Amounts Of Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Thermodynamic Studies on the Pathway and Mechanism of Coal-Oxygen-Water Coupling Reaction of Low-Temperature Oxidation

ABSTRACT It is imperative to have an in-depth understanding of the pathway and mechanism of coal-oxygen-water coupling reaction during low-temperature oxidation of coal, not only for preventing fires in the coal industry but also for reducing emissions of hazardous gases. In this study, in-situ Infrared spectroscopy characterization and quantum chemical calculations were combined to investigate in detail the chemical interactions between coal, moisture, and oxygen. In-situ infrared oxidation experiments ascertained the types and amounts of hydroxyl, aliphatic hydrocarbon, and carbonyl functional groups in lignite coal samples with varied moisture content during LTO. Subsequently, three typical molecular structures of functional groups mainly involved in the coal-oxygen reaction were chosen as the research representatives, and their reactivity was analyzed using density functional theory (DFT). Thus, the main reaction pathways of these functional groups during the LTO of coal were studied using quantum chemical methods. The results indicated that the moisture in coal significantly affected the coal–oxygen reaction by altering the chemisorption processes in the coal–oxygen combination and the active sites in coal molecules. Quantitative calculation of thermodynamic parameters such as the enthalpy and activation energy showed that moisture had a promoting effect on some reaction steps while hindering others. Moreover, the mechanism of coal-oxygen-water coupling reaction was also explored based on the reaction sequence of intermediate complexes.

Biodiesel production from the transesterification of waste cooking oil via CaO/HAP/MnFe@K magnetic nanocatalyst derived from eggshells and chicken bones: Diesel engine and kinetic studies

This study focuses on the biodiesel generation from waste cooking oil (WCO) utilizing eggshells/chicken bones-derived magnetic nanocatalyst (CaO/HAp/MnFe@K). Various assessments were applied to demonstrate the CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst surface. These assessments showed that CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst has considerable catalytic attributes (e.g., highly crystalline, suitable surface area, and favorable porosity). The highest biodiesel efficiency employing CaO/HAp/MnFe@K magnetic nanocatalysts was 99.10%, which was obtained at a molar proportion of 15.24:1, catalyst content of 2.97 wt.%, reaction time of 175.72 min, and temperature of 67.72 °C (optimal conditions). Further, the reaction kinetics demonstrated that the transesterification of WCO in the attendance of CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst follows the pseudo-first-order model. Besides, the activation energy and exponential factor reflection reveal that the conversion of WCO to biodiesel is 41.51 kJ/mol and 1.66×105 min-1, respectively. By adding WCO-derived biodiesel to diesel, the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) increases while the carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) amounts diminish. By boosting biodiesel in the fuel combination, the quantities of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increased while the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) amount decreased. Moreover, reusability of the CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst revealed that the magnetic particles were considerably stability.

Co-valorisation of cassava peel and rice husk to biofuel precursor via intermediate pyrolysis: Kinetics, thermodynamic and pyrolytic oil characterisation

This study explored the co-valorisation of cassava peel and rice husk into biofuel precursors through pyrolysis. The research involved characterization of the biomass, and thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 °C/min. An intermediate pyrolysis was conducted using a laboratory-scale setup with a stainless-steel reactor and a Swagelok double-ended tube, yielding pyrolytic oil for analysis. Proximate analysis revealed cassava peel (CP) contains 9.23 wt% ash, while rice husk (RH) has 16.50 wt% ash respectively, while the combined samples of cassava peel and rice husk (CS) had ash content of 74.27 wt%, fixed carbon of 70.07 wt%, and volatile matter of 75.72 wt%. The heating values for the samples were 17.15 MJ/kg, 15.22 MJ/kg, and 17.06 MJ/kg for cassava peel, rice husk, and combined sample respectively. Ultimate analysis indicated the following elemental compositions: CP (40.95 % C, 5.67 % H, 0.22 % N, 0.09 % S, 52.17 % O2), RH (40.15 % C, 5.98 % H, 0.41 % N, 0.78 % S, 52.68 % O2), and the CS (43.06 % C, 6.41 % H, 0.32 % N, 0.41 % S, 49.80 % O2). Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis from the distributed activation energy models revealed average activation energies of 184.95 kJ/mol (CP), 140.56 kJ/mol (RH), and 125.63 kJ/mol (CS). The pyrolysis products consist of 37.50 wt% pyrolytic oil, 11.12 wt% bio-char, and 51.38 wt% non-condensable gases. GC–MS analysis of the pyrolytic oil identified significant amounts of hydrocarbons, phenols, and phenol derivatives, suggesting potential for biofuel production. This study highlights the viability of combined biomass sources for biofuel production and waste to wealth utilization.

Chapter 4. Evidence of Working Petroleum Play Systems: Oil Seeps and Slicks

Maturation and accumulation of economic quantities of hydrocarbons are a common sedimentary component of continental rift basins around the world, both ancient and modern. Thus, groundwater is not the only fluid that may migrate along major rift faults away from basinal depocentres. De-risking petroleum exploration in rift basins requires demonstrating the presence of working petroleum play systems and the presence of leaking hydrocarbons to the surface is a primary way of demonstrating they are operating. Oil seeps have been known in Lake Albert since 1925 and the Kingfisher, Mputa-Waraga and Jobi-Rii petroleum play systems are due to go into full oil production. Lake Edward, however, has remained a virgin frontier exploration area. Tufa-travertine limestones along the eastern rift bounding fault of the Rwenzori Mountains have yielded organic residues which GCMS analyses indicate have a mature, oil-like distribution. Biomarkers suggest a marine shale source rock, the origin of which is at odds with both oils from Lake Albert and generation within the present EARS. A Lake Edward Slick Survey also sampled oil on the water surface that has the same biomarker signatures as the tufa-travertine-derived residues. Together they suggest maturation from a deeper pre-Neogene (?Mesozoic–Paleogene) rift sequence.

Acceleration of Modeling Capability for GDI Spray by Machine-Learning Algorithms

Cold start causes a high amount of unburned hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of spray during a cold start and develop a predictive model to form a better air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was designed to predict quantitative 3D liquid volume fraction, liquid penetration, and liquid width under different operating conditions. The model was trained with data derived from high-speed and Schlieren imaging experiments with a gasoline surrogate fuel, conducted in a constant volume spray vessel. A coolant circulator was used to simulate the low-temperature conditions (−7 °C) typical of cold starts. The results showed good agreement between machine learning predictions and experimental data, with an overall accuracy R2 of 0.99 for predicting liquid penetration and liquid width. In addition, the developed ANN model was able to predict detailed dynamics of spray plumes. This confirms the robustness of the ANN in predicting spray characteristics and offers a promising tool to enhance GDI engine technologies.

Advanced Oxidation Technology Using Fe0/H2O2 as an effective treatment for recycling industrial wastewater for irrigation of Lolium perenne crops.

This study focused on developing a new Phenton treatment of water effluent coming from a local industrial estate and staining industry site. Different advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) such as heterogeneous photocatalysis, Photo-Fenton and UV-Vis/H2O2 using FeSO4, and pure iron were evaluated. To develop this study, water samples were tested before and after each treatment. In general, after AOTs the amount of chlorides, nitrates, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, TOC and bacteria significantly decreased. Photo-Fenton and UV-Vis/H2O2/TiO2 showed the best performance in the treatment of staining industry and industrial wastewater, respectively. Photo-Fenton mineralized 100% of dyes, reduced by 99% total coliforms, eliminated 76% of TOC and 60% of heavy metals tested. Interestingly, use of iron metal in the Photo-Fenton treatment was found to achieve similar results. This means wastewater can be treated with benign chemicals. Treated wastewater was evaluated as a potential water source for the irrigation of Lolium perenne, a conventional crop in animal feed. In general, the physical characteristics of Lolium perenne such as leaf and roof length and width, were not significantly modified after irrigation with treated wastewater. Similar results were obtained using treated tap water as reference. A trace number of metals remaining from treatment was detected in grass and soil. However, the concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn was very similar to tap water. Considering these outcomes, use of non-toxic zero valent iron metal and hydrogen peroxide in a Photo-Fenton reaction is a pilot plant scalable alternative oxidating treatment technology for recycling industrial wastewater in agricultural activities.Top of Form

The Effect of the Inhibitory Composition on the Composition of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Oil Sediments

The effect of an inhibitory composition based on an amphiphilic polymer of polyacrylate and stearic acid on the composition of paraffinic hydrocarbons in asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) of high-paraffin oil was studied. It is shown that with the addition of an amphiphilic polymer and a composition to oil, differences are observed in the nature of their molecular mass distribution of paraffinic hydrocarbons of the surfactants. The action of the polymer leads to a decrease in the content of hydrocarbons of the composition C16–C21 and an increase in the proportion of high-molecular hydrocarbons C22–C34. The use of stearic acid as a surfactant in the composition, on the contrary, reduces the amount of high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons.

Optimizing reservoir characterization: insights from integrated data analysis

The Onshore Hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Niger Delta X-field is examined through the integration of 3D seismic and recorded information from well log data. Probable reservoirs of hydrocarbon-bearing were delineated to tackle the non-uniqueness in the identification of hydrocarbon quantity of concern. Three significant faulting patterns or systems were delineated and their architectural attributes depict a typical Niger Delta embedded anticlinal structural pattern. The study field exhibited both synthetic and antithetic structures, hence only fault on delineated reservoirs was used for structural modeling. All well locations were sited within the fault-supported synthetic and anticlinal structures and the static characteristics within the well coordinates were analyzed through petrophysical assessment. Depicted reservoir sands show low gamma ray readings, low volume of shale, considerate hydrocarbon saturation and low water saturation. The established petrophysical models showed a better net-to-gross (NTG) ratio, for the entire delineated reservoir units. This has contributed to the assessment of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir units before employing the strategy for field development scenario, in order to eliminate dry hole drilling campaign. These will contribute to the reduction of operational costs, having delineated the accurate geometry and petrophysical model of hydrocarbon reservoir units.

Carbon-containing pyrite spherules: mineral biosignatures in black smokers?

Abstract. Sulfide- and sulfate-rich hydrothermal vents are involved in Earth's major geochemical cycles. An outstanding scientific question consists of finding out whether certain minerals found in hydrothermal chimneys are influenced more or less directly by microorganisms living at high temperatures (thermophiles or hyperthermophiles) in these environments. Here we report the morphological, textural and chemical characterization of pyrite crystals collected across a section of a chimney from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal site, sampled from the inner, hotter portion to the external, cooler portion, providing a promising approach to the search for hyperthermophilic biosignatures. The internal and middle portions of the chimney mainly harbour cube-shaped pyrite containing low quantities of hydrocarbons and thermally matured organic compounds. In contrast, the samples from the external portion contain pyrite spherules composed of a mosaic of slightly disoriented domains that include large amounts of organic material chemically consistent with thermally matured biogenic organic compounds. These characteristics make them comparable but not identical to pyrite spherules produced in the laboratory in the presence of hyperthermophilic archaea of the order Thermococcales. Differences include larger crystalline domains and more thermally matured organic compounds. Such features could be consistent with the thermal transformation of pyrite spherules produced by (or at least in the presence of) living cells. However, it remains impossible to completely rule out an abiotic origin without further isotopic investigation and experimental studies on the abiotic production of pyrite spherules in the presence of organic compounds and under hydrothermal conditions.

