Amount Of Mechanical Energy Research Articles

Terrain slope parameter recognition for exoskeleton robot in urban multi-terrain environments

Lower limb augmentation exoskeletons (LLAE) have been applied in several domains to enforce human walking capability. As humans can adjust their joint moments and generate different amounts of mechanical energy while walking on different terrains, the LLAEs should provide adaptive augmented torques to the wearer in multi-terrain environments, which requires LLAEs to implement accurate terrain parameter recognition. However, the outputs of previous terrain parameter recognition algorithms are more redundant, and the algorithms have higher computational complexity and are susceptible to external interference. Therefore, to resolve the above issues, this paper proposed a neural network regression (NNR)-based algorithm for terrain slope parameter recognition. In particular, this paper defined for the first time a unified representation of terrain parameters: terrain slope (TS), a single parameter that can provide enough information for exoskeleton control. In addition, our proposed NNR model uses only basic human parameters and LLAE joint motion posture measured by an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) as inputs to predict the TS, which is computationally simpler and less susceptible to interference. The model was evaluated using K-fold cross-validation and the results showed that the model had an average error of only 2.09∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ $$\\end{document}. To further validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it was verified on a homemade LLAE and the experimental results showed that the proposed TS parameter recognition algorithm only produces an average error of 3.73∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ $$\\end{document} in multi-terrain environments. The defined terrain parameters can meet the control requirements of LLAE in urban multi-terrain environments. The proposed TS parameter recognition algorithm could facilitate the optimization of the adaptive gait control of the exoskeleton system and improve user experience, energy efficiency, and overall comfort.

Liquid piston based on molecular springs for energy storage applications

Liquid piston is a method for pressure transmission used in a wide range of technologies. Currently, liquid piston is a passive element solely used to apply pressure to a working body. In this work, the concept of liquid piston based on molecular springs – an active element, which can store a considerable amount of mechanical energy, apart from its main function, which is pressure transmission is proposed. To demonstrate the concept, the {Cu2(tebpz) MOF + H2O} molecular spring was characterized by employing high-pressure intrusion-extrusion cycling, atomistic simulations, in situ neutrons scattering, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Using compressed air energy storage (CAES) as a case study, it is demonstrated that energy density for this technology can be enhanced ∼5 times by replacing water with a water-based molecular spring. Apart from increased energy density, liquid piston based on molecular spring improves thermal management of CAES systems, enables narrow operational pressure ranges and provides an anti-vibration feature to mitigate undesired vibrations or impacts. The liquid piston based on molecular spring concept can be useful for a broad range of technologies, where pressure transmission is implemented through fluids.

‘Kinetic Energy’ (I): On the Physical Meaning of the Product mv2: The Experiments of G. Poleni and of J. W. ‘sGravesande

The results of renowned experimental works of Giovanni Poleni in 1718 and of Jakob W. ‘sGravesande in 1722 suggest that the ‘energy of motion’ or ‘kinetic energy’ of a material body which is moved in a vacuum in a reference frame by a gravitational process is proportional to the ’mass’ of the body and to the velocity of the body in the reference frame, and not to the mass and to the square of the velocity. Consequently, the amount of mechanical energy which is expended by gravitation in moving a body in a vacuum over a vertical distance z is not, as is currently believed, proportional to this distance, but it is proportional to the time-span of action of the process. The product between the mass of the body and the square of the velocity of the body is not proportional only to the amount of mechanical energy of motion of the body moved by the gravitational process, but it is proportional also to the power with which such an amount of ‘kinetic energy’ is consumed by collision with a plastic target at rest in the reference frame.

Fast Evaluation and Comparison of the Energy Performances of Elastomers from Relative Energy Stored Identification under Mechanical Loadings.

The way in which elastomers use mechanical energy to deform provides information about their mechanical performance in situations that require substantial characterization in terms of test time and cost. This is especially true since it is usually necessary to explore many chemical compositions to obtain the most relevant one. This paper presents a simple and fast approach to characterizing the mechanical and energy behavior of elastomers, that is, how they use the mechanical energy brought to them. The methodology consists of performing one uniaxial cyclic tensile test with a simultaneous temperature measurement. The temperature measurement at the specimen surface is processed with the heat diffusion equation to reconstruct the heat source fields, which in fact amounts to surface calorimetry. Then, the part of the energy involved in the mechanical hysteresis loop that is not converted into heat can be identified and a quantity is introduced for evaluating the energy performance of the materials. This quantity is defined as an energy ratio and assesses the ability of the material to store and release a certain amount of mechanical energy through reversible microstructure changes. Therefore, it quantifies the relative energy that is not used to damage the material, for example to propagate cracks, and that is not dissipated as heat. In this paper, different crystallizable materials have been considered, filled and unfilled. This approach opens many perspectives to discriminate, in an accelerated way, the factors affecting these energetic performances of elastomers, at the first order are obviously the formulation, the aging and the mechanical loading. In addition, such an approach is well adapted to better characterize the elastocaloric effects in elastomeric materials.

Cylindrical Glands and Egg Sac Silk of Giant Wood Spider, Nephila pilipes

Different types of silk glands are located inside the abdomen of spider. Three pairs of cylindrical glands are developed in female giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes. In the present study, attempt have been made to explain the anatomy and histology of cylindrical glands and details of its spinning field with the help of scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The microscale topology and surface nanostructure of egg sac silk threads was studied with advance techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM).It is concluded that, in female spider, cylindrical glands and egg sac silk produced by them plays a very important role in successful perpetuation of species. Roughness analysis of egg sac silk suggested that this biomaterial has high toughness that may be suitable for dissipating high amounts of mechanical energy. This silk is having high and stable mechanical performance. Hence, successful large scale production of this beautiful and strong, naturally pink colored spider silk will definitely open a new gate in textile sector.

Study on the Effects of Grinding Factor and Scaling up in Grinding Using Horizontal Dry Bead Mill

Effect of grinding factor and scaling up were carried out by grinding using horizontal dry bead mill. For the experiments, 2 sizes of horizontal dry bead mills with different capacities, lab and manufacturing scale, were used to study scaling up and down. The grinding experiments were performed by changing each typical grinding factor for bead mills, including the agitator peripheral speed, bead packing density, bead diameter, and material feeding speed. This set of experiments was conducted for 3 kinds of materials, silica sand of natural inorganic materials, alumina of synthetic inorganic materials, and activated carbon of organic materials. As a result, common for all materials, similar rules were found between the particle size and specific energy, the amount of mechanical energy per unit amount of material. In addition, these rules were applicable for the different-size mills, indicating that the scale can be controlled by the rules and specific energy. Also, it is revealed that when using a single type of material, changing the bead diameter changes the energy efficiency, indicating that using small-diameter bead was effective for efficient grinding.

Investigation of the impact of mechanical activation on synthesis of the MgO-TiO2 system

In this study, a mixture of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide was mechanically activated in order to investigate the possibility of mechanochemical synthesis of magnesium titanate. Mechanical activation was performed for 1000 min in a high-energy vibro mill (type MH954/3, KHD Humboldt Wedag AG, Germany). The mill is equipped with housing having a horizontally placed shutter. The cylindrical stainless steel working vessel, with inner dimensions of 40 mm in height and 170 mm in diameter, has working elements consisting of two free concentric stainless steel rings with a total weight of 3 kg. The engine power is 0.8 kW. Respecting the optimal amount of powder to be activated of 50-150 g and the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants in the equation presenting the chemical reaction of magnesium titanate synthesis, the starting amounts were 20.2 g (0.5 mol) of MgO and 39.9 g (0.5 mol) TiO2. During the experiments, X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples taken from the reaction system after 60, 180, 330, and 1000 min of mechanical activation was performed. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for chemical composition analysis of samples taken at different activation times. Based on the X-ray diffraction analysis results, it can be concluded that the greatest changes in the system took place at the very beginning of the mechanical activation due to the disturbance of the crystal structure of the initial components. X-ray diffraction analysis of the sample after 1000 min of activation showed complete amorphization of the mixture, but diffraction maxima characteristic for magnesium titanate were not identified. Therefore, the mechanical activation experiments were stopped. Evidently, the energy input was not sufficient to overcome the energy barrier to form a new chemical compound - magnesium titanate. The failure to synthesize magnesium titanate is explained by the low negative Gibbs energy value of -25.8 kJ/mol (despite the theoretical possibility that the reaction will happen), as well as by the amount of mechanical energy entered into the system during activation which was insufficient to obtain the reaction product. Although the synthesis of MgTiO3 was not achieved, significant results were obtained which identify models for further investigations of the possibility of mechanochemical reactions of alkaline earth metals and titanium dioxide.

Mechanical properties of upper torso rotation from the viewpoint of energetics during baseball pitching

This study aims to examine if upper torso rotation is caused mainly by pelvis rotation during baseball pitching from the viewpoint of energetics. Twelve right-handed males participated in this study. Five were and seven had been collegiate baseball pitchers, and all used an overarm style. They threw a baseball as fast and precisely as possible, and data from three strikes were used. A motion capture system consisting of 13 cameras and two force platforms was used to collect the data and calculate joint torques of the thoracic and the lumbar joint. The joint torque of the thoracic and the lumbar joint were calculated using a top-down and a bottom-up approach, respectively. Then, the mechanical energy generation and transfer by the torsional torques were quantified. The mechanical energy generation exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.03 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.04 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. The mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.72 ± 0.19 and 0.88 ± 0.24 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. These results indicated that torsional torques transferred a substantial amount of mechanical energy from the pelvis to the upper torso. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques was a major contributor to the upper torso rotation.

Optimal gear shift algorithm in the car transmission during its deceleration

On the way to improving the car one can not avoid the problem of optimal gear shift in stage transmissions. Typically, the gear (stage) shift laws are distinguished, which are optimal because of fuel efficiency, either in terms of dynamics (speed), or in terms of comfort / safety of the car, etc. And all these types of laws are considered to be special, irreducible to each other. Because of this, in the designs of real automotive transmissions, it is often foreseen for the driver to have several automatic control programs at the same time. But everything that is entrusted to the driver is to some extent the subjective negation of automaticity and optimality. The purpose of the work is to refute such very common system of views on the optimality of transmission control as: it turns out there is a single optimal gear shift law, within which there are no contradictions, at least between energy efficiency requirements and the requirements for the dynamics (or performance) of the vehicle. The basis of the research methodology is the fully motivated principle of non-interference of the automatic transmission control system in the choice of the car movement program - a choice that is largely due to the circumstances and road conditions of the vehicle movement. So, optimizing the gear shift laws, it is necessary to consider the movement program to be predetermined (subject only to the driver), and the consequences of forced deviation from it during the operation of the elements of transmission control should be minimized. Specifically, gear shifting is considered during the car deceleration. Direct involvement of the engine in the process of gear changes is envisaged, that is, the implementation of the principle of active synchronization of the rotation speed of separate parts of the transmission on adjacent gears during their shifting. In this case, the transmission of mechanical energy through the transmission is carried out by a continuous flow. The implementation of the dynamic principles of automation also leads to a decrease in the amount of mechanical energy that is transformed into heat during the skid of gear shift elements (frictions, for example). This makes it possible to increase the durability of the gear-shift elements or to impose lighter requirements in the process of designing the transmission. The described algorithm of the optimal transmission control of the car provides grounds for the formation of motivated guidelines for selecting the moments of gear shift also during purely manual control of the car. The obtained results are quite general, although significant simplifications were introduced into the car model. In particular, the scheme of the gearbox, considered to be very simple, actually fully reproduces the principles of work of the mechanical stage transmission of any structure. The process of gear shifting is so fast that the linearized reproduction of the operating modes of the “engine-transmission” system is quite natural and such that it can not distort the idea of the optimal functioning of the engine-transmission system.

