Amount Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Physical, Nutritional, Textural and Sensory Properties of Wheat Bread Supplemented with Soybean: Finger Millet and Flax Seeds flour

Two-third population of the world is under-nourished, and lack in required quantity of minerals and proteins. United Nations launched 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of which SDG-3 is “health and well-being” to improve the position of malnutrition worldwide. Proteins are essential to human health and in post-covid-19 era, plant proteins production industry is booming to meet the demand of enhanced requirement of vegetative proteins by consumers. Proteins Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of soy protein is 1.00 which is closer to some of the proteins from animal sources. Soy proteins contain balanced amounts of essential amino acids except sulfuric-amino acids like methionine. The blended flour contained equal quantities of soybeans, finger millet, and flax seeds and was added at varying proportions (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) with refined wheat flour for fortification purpose. The comprehensive evaluation encompassed nutritional, sensory, and physical attributes of the resulting multigrain bread when compared with a control loaf made exclusively from wheat flour. The bread fortified with a 10% composite flour mixture exhibited properties equivalent to the control bread across parameters such as expansion, specific volume, color, and crumb hardness but with enhanced nutritional value. The data revealed that supplementation of bread with 10% composite flour blend led to a discernible increase in levels of dietary fiber and proteins. We may safely conclude that the incorporation of a well-balanced composite flour blend, comprising soybeans, finger millet, and flax seeds, at 10% level offers a promising avenue to fortify wheat flour bread with enhanced nutritional content that may be helpful in improving the nutritional status of people as a part of Sustainable Development Goals of UN as the bread is a common food item of the poor also. Objective: Bread is the common food of all people throughout the world and wheat flour the most abundant component that contain high quantity of gluten and is deficient in balanced nutrients. The purpose of this study was to develop highly nutritious multi-grain bread to fight with malnutrition as a part of Sustainable Development Goal-3 of UN. Methodology: Composite flour containing equal amounts of soybean, finger millet and flax seed was prepared. The bread was prepared using different combinations of wheat flour with 10, 15, 20 and 25% composite flour. Physio-chemical and sensory properties of wheat flour (control) and different combinations with composite flour were measured using standard parameters and protocol. Results: The nutritional, sensory, and physical attributes of the multigrain bread when compared with a control wheat flour loaf, revealed that the bread fortified with a 10% composite flour mixture possessed similar expansion, specific volume, color, and crumb hardness with that of control wheat flour bread but showed enhanced nutritional value. The data further revealed that the supplementation of bread with 10% composite flour blend led to a discernible increase in levels of dietary fiber and proteins. These augmented nutritional components may contribute to the overall health benefits of multigrain bread.

Simulated Digestion of Red Sea Cucumber (Parastichopus tremulus): A Study of Protein Quality and Antioxidant Activity

Sea cucumbers from unharvested areas, are underutilized resources which may have the potential to become a future food resource. The aim of this study was to evaluate protein quality and investigate the changes in antioxidant activity from frozen and freeze-dried red sea cucumber (Parastichopus tremulus) subjected to digestion, using an in vitro digestion model. P. tremulus constituted high moisture content (90%), comparable protein (4%) and ash (4%) content, and low lipid (1%) content. The biochemical components in freeze-dried samples were largely retained during the freeze-drying process. Frozen samples showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity compared to freeze-dried samples (calculated on a dry weight basis). The quantity of essential amino acids was high (31%) and corresponds to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reference protein. Frozen samples showed an increase in antioxidant activity during digestion measured by three different antioxidant assays. Freeze-dried samples only showed an increase in one of the antioxidant assays. Correlations (p < 0.05) were found between specific free amino acids and antioxidant activity. The amount of free amino acids exceeded the threshold to taste bitter, umami, sour, and sweet flavors. This study showed that P. tremulus constitutes good protein quality, performed antioxidant activity, and has the potential to be used as a flavor-enhancing ingredient.

