothiazines, as well as to urine samples. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Ephedrin Hydrochloride

Ephedrin hydrochloride reacts with sodium diphenyl amino sulfonate and potassium periodate to give a yellowish red colour having maximum absorbance at 470 nm. The reaction is selective for ephedrin with 1 μg/ml as visual limit of quantitation and provides a basis for a new spectrophotometric determination. The colour reaction obeys Beer's Law from 0.001 to 0.3 mg/ml of ephedrin. The standard deviation does not exceed 0.050 mg/ml. The method is successfully applied to pure and pharmaceutical preparations of ephedrin. The quantitative assessment of tolerable amounts of other drugs is also studied.

A Death Involving an Overdose of Clozapine

lozapine is an “atypical” tricyclic dibenzodiazepine antipsychotic drug. A 21 year-old woman was found dead after a suicidal overdose of clozapine. Analysis of tissue found 23.6 mg/L of clozapine in cardiac blood, 8.42 mg/L in femoral and 263 mg/kg in liver. Smaller amounts of other drugs were also detected.

ヒスタグロビンネビュライザーによるスギ花粉症予防の検討

One third of avial of Histaglobin with 2ml of distilled water was given by nebulizer to patients suffering from Japanese cedar pollinosis 2 or 3 times a week. This treatment was started preseasonally and continued during the pollen season for an average of 53.2 days. The records of nasal symptoms of 12 patients were analyzed by scoring the symptoms: number of days with severe nasal discharge or sneezing; comparison with previous year's experience, when the pollen counts were much lower than during the year of this trial; and the amount of other drugs used in 6 cases.A good effect was obtained in 5 of the 7 patients who were able to continue the nebulizer more than twice a week throughout the observation period. Of the other 5 patients who had less frequent treatment 3 reported a good effect. These results suggest that this nebulizer could be useful prophylactically in a large number of patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis.