Amount Of Nitrogen Uptake Research Articles

Nitrogen leaching and N use efficiency after application of zeolite and the nitrification inhibitor DMPP in a pot experiment with spring wheat

In many intensively used agricultural regions nitrate leaching into the groundwater is a major concern. To elucidate the effects of a nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate = DMPP) and a cation binding mineral (zeolite) on nitrogen leaching, yield and nitrogen uptake of spring wheat a pot experiment was conducted. The experiment was arranged based on a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications: control (without N fertilizer), ammonium sulfate alone, ammonium sulfate + DMPP and ammonium sulfate + zeolite (30, 36, 42 and 48 g pot−1). Excess water was applied 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after seeding to provoke leaching. While at the first leaching event nitrate leaching was drastically reduced due to the application of DMPP, ammonium leaching was highest. At later leaching events losses for both mineral N forms was rather low with no significant differences between treatments. Contrary to expectations zeolite applications resulted in higher nitrate leaching losses compared to the AS treatment, however, ammonium losses were lower. Neither residual soil mineral N nor grain yield showed any differences between the N treatments. The significantly highest amount of nitrogen uptake by the above ground plant was observed for the AS + DMPP treatment. Overall the effects of zeolite compared to a pure ammonium sulfate application on total N recovery were rather small. It might be worthwhile to get a better understanding of the ammonium adsorption and desorption processes induced after zeolite application during the early phase of the growing period when plant N uptake is less dominating.

Urease activity and nitrogen dynamics in highly weathered soils with designer biochars under corn cultivation

The application of designer biochar has the potential to impact soil enzyme activity and soil nitrogen dynamics. However, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for biochar-enzyme-nitrogen interaction in highly weathered soils. The objective of our 3-year (2016–2018) field experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of designer biochars (DB) in enhancing urease activity (UA), total nitrogen (TN), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), and nitrogen uptake (NU) at different growth stages (GS) of corn in a highly weathered soil of southeastern Coastal Plain region, USA. Experimental treatments have consisted of the control, 100% pine chips (100PC), 100% poultry litter (100PL), 2:1 blend of PC and PL (PCPL), 100% raw switchgrass (Panicum vaginatum, L; 100RSG), and 2:1 blend of PC and RSG (PCRSG). All the designer biochar treatments were applied at the rate of 30,000 kg ha−1 to a Goldsboro loamy sand in 2016. Urease activity, TN, TIN, and NU varied remarkably with DB (p ≤ 0.0001) at different GS (p ≤ 0.0001) of corn. Soils treated with 100PL had the greatest UA (28.18 µg N g−1 h−1), TN (0.087%), and TIN (14.53 mg kg−1) while the least UA, TN, and TIN of 20.55 µg N g−1 h−1, 0.063%, and 5.42 mg kg−1, respectively, were observed from the control. The three-year TN average increase over the control was in the order: 100PL (36.8%) > 100RSG (25.8%) > PCRSG (25.3%) > PCPL (23.9%) > 100PC (7.1%). The greatest NU of corn of 140.4 kg N ha−1 was from soils treated with 100PL while the least amount of NU was from 100PC. Overall, our results showed promising significance for the treatment of highly weathered soils since the application of DB did enhance UA and improve TN and TIN in the soils.

Quantifying Urban Bioswale Nitrogen Cycling in the Soil, Gas, and Plant Phases

Bioswales are a common feature of urban green infrastructure plans for stormwater management. Despite this fact, the nitrogen (N) cycle in bioswales remains poorly quantified, especially during dry weather in the soil, gas, and plant phases. To quantify the nitrogen cycle across seven bioswale sites located in the Bronx, New York City, we measured rates of ammonium and nitrate production in bioswale soils. We also measured soil nitrous oxide gas emissions and plant foliar nitrogen. We found that all mineralized nitrogen underwent nitrification, indicating that the soils were nitrogen-rich, particularly during summer months when nitrogen cycling rates increase, as indicated by higher levels of ammonium in the soil. In comparison to mineralization (0 to 110 g N m−2 y−1), the amounts of nitrogen uptake by the plants (0 to 5 g N m−2 y−1) and of nitrogen in gas emissions from the soils (1 to 10 g N m−2 y−1) were low, although nitrous oxide gas emissions increased in the summer. The bioswales’ greatest influx of nitrogen was via stormwater (84 to 591 g N m−2 y−1). These findings indicate that bioswale plants receive overabundant nitrogen from stormwater runoff. However, soils currently used for bioswales contain organic matter contributing to the urban nitrogen load. Thus, bioswale designs should use less nitrogen rich soils and minimize fertilization for lower nitrogen runoff.

Seasonal changes in the performance of a catch crop for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution

An in situ technology for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution using catch crops was developed for simultaneously preventing nitrate groundwater pollution, reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) gas emissions, and removing salts from the topsoil. Seasonal changes in the performance of a catch crop were investigated using lysimeters in a full-scale greenhouse experiment with 50 d cultivation of dent corn. Catch crop cultivation significantly reduced the leached mineral nitrogen by 89-91% in summer, 87-89% in spring, and 61-82% in winter, and it also significantly reduced the N2O emission by 68-84% in summer. The amounts of nitrogen uptake by the catch crop were remarkably higher than those of leached nitrogen and N2O emission in each season. Catch crop cultivation is a promising technology for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Rice Nutrient Uptake and Ammonia Volatilization

The effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake and ammonia volatilization were studied with the rice cultivar Zheyou 12 as a material. The accumulative amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rice plants across all growth stages showed a trend to increase with increasing nitrogen application levels from 0 to 270 kg/hm2, but decreased at nitrogen application levels exceeding 270 kg/hm2. Moreover, the accumulative uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants was increased by application of organic manure in combination with 150 kg/hm2 nitrogen. The nitrogen uptake was high during the jointing to heading stages. Correlation analysis showed that rice yield was positively correlated with the accumulative uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants. The highest correlation coefficient observed was between the amount of nitrogen uptake and rice yield. The rate and accumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application level. Compared with other stages, the rate and accumulative amount of ammonia volatilization were higher after base fertilizer application. The ammonia volatilization rates in response to the nitrogen application levels of 270 kg/hm2 and 330 kg/hm2 were much higher than those in the other treatments. The loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization accounted for 23.9% of the total applied nitrogen at the nitrogen application level of 330 kg/hm2.

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Ammoxidation of carbon materials for CO 2 capture

Ammoxidised carbons were produced from three different starting materials: an activated carbon obtained from wood by chemical activation using the phosphoric acid process, a steam activated peat-based carbon, and a char obtained from a low-cost biomass feedstock, olive stones. Nitrogen was successfully incorporated into the carbon matrix of the different materials, the amount of nitrogen uptake being proportional to the oxygen content of the precursor. At room temperature the CO 2 capture capacity of the samples was found to be related to the narrow micropore volume, while at 100 °C other factors such as surface basicity took on more relevance. At 100 °C all the ammoxidised samples presented an enhancement in CO 2 uptake compared to the parent carbons.

Effects of Different Plant Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Potato Tuber

In order to investigate the plant density and nitrogen level on nitrogen use efficiency components (agronomical, physiological, apparent recovery and nitrogen use efficiency), the amount of nitrogen uptake by plant, yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Agria cultivars' tuber, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in Ardabil, Iran, in 2006 with three replications. Factors were adjusted for the nitrogen level (0, 80, 160 and 200 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen) and plant density (5.5, 7.5 and 11 plant m(-2)). Results showed that with increasing the nitrogen levels and plant densities agronomical nitrogen use efficiency, physiological nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were decreased and apparent recovery nitrogen efficiency was increased. The most nitrogen uptake in plant was observed at the 200 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. The most yield and number of tuber per unit area were gained at the 80 and 160 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. Increasing the plant density resulted in increasing in the tuber yield per unit area and the rate of nitrogen up to the 160 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. So, application of the 80 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen and plant density of 11 plant m(-2) is recommended to get highest yield with the most nitrogen use efficiency.

Diurnal and Phenological Changes in the Rate of Nitrogen Transportation Monitored by Bleeding in Field-GrownRice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitrogen uptake is essential for rice growth and yield. Thus, the development of a simple and rapid method for monitoring nitrogen absorption is strongly required. We examined the fundamental properties of nitrogen transportation monitored by bleeding, including diurnal and phenological changes, to discuss whether the analysis of bleeding sap could be used for monitoring nitrogen uptake by rice. The rate of nitrogen transportation monitored by bleeding was estimated from a combination of the nitrogen concentration in bleeding sap and bleeding rate. We found a clear diurnal change in the rate of nitrogen transportation monitored by bleeding; it was higher in the daytime than at night. In this study, the diurnal change innitrogen uptake was not influenced by soil temperature but by the light condition. The rate of nitrogen transportation monitored by bleeding showed a phenological change with a peak around the panicle formation stage, while the bleeding rate peaked at around heading and was correlated with root length. The nitrogen concentration in bleeding sap continued to decrease gradually from the early growth stage. The cumulative amount of nitrogen uptake estimated by the bleeding sap analysis was less than half of that estimated by the plant analysis before the maximum tiller number stage, but the difference between these values decreased with plant growth. There was a significant positive correlation between the cumulative amount of nitrogen uptake estimated by these analyses throughout the growing period.

Development and evaluation of integrated water and nitrogen model for maize

Maize ( Zea mays L.) is an important food crop for irrigated regions in the world. Its growth and production may be estimated by different crop models in which various relationships between growth and environmental parameters are used. For simulation of maize growth and grain yield, a simulation model was developed (Maize Simulation Model, MSM). Dynamic flow of water, nitrogen (N) movement, and heat flow through the soil were simulated in unsteady state conditions by numerical analysis in soil depth of 0–1.8 m. Hourly potential evapotranspiration [ET p( t)] for maize field was estimated directly by Penman–Monteith method. Hourly potential evaporation [ E p( t)] was estimated based on ET p( t) and canopy shadow projection. Actual evaporation of soil surface was estimated based on its potential value, relative humidity of air, water pressure head and temperature at soil surface layer. Actual transpiration ( T a( t)) was estimated based on soil water content and root distribution at each soil layer. Hourly N uptake by plant was simulated by N mass flow and diffusion processes. Hourly top dry matter production (HDMA j + 1 , where j is number of hours after planting) was estimated by hourly corrected intercepted radiation (RSLT j + 1 ) by plant leaves [determined from leaf area index (LAI j + 1 )] with air temperature, the maximum and minimum plant top N concentration and the amounts of nitrogen uptake. The value of LAI j + 1 at each hour was estimated by the accumulated top dry matter production at previous hour using an empirical equation. Maize grain yield was estimated by a relationship between harvest index and seasonal plant top dry matter production. The model was calibrated using data obtained under field conditions by a line source sprinkler irrigation. When the values of water and nitrogen application were optimum, grain yield (moisture content of 15.5%) was 16.2 Mg ha −1. Model was validated using two independent experimental data obtained from other experiments in the Badjgah (Fars province). The experimental results validated the proposed simulation model fairly well.

阿蘇地方におけるホテイアオイ（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ）の個体群生長および化学成分組成

To further understand the phytoremediation of the fresh water environment and animal feed production using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), we investigated the seasonal dynamics of population structure and chemical composition of the plant in a basin of the Aso region of Kyushu district.The live phytomass was increased from 31.2gDM m-2 at transplantation (May 1) to 2543.3 g DM m-2 at 165 days of cultivation (Oct. 13), after which the phytomass decreased. The estimated maximum growth rate of the live phytomass was 32.6g DM m-2 day-1 at 84 days (July 24). The optimum leaf area index was estimated as 6.9. Net assimilation rate of the live phytomass was 6.5 g DM m-2 day-1 between transplantation (May 1) and 45 days of cultivation (June 15), after which the rate decreased linearly. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) of the live phytomass were 10.0 to 21.5% and 47.1 to 60.0%, respectively. CP content and IVDMD were higher in the leaf blade, petiole, rhizome, and stolon than in the root. The amount of nitrogen uptake by the plant was 45.6 g N m-2 year-1.

Nitrogen uptake and rate-limiting step in low-temperature nitriding of iron

Recently, a method to nitride iron in NH3 ambients at low temperature (225–350 °C) has been developed. In this method, the Fe is covered with a thin (∼40 nm) Ni layer, which acts as a catalyst for the nitriding process. From experiments, in which the amount of nitrogen uptake is measured as a function of nitriding time, it is concluded that the decomposition of NH3 at the Ni surface contains the rate-limiting step in this low-temperature nitriding process. From a model calculation, it is further concluded that the reaction step NH3→NH2+H at the Ni surface is the rate-limiting step with an activation energy of ∼1.5 eV.

Changes in Nitrogen Uptake with Aging and Under Heavy Application of Nitrogen in Tea Plants.