Utility of by‐products of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as feed ingredients for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

AbstractProjected growth in insect production as alternative feedstuffs will yield novel by‐products that are potentially valuable for aquafeed applications. We analyzed the nutrient composition of three by‐products occurring from black soldier fly larvae production (exuvia, cocoon, imago) and the bioavailability of key nutrients for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Protein accounted for 317 g kg−1 in exuviae, 433 g kg−1 in cocoons, and up to 521 g kg−1 in adult flies (imagines). Considerable amounts of essential amino acids were detected in imago meal, which significantly matched the ideal dietary amino acid composition for penaeid shrimp (r2 = 0.66, p = 0.0076). Exuviae and cocoons contained moderate amounts of lipids (64–140 g kg−1), while imagines comprised 356 g kg−1 total lipid. Saturated fatty acids predominated in all insect materials (47%–83% of total fatty acids). Chitin concentration was highest in cocoons and exuviae (154 and 139 g kg−1) and low in imagines (51 g kg−1). A feeding trial with shrimp, L vannamei, revealed apparent digestibility coefficients of 20%–59% for protein, 24%–54% for energy, 25%–49% for carbon, and 27%–68% for copper. Defatting of imago meal increased the digestibility of protein, energy, and carbon by 77%, 64%, and 61%, respectively. Defatted imago meal can serve as a protein supplement for shrimp diets.

Effect of Food Waste on The Growth Performance, Waste Reduction Efficiency and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

The rate of solid waste generation, especially in Malaysia, has become one of the major concerns for environmental and public health issues. Food waste accounts for the highest percentage of solid waste that ends up in landfills. Due to the living nature of humans and their involvement in agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities, the disposal of food waste happens on a regular basis. Due to the absence of an incineration plant, these wastes are commonly sent into landfills which are considered to be the most cost-effective method for disposal. Nevertheless, consideration for an alternative disposal method such as composting shall not be ruled out entirely. One of the established methods for composting food waste is the utilization of the larvae of the Black Soldier Fly. A study was conducted to assess the growth and nutritional composition, waste reduction capacity and nutritional composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) reared on food waste. We found that the larvae reared with the food waste and effective microorganism (EM), LFWEM (BSFL reared with a mixture of food waste and effective microorganisms), have a slightly better relative growth rate (2.66 ± 0.35 day-1) compared to larvae reared with only food waste (2.44 ± 0.17 day-1). The waste reduction index was higher in the LFWEM group (5.36 ± 0.18 g/day) compared to the control group, LFC (BSFL reared with chicken feed) (4.85 ± 0.03 g/day) and the LFW (BSFL reared with food waste) group (5.13 ± 0.17 g/day). The nutritional composition of the BSFL reared using food waste shows some potential as it surpasses some of the amount of essential amino acids including Arginine, Histidine, Threonine and Valine, found in the commercially available animal feeds. This finding serves as a baseline to propose potential replacements for animal protein by using BSFL reared with food waste.

The Effect of Dietary Protein Hydrolysate from Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Schizochytrium on Palatability, Nutrient Metabolites and Health Status in Beagle Dogs.

Protein hydrolysate from black soldier fly larvae (BSFP) has garnered great attention with its lower allergenicity, high amount of essential amino acids, and small bioactive peptides. Schizochytrium is a promising alternative source of n-3 FUFA because it has enriched docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6). The aim of this study was to assess palatability, the presence of diarrhea, plasma biochemistry panels, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and immune function in beagle dogs when supplementing a mixture of protein hydrolysate from black soldier fly larvae and schizochytrium (BSFPs) into their diets. Experiment I: 24 young beagle dogs (16 males and 8 females; 4-5 months; BW: 6.40 ± 0.15 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control (CON), (2) 5% BSFPs, (3) 10% BSFPs, (4) 15% BSFPs. Their body weights and fecal scores were recorded, and blood samples were collected for analysis. Experiment II: three diets containing 5%, 10%, and 15% BSFPs were evaluated by comparing them with a basal diet (CON) to evaluate palatability. These results suggested that a lower presence of diarrhea existed in the BSFP diet than the CON diet (p < 0.05). Three treatment groups remarkably increased their total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) contents and decreased their concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in plasma (p < 0.05). Moreover, the 5% and 15% BSFPs groups had a higher calcium (CA) content in plasma, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and contents of creatinine (CREA) and urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly reduced by supplementing BSFP in their diets (p < 0.05). Their anti-oxidative enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were dramatically enhanced, and their malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were remarkably reduced (p < 0.05). Immunoglobulin A and G (IgA and IgG) concentrations in the plasma in the 10% and 15% BSFPs groups were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lower interleukin-8 (IL-8) contents were shown in the BSFP diets than the CON diet (p < 0.05). Similarly, the diets supplemented with BSFPs exhibited a positive effect on palatability (p < 0.05). To sum up, the diets supplemented with BSFPs significantly enhanced palatability, immune function, and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity to alleviate diarrhea and improve the general health of the beagle dogs.