Pseudo-creep in Shape Memory Alloy Wires and Sheets

Interruption of loading during reorientation and isothermal pseudoelasticity in shape memory alloys with a strain arrest (i.e., holding strain constant) results in a time-dependent evolution in stress or with a stress arrest (i.e., holding stress constant) results in a time-dependent evolution in strain. This phenomenon, which we term as pseudo-creep, is similar to what was reported in the literature three decades ago for some traditional metallic materials undergoing plastic deformation. In a previous communication, we reported strain arrest of isothermal pseudoelastic loading, isothermal pseudoelastic unloading, and reorientation in NiTi wires as well as a rate-independent phase diagram. In this paper, we provide experimental results of the pseudo-creep phenomenon during stress arrest of isothermal pseudoelasticity and reorientation in NiTi wires as well as strain arrest of isothermal pseudoelasticity and reorientation in NiTi sheets. Stress arrest in NiTi wires accompanied by strain accumulation or recovery is studied using the technique of multi-video extensometry. The experimental results were used to estimate the amount of mechanical energy needed to evolve the wire from one microstructural state to another during isothermal pseudoelastic deformation and the difference in energies between the initial and the final rest state between which the aforementioned evolution has occurred.

TWO DESIGNS OF THE ELECTROMECHANICAL BRAKE EMBEDDED INTO AN ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The significance of the braking devices is increasing due to the intensification of manufacturing, increase in the moving masses, speeds of movement and frequency of braking. During a short time period the braking device needs to convert a significant amount of mechanical energy into heat energy and transfer it into the environment without compromising the operability of both devices and machines in general. For electric actuators braking a normally closed mechanical brake is frequently used. When disconnecting the motor from the network the brake friction surfaces are closed and prevent rotation, and when the motor is switched on, they are opens under the action of the electromagnet, electro-hydraulic pusher, special electric motor, mechanical or pneumatic device. In the case of joint implementation of the asynchronous motor and the mechanical brake, the drive of quick stop is more compact and convenient. Such devices are further called asynchronous motors with electromechanical braking systems henceforth. The large number of requirements as well as different conditions of operation cause a large variety of designs of such motors. One of the major shortcomings of the functioning of well-known design is the periodic wear of the friction linings and the need for frequent replacement of them. The solution to this problem is the use of asynchronous motor with recessed combo braking device. However, for some mechanisms that do not require a smooth stop of the motor shaft and that have a speed of rotation of the motor shaft less than 1500 rpm, more simple and cheap solution would be the use of an electromechanical braking device with an air gap compensation. Due to wear of the friction linings the air gap of the electromagnet increases. Due to the compensation of the air gap of the electromagnet these devices make it possible to rub the material of the friction lining longer. The current designs of the electromechanical braking device with compensation of the air gap are quite bulky and complicated to be manufactured. Therefore, the authors developed, experimentally investigated and implemented two new, simple and cheap designs of electromechanical braking device with compensation of the air gap.

Yield point phenomena in TIMETAL 125 beta Ti alloy

The yield point phenomena in TIMETAL 125 beta-Ti alloy was studied using hot compression tests in the temperature range of 680–880°C and at strain rates of 0.001–1s−1. The yield drop increased with decreasing temperature or increasing strain rate. Indeed, the yield point was sharper at high strain rates and low temperatures. The Mo equivalent was taken as a compositional index to determine the influence of chemical composition on the yield point phenomenon. There was a direct relationship between the yield drop and Mo equivalent at different deformation conditions. The total thermal–mechanical energy (Q) for yielding was determined using the power-law constitutive equation. A second-order polynomial equation was used to establish a relationship between Q and the deformation temperature. The contributions of mechanical and thermal energies (QM and QT) to Q were determined based on a semi-empirical power-law equation. The developed model showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of mechanical energy and the yield drop. It was also found that the ratio of thermal to the total energy (QT/Q) could increase from 0.2 to more than 0.8 by increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate.