Characterization of Adsorbed Hydrocarbons in Deposit Sands and Well Fracture in the Burgos Basin

Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the potential adsorption by the solids carried by the hydrocarbon production stream to the surface by characterization to identify its origin. Theoretical framework: In the natural gas producing wells of the Burgos Basin, there is the presence of solids in the production fluids, these can be from the reservoir or from fracture. The reservoir solids are created from the carbonates, sandstones and shales inside the well, the fracture solids are better known as props, they are mixed with the drilling fluid so that inside the well they act as packs in the fractures where the hydrocarbon can flow for extraction. In this Basin, horizontal hydraulic fracturing is used for the extraction of hydrocarbons, the solids present adsorb part of the hydrocarbons and are contaminated with them. Method: Sand samples from 4 wells were used, which were extracted with Soxhlet equipment to separate the organic content of the sand. Using ASTM (2003) and US EPA (1996) methods D5369-93 and 3540C-3541 as a reference. Subsequently, the hydrocarbon concentrate was fractionated using the method reported in the manual of soil analysis techniques of Fernández et al., (2006) who adapted the methods 3600C, 3610B and 3611B of the US EPA (1996). The analytical method consisted of reading the spectra of each fraction in a UV-Visible Shimadzu UV-1800 spectroscopy equipment and by FT-IR spectrophotometry, in a Nicolet iS10 equipment, with a DTGS KBr detector. The physical characterization of the sands was performed by recording the particle size using the API-RP56 standard. Finally, X-ray diffraction is used to determine the phases of the sands by the method 05LA-34080109-DRX-MP-01. Results and discussion: The amount of total hydrocarbon extracted from the sands was in a range of 2,975-0,060 gr. The identification of hydrocarbons extracted by Uv-Visible and FTIR showed functional groups of aliphatic, polycyclic and nitrogen compounds. The particle size of the sands was measured between 45-311 nm. And finally RX identified the type of sand to analyze, being well 1: reservoir sand, well2: fracture sand, well 3: fracture sand and well 4: reservoir sand. Implications of the research: This research presents a study on the classification of the type of sands that are being dragged to the surface with the hydrocarbon stream of well production. These are data that show a fact that occurs and gives the certainty of what happens at the bottom of the well. Originality/value: The analysis of the results allows decisions to be taken to prevent corrosion and plugging problems of surface equipment, which can cause explosions such as the one of September 19, 2012 in the PEMEX gas pipeline at the Km 19 Measuring Center in Reynosa, Tamps. Mexico.

Nectarine core-derived magnetite biochar for ultrasound-assisted preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tomato paste: A cost-effective and sustainable approach

A novel ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (US-MSPE-GC/MS) was developed to detect trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tomato paste, using a magnetic biochar adsorbent derived from nectarine cores. The highest extraction recovery was attained under 10 mg adsorbent mass, 30 min extraction time, 9 % (w/v) sodium chloride, and elution with 200 μL of dichloromethane. Under optimum conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.992) across a wide concentration range (0.01-100 ng g−1) with high sensitivity (LODs: 0.028-0.053 ng g−1, LOQs: 0.094-0.176 ng g−1) and good repeatability (RSDs <5.96 %). The application of the US-MSPE-GC/MS method was tested on four brands of real tomato paste and no PAHs were detected in unspiked samples, indicating no background contamination. This method showed high relative recoveries 88.03-98.52 %) and good reproducibility (<9.19 %.) at two concentration levels, confirming its effectiveness for PAH analysis in real samples.