定植後4年生の茶園を供試し, その後3年間施肥窒素量を変え, 窒素の吸収利用を堀取り法により追跡するとともに, 多肥栽培茶園(年間窒素施肥量293kg/10 a)における秋肥, 春肥, 夏肥の施肥窒素(15N)吸収量を測定した. 実験開始初年度である定植5年生樹の年間乾物生産量は, 施肥量の増大にともない多くなったが, 成園化のための仕立てにより翌年には急減し, 7年生樹の乾物生産量は5年生樹の約半分となった. 180 kgN/10 aの多肥区での年間乾物増加量は年とともに低下し, 7年生樹では施肥区間で差は認められなかった. 5年生樹の10a当たり窒素吸収量は30～43kgと多かったが, 7年生樹では成園化にともなう成長速度の低下とともに吸収量も減少し23～27kgであった. そして, これら窒素吸収量のうち10kg程度は有機物などの分解による土壌窒素に由来するものと推定した. 7年生樹の施肥窒素吸収利用率は10a当たり窒素施用量が60, 120, 180kgのとき, それぞれ21.5, 13.8, 9.6%と多施肥に伴い減少した. また深耕等の影響により, 特に秋肥窒素(15N)の吸収量は極めて少なく, 一番茶新芽への寄与率は5～10%であった. なお, 秋, 春肥窒素とも施肥量が多いほど15N吸収量は多く, 葉への蓄積が大となった. しかし秋堀取り調査時の主幹, 大根, 中細根の窒素濃度は施肥量が多いほど低い傾向が認められた. これは多肥により施肥部の畦間から株元まで広範囲にわたり根が濃度障害を起し, その後の施肥窒素の吸収が抑制された結果と考えられた.

Effects of Azolla Application on Rice Yield, Amount of Nitrogen Uptake and Soil Nitrogen

Effects of Azolla Application on Rice Yield, Amount of Nitrogen Uptake and Soil Nitrogen

Effect of Time and Amount of Nitrogen Uptake on Sugarbeet Growth and Yield1

AbstractSugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) root quality has been steadily decreasing since the early 1950's with increased use of N fertilizer. Since the extent of these decreases may be associated with the time and amount of N uptake, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of several rates and times of N fertilizer applications and N uptake by sugarbeets on seasonal growth rates, sucrose percentage and accumulation, dry matter production, and partitioning of the photosynthate.Sugarbeets were grown under field conditions on a Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic Calciorthids, coarsesilty, mixed, mesic) near Twin Falls, Idaho, in 1977, using four N rates, each applied preplant, mid‐June, mid‐July, and mid‐August. Root yields, sucrose concentration and yield, dry matter production, leaf area index, and plant N uptake were determined from samples taken throughout the season. Adding N fertilizer above that needed for optimum plant growth or delaying N application until midseason caused a greater proportion of the photosynthate to be used for increased top growth at the expense of dry matter and sucrose accumulation in the roots. Sucrose accumulation was maximum from late July until early September; therefore, during this period, addition of N and N uptake by the plant caused the greatest decrease in sucrose accumulation and production at harvest. Increasing N levels decreased sucrose concentrations during the season and at harvest because of 1) increased moisture level of roots, and 2) dry matter produced and accumulated in the roots having a decreased sucrose concentration. The rate of accumulation of stored sucrose was reduced by midseason N application, but stored sucrose was not used for increased growth of beet tops. Excess and late N applications also increased impurities in the beet root, decreasing extractability of stored sucrose, which further decreased refined sucrose production. Early application of N fertilizer at optimum levels should maximize refined sucrose production.

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic microorganisms in a submerged Philippine soil

Abstract Photosynthetic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms help maintain the nitrogen level of soil in rice paddies when environmental factors favor the growth of microorganisms. Our studies showed that blue-green algae in particular have a significant role in nitrogen-fixation in light. The most active nitrogen-fixation by microorganisms occurred in the soil shortly after it had been submerged under light. The longer the submergence, the less nitrogen microorganisms were fixed. In a greenhouse experiment, the fixed nitrogen appeared not to be immediately available to the rice plant. The amount of nitrogen that can be fixed in the field by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in paddy water was estimated using the acetylene reduction method during the rice-growing period. The amount of nitrogen fixation by these microorganisms is not sufficient to account for the amount of nitrogen uptake by rice during the rice-growing period.