Application of Taguchi Design of Experiment Method in Optimization of Izod Impact Testing

This present research work is focused on obtaining the combination of the optimal levels of the parameters notch angle, heat treatment processes & height of the hammer in order to maximize the impact value of mild steel, having 0.40 % carbon, in an izod impact test. The process evinces hammering effect on the specimen that ascertains the amount of mechanical energy required for the failure of any material. This research work investigates the effect of all the three parameters on impact values. The optimal values of the parameters were determined using design of experiment (DOE) via taguchi method with the application of used Orthogonal Array. Signal-to-noise ratio and the analysis of variance were used for the further analysis. The important findings of the experiments show that height of the hammer was the only parameter that affected the impact values significantly. The findings were followed by affirmations by performing the confirmation experiments.

Can pressure-induced cell inactivation be related to cell volume compression? A case study for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this paper, emphasis has been put on the relationship between volume compression and cell inactivation for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CBS 1171 submitted to high hydrostatic pressure treatments. The influence of cell dehydration on pressure inactivation was first investigated. Inactivation was found to be strongly limited, or even completely prevented for cells with a water content of 60% w/w or below. Moreover, the volume compression undergone by a single yeast cell was assessed as a function of pressure and hydration conditions using a high-pressure setup for pressure–volume–temperature measurements. Direct measurements of volume compression were performed on cell pellets after being equilibrated in air at different relative humidity levels (yeast powders). Yeast cells suspended in water–glycerol were assumed to be composed of two compartments: the cytoplasm and the dry matter. The compression of the cell cytoplasm was assumed to be similar to that obtained for water–glycerol mixtures at the same water content. The compression of the dry matter was measured on yeast powder at aw=0.11.Results showed that the magnitude of cell volume compression increased with pressure level. At a given pressure level, cells in a hydrated state underwent higher volume compression than the dehydrated ones. Cell inactivation and volume compression data were then taken together in order to highlight their parallel behaviors. An attempted correlation showed that a cell volume compression of near 10μm3 would be a critical value for cell inactivation. Accordingly, inactivation occurs only when the cell undergoes a sufficient volume compression, regardless of the pressure level. From the thermodynamic point of view, the pressure-induced volume compression indicates the amount of mechanical energy (work of compression) transferred to the cell system. It was suggested that damages at the cellular level, such as the membrane permeabilization, would occur when cells undergo a sufficient volume compression, i.e. mechanical stress and energy. The involvement of protein denaturation, compression of membrane phospholipids, as well as differential in compression between the cell cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, were discussed as possible events leading to cell permeabilization. Cells with compromised membrane integrity are subjected to uncontrolled mass transfers that could lead to inactivation under pressure.

Energy management that generates terrain following versus apex-preserving hopping in man and machine

While hopping, 12 subjects experienced a sudden step down of 5 or 10 cm. Results revealed that the hopping style was "terrain following". It means that the subjects pursued to keep the distance between maximum hopping height (apex) and ground profile constant. The spring-loaded inverse pendulum (SLIP) model, however, which is currently considered as template for stable legged locomotion would predict apex-preserving hopping, by which the absolute maximal hopping height is kept constant regardless of changes of the ground level. To get more insight into the physics of hopping, we outlined two concepts of energy management: "constant energy supply", by which in each bounce--regardless of perturbations--the same amount of mechanical energy is injected, and "lost energy supply", by which the mechanical energy that is going to be dissipated in the current cycle is assessed and replenished. When tested by simulations and on a robot testbed capable of hopping, constant energy supply generated stable and robust terrain following hopping, whereas lost energy supply led to something like apex-preserving hopping, which, however, lacks stability as well as robustness. Comparing simulated and machine hopping with human hopping suggests that constant energy supply has a good chance to be used by humans to generate hopping.