Towards enhanced monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons production from Co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste polystyrene plastic

Co-pyrolysis technology offers a viable solution for utilizing biomass and waste plastics as a valuable energy resource, to support waste management, energy supply and environmental protection. In this paper, co-pyrolysis of poplar tree (PT) and polystyrene (PS) at mixture ratios of 0:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:0 under different pyrolysis temperatures (450, 550, 650, and 700 °C), using different catalysts (HZSM-5, MCM-41, Fe/HZSM-5, and Cu/HZSM-5) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) diagnostics for determining products distribution and synergistic effects. The results showed that PT performed best at a pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C, whereas PS performed best at 550 °C. The relative amount of aromatics in the co-pyrolysis products of PT and PS was highest at 550 °C that showed positive synergistic effects. The synergistic effects from the co-pyrolysis of PT and PS were significantly different at different mixture ratios of the PT and PS feedstocks. At mixture ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, the relative amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAH) were higher and showed positive synergistic effects. The catalysts promoted the generation of MAH and inhibited the PAHs formation in the co-pyrolysis. The Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst provided the most significant effect on MAH showing the highest relative amounts. The results showed that highest yield of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be achieved from the pyrolysis of PT and PS materials at 1:1 mixture ratio using Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst, at a reaction temperature of 550 °C.

Investigation on Thermal Runaway Hazards of Cylindrical and Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Pressure of Cruise Altitude for Civil Aircraft

Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The results show that the values of heat release, temperature, and CO2 concentration decrease with the reduction in pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa, while the total hydrocarbon and CO increase. Without violent fire, explosion, and huge jet flames, the thermal hazards of TR fire under 20 kPa are lower, but the amount of toxic/flammable gas emissions increases greatly. The amount of CO and hydrocarbons varies inversely with the thermal hazards of fire. Under low-pressure environments of cruise altitude, the thermal hazards of TR fire for pouch cells and the toxic/potentially explosive hazards of gas emissions of cylindrical cells need more attention. The performance of TR hazards for two packaging types of battery is also different. Pouch cells have higher thermal hazards of fire and lower combustible/toxic emitted gases than cylindrical cells. The thermal runaway intensity of individual cells decreases under lower ambient pressure, but the burning intensity increases dramatically when thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack. The open time of a safety valve (rupture of the bag) is shortened, but the trigger time for a thermal runaway varies for different formats of batteries under 20 kPa. Those results may be helpful for the safety warning and hazard protection design of Li batteries under low-pressure conditions.

Petrophysical characterization of the Late-Cretaceous Logbaba Formation in the Kribi/Campo sub-basin, Cameroon: Implication on deep-water hydrocarbon exploration

Deep-water hydrocarbon exploration in the Kribi/Campo sub-basin offshore Cameroon is targeting the promising Campanian-Maastrichtian turbidite reservoirs. However, a detailed understanding of the petrophysical properties of these Upper Cretaceous reservoirs is not well documented. In this study, well logs from two boreholes W1 and W2 located in the southern part of the sub-basin provide a unique opportunity to assess the reservoir quality of the Upper Cretaceous Logbaba Formation. Four potential reservoir intervals with thickness ranging between 27 and 105.7 m were delineated in W1, compared with two intervals in W2 with thickness ranging between 72.2 and 93.6 m. Lithological analysis of these reservoir intervals indicates a heterogeneous reservoir matrix consisting of sand, limestone, and dolomite. These reservoir intervals are interpreted as turbidite sand deposits with a clay content ranging from 6.3 to 19.8%, porosity ranging from 15.5 to 21.3%, permeability ranging between 5.65 and 75.09 mD and a water saturation of 34.5–74.2%. Fluid free index, reservoir quality index, and flow zone indicator are insignificant and suggest reservoirs with poor transmissibility. These analyses reflects good petrophysical characteristics for the sandstones of Logbaba Formation. However, both wells were water-bearing with non-mobile hydrocarbon residuals and did not contain commercial quantities of hydrocarbons. There is no evidence of hydrocarbon migration in either reservoir, suggesting that the source rock and the hydrocarbon migration pathways are the main risk factors and reason for the failure of the wells. The findings from this study extend the understanding of the reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Logbaba Formation, which will further enhance hydrocarbon prospectivity offshore Cameroon. Since these reservoirs are water-laden, they may serve as potential offshore saline aquifers for geological storage of CO2 offshore Cameroon.