Identification and synthesis of novel biomaterials based on spider structural silk fibers

The diversity in function and mechanical behavior of spider silks, and the ability to produce these silks recombinantly, have tremendous potential in creating a new class of biomimetic materials. Here we investigate the structural and mechanical properties of pyriform silks from the golden orb-weaver, Nephila clavipes. Nanoscale indentation measurements using atomic force microscopy on natural pyriform silk suggests that this biomaterial has high toughness that may be suitable for dissipating high amounts of mechanical energy. We also observed the occurrence of highly organized nanocrystals within the pyriform silk fibers that may contribute to the remarkable energy dissipation capability of these silks. It has been demonstrated that poly-(Gly–Ala) and poly-Ala stretches within the internal block repeat modules of dragline silk fibroins form nanocrystals, and these nanocrystalline structures may be responsible for the high extensibility of the dragline silks. In contrast, amino acid sequence analysis shows that PySp2 does not contain the same motifs. In the absence of poly-(Gly–Ala) and poly-Ala repeats, we hypothesized that PySp2 contains new protein motifs sufficient to polymerize into functional structures. To investigate the functional contributions of these novel motifs during pyriform fiber formation, we expressed different recombinant PySp2 fibroins with various segments spanning its block repeat units. We demonstrate that PySp2 recombinant proteins with the Pro-rich sub-block domain (PXP motifs, where X= sub-set of the amino acids A, L, or R) and/or the Ser + Gln + Ala-rich sub-block domain (QQSSVAQS motifs) are sufficient for artificial fiber formation. Moreover, we show that recombinant PySp2 proteins that contain a single block repeat unit can self-assemble into foam-like nanostructures. Collectively, our findings support the use of PySp2 recombinant proteins for a wide range of biomimetic materials with morphologies ranging from fibers to porous structures.

On the Generated Heat at Advancing/Receding of Water on Surface Engineered Nanoporous Silica

In this work, ratio of the generated heat relative to the dissipated energy, during the cyclical advancing/receding of water on surface engineered nanoporous silica is evaluated based on a thermographical method. Proposed test rig is a compression-decompression cylinder divided into two chambers, one of constant volume and the other of variable volume. Silica particles are introduced inside the cavity of fixed volume, and a micro-filter is used to separate it by the chamber of variable volume, in which only water is supplied. Using an infrared-camera, the temperature distribution on the external surface of the cylinder is recorded versus the working time, and positions of the main heat sources are identified. Such tests allow evaluation of the dissipated energy and generated heat. One finds that the surface engineered nanoporous silica is able to dissipate large amounts of mechanical energy without significant heating, i.e., maximum 17 % of the dissipated energy is emitted in the infrared frequency range. Such result is surprising since the emissions recorded from traditional frictional dissipaters, such as hydro-pneumatic absorbers, rubber and foam absorbers, etc., are mainly (about 90%) in the infrared range, and only partially in the audio and visible frequency range.

On the Determination of the Fatigue Life of Laminated Graphite-Epoxy Composite by Means of Temperature Measurement

The research dealt with the correlation between fatigue life of a CFRP laminate composite and the thermal analysis information obtained during the fatigue tests. This study was done for two different lamination sequences and three different loading frequencies. The damage progression was also evaluated by stiffness reduction and hysteresis loop areas increase measurements. The thermal energy, which is the amount of mechanical energy dissipated in the form of heat, evaluated in the first few load cycles was found to be a good parameter to predict fatigue life.

Role of mechanical action in low-temperature cotton scouring with F. solani pisi cutinase and pectate lyase

The two principal reasons that can hinder industrial success of bioscouring are the inability to remove cotton waxes at low-temperature and that bioscouring is a slow diffusion controlled process. The main objective of this paper is to develop an improved cotton scouring process by applying mechanical action and enzyme treatment to efficiently remove the cuticle and primary wall compounds from the cotton fibre. The role of the mechanical action for improving the bioscouring process is discussed. To study the effect, a known amount of mechanical energy was applied using the ‘wedge apparatus’ before and after the enzyme treatment. The effect of mechanical action was evaluated for a faster scouring process with cutinase, pectinase and optimum incubation conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, enzyme concentration, and incubation time were determined. It is demonstrated that cutinase from fungus Fusarium solani pisi is effective in the degradation of cotton waxes at low-temperature in less than 30 min after applying mechanical action. Wax removal with cutinase reduces pectinase incubation time and increases hydrolytic rate of pectinase. By the introduction of mechanical energy a fast one-step low-temperature enzymatic cotton scouring process is developed at lab scale.

Photomechanics of Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers and Other Polymers

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