Kinetic, gas emission, reaction pathway and interaction mechanism analysis during oxidative pyrolysis of aluminium electrolysis waste with beech wood

The oxidative pyrolysis kinetic, gas emission, reaction pathway and interaction mechanism during oxidative pyrolysis of spent cathode carbon block (SCCB) and beech wood (BW) were investigated via the thermogravimetry combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) analysis. The hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in BW and the carbon materials and fluoride in SCCB were determined as the main five components based on thermogravimetric experiment. Compared with pure SCCB, the addition of BW increased the comprehensive oxidative pyrolysis index. Furthermore, the total of 44 kinetic parameters were obtained by the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) method, which were used to further forecast the mass loss of the above five main components. The evolved gases were detected by FTIR, and the results indicated that the main gases for BW/SCCB oxidative pyrolysis were CO2, which corresponded to the oxidation of cellulose, lignin and carbon materials. Small amounts of phenols, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, CO, aromatics, alkene were attributed to the thermal decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. Pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin produced small quantities of hydrocarbons. HF was formed by the thermal decomposition of fluoride. Eventually, the reaction pathway was proposed and the possible interaction mechanism was analyzed during the oxidative pyrolysis of BW/SCCB blends.

Expression of the changes in essential oil components of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) as affected by various drying methods

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of various drying techniques on the quality characteristics of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included fresh samples, shade-drying (SHD), sun-drying (SD), oven and vacuum-drying (OD and VD) each at three different temperatures (45, 55, and 65 °C), and microwave-drying (MD) at three different power levels (200, 400, and 600 W). The results indicated that vacuum and oven-drying at 45 °C were effective in preserving valuable secondary metabolites compared to traditional drying methods. The essential oil (EO) content was lowest in the microwave-drying at 600 W (1.3 %), and highest in vacuum-drying at 45 °C (2.99 %). Vacuum-drying at 45 °C also produced the highest levels of carvacrol (72.5 %) and thymol (7.21 %) content, while the lowest levels were found in fresh samples. The main components in the EO were monoterpene hydrocarbons (11.47–27.33 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (74.81–86.9 %), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (76.50–86.50 %). The results showed that the amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were higher at low temperatures. Furthermore, the color parameters showed changes based on the drying methods, with vacuum-drying at 45 °C increasing the L* parameter (lightness), vacuum-drying at 65 °C increasing the a* parameter)brightness(, and oven-drying at 45 °C increasing the b* parameter)greenness). Understanding the different methods and operations of drying Shirazi thyme can provide valuable insight for its professional application and development in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Formation mechanism of Gulong shale oil: Insights from semiclosed hydrous pyrolysis

As a typical lacustrine shale oil, Gulong shale oil has enormous resource potential. The current lack of understanding regarding the formation process of this oil has affected its development. This study uses a low-mature shale sample from the first member of the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin and analyzes the hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, and retention characteristics by conducting hydrous pyrolysis in a semiclosed system. The results show that the formation process of the Gulong shale oil can be divided into three stages. The slow hydrocarbon generation stage occurs when organic matter maturity (Ro) < 0.8 %, and only a small amount of hydrocarbons is generated by kerogen cracking. The products are mainly heavy components (C15+), with retained oil composing the majority of them. The rapid oil generation stage occurs when Ro is of 0.8 %–1.1 %, where a large amount of kerogen is cracked to generate hydrocarbons and reaches its peak when Ro is 1.1 %. Most of generated light component oil (C6–C14) is expelled, and retained oil is mostly composed of heavy components (C15+); Ro > 1.1 % indicates the stage of oil cracking and rapid gas generation. Light component oil (C6–C14) and gaseous hydrocarbons (C1–C5) are formed when heavy components oil (C15+) begins to crack. The light-to-heavy ratio of the hydrocarbon products (C1–C14/C15+) rapidly increases with maturity. The hydrous pyrolysis experiment in a semiclosed system is more in line with actual geological conditions of Qingshankou Formation compared to other experimental systems and can simultaneously consider the influence of geological factors such as temperature, pressure, hydrocarbon expulsion, and formation water.

Ecological and human health impact assessments based on long-term monitoring of soil PAHs near a coal-fired power plant.

The combustion of coal in power plants releases significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. This study assesses the ecological and human health impacts of PAHs contamination from a coal-fired power plant over 8years. The monitoring site selection considered the distance from the power plant and the prevailing wind direction in the investigated area. The results reveal that, during the monitoring period, PAH levels increased on average by 43%, 61%, and 37% in the zone of the prevailing wind direction, in the area proximate to the power plant, and the zone distant from it, respectively. The site, which has a radius of 4.5km in the prevailing wind direction, exhibited the highest ecological and human health impacts. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between environmental and human health impacts, depending on the distance from the power plant, particularly in areas with the prevailing wind direction. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics linking power plant emissions, PAHs contamination, and their far-reaching consequences on the environment and human health.

Degradation of Waste Tetra Pak Packaging with Hydrothermal Treatment in Sub-/Supercritical Water.

Tetra pak packaging is one of the most frequently used types of packaging in the food industry. The recycling of the tetra pak packaging waste presents a difficult task because of its multi-layered, multi-component structure. In this study, the degradation of tetra pak packaging in subcritical (SubCW) and supercritical (SCW) water was investigated. The experiments were carried out in one (SCW) or two stages (SubCW and SCW), whereby the influence of the reaction temperature and time on the yield and composition of the products obtained was investigated. The maximum oil phase yield achieved in a one-stage and a two-stage degradation process was 60.7% and 65.5%, respectively. The oil and gas phases were composed of different types of hydrocarbons. Higher temperature and longer time led to higher amounts of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in both the oil and gas phases. The aqueous phase contained sugars (glucose, fructose) and sugar derivatives (levulinic acid, glyceraldehyde, furfurals). Based on these results, the degradation pathway of waste tetra pak packaging in SubCW and SCW was proposed. The results of the study show that the degradation of waste tetra pak packaging with SubCW and SCW is a promising recycling process.

Development of predictive model for determination of paraffin deposition in Kazakh crude oil

Kazakhstan's crude oil contains significant amounts of heavy hydrocarbons that solidify as wax at lower temperatures, leading to reduced flow rates and potential blockages in pipelines. Paraffin, a substantial component of crude oil, crystallizes below its pour point, posing challenges for maintaining efficient crude oil transportation. Addressing wax deposition is essential for optimizing oil flow and meeting global energy demand. This article presents an innovative method for forecasting paraffin deposition in Kazakh crude oil, using its chemical composition and thermobaric conditions. The methodology encompassed data analysis, ASTM-standard laboratory tests, and computations employing modified equations for fusion properties calculation. Outcomes comprise computed temperatures, enthalpy, and heat capacity related to melting, along with revised correlations for melting and pour points specific to Kazakh crude oils. The melting point correlation was modified to fit the properties of Kazakh crude oils, resulting in standard deviation of 0.55 %. Computed pour points for hydrocarbons improved by 17 % respectively. As a result of the research a novel software tool was developed and evaluated, highlighting the project’s contribution in providing an adjusted thermodynamic model for paraffin deposition forecasting. Comparisons between the developed software, PVTSim, and field data showed the wax appearance temperature (WAT) predictions closely aligned, with 0.74 % of error. This numerical tool shows potential in predicting wax deposition, thus aiding in the planning of oil production and refining processes in Kazakhstan. The importance of this work extends to its potential economic impact on companies and the nation, as well as its environmental benefits by facilitating eco-friendly planning of oil production facilities. Future research could expand on these findings to further enhance predictive models of paraffin precipitation across diverse conditions