Review on Pretreatment Techniques of Grass Pea Seeds for Reduction of Antinutritional Factors and β-Diaminopropionic (β-ODAP) Contents from Seeds

Grass peas are one of the most nutritious foods and are widely harvested and consumed in many developing countries. They are an inexpensive source of protein and contain large amounts of essential amino acids. The potential of grass peas to improve food security, nutrition and household income generation remains largely untapped. However, the naturally occurring amino acid β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) leads to limited neurotoxic activity. Lathyrus sativus β-ODAP exists in two isomers (α and β isomers) in nature. The α isomer accounts for approximately 5% of the total ODAP content and is less toxic, but the β isomer is also more toxic. Decreased β-ODAP levels through food processing such as overnight soaking, cooking bean sprouts, fermentation, and roasting. Most food pretreatment processing methods can effectively improve the nutritional quality of grass bean grains and reduce anti-nutritional factors. Grass peas, a variety of traditionally treated seeds, serve as a staple food for poor farmers in countries such as Ethiopia and are primarily consumed during times of drought and famine. Grass pea seeds are valued as a nutritious staple food and feed plant mainly due to their high protein content.

Enhancing chicken breast meat quality through ultrasonication: Physicochemical, palatability, and amino acid profiles

Ultrasonication, a technology that employs high-frequency sound waves, has demonstrated potential for modifying the properties of various food items. However, the effect of ultrasonication on chicken meat, particularly concerning amino acid composition and flavor enhancement, has not been sufficiently investigated. The objective of this research was to bridge the gap in the literature by exploring the impact of various ultrasonic treatments at varying power levels (300, 500, and 800 W) and durations (10 and 30 min) on the physicochemical characteristics, texture, and amino acid profile of chicken breast meat, with a focus on improving its palatability and flavor. The results indicated that ultrasonication reduced the pH and cooking loss, as well as hardness and chewiness while simultaneously increasing lightness and yellowness values of chicken breast meat. Moreover, ultrasonication enhanced the amounts of essential amino acids, including glutamic acid, alanine, and glycine as well as the free amino acid content, which gives meat its savory and umami flavor. Furthermore, the results demonstrated significant changes in the texture and structure, as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and in chemical makeup of chicken breast meat, as indicated by the FTIR spectra. These modifications in the molecular and microstructural characteristics of meat, as induced by ultrasonication, may contribute to the enhancement of tenderness, juiciness, and overall palatability.

Effectiveness evaluation of the infl uence of protein concentrates on the chemical composition of fish meat

Due to the high demand, cost, growing shortage and low quality of fi sh-meal, there is a constant search for affordable alternative feed raw materials in feeding aquaculture fi shing grounds. The use of high-protein products of plant origin is the most effective option for replacing fi sh-meal in fi sh feed. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the eff ectiveness of the infl uence of protein concentrates on the chemical composition of rainbow trout meat. Testing of compound feed for rainbow trout, the formulation of which included high-protein feed concentrates, was carried out on the basis of IP Kalmykova I. O. and under the conditions of the Research Center “Breeding valuable sturgeon breeds” at the Volgograd State Agrarian University. It was found on base of the results obtained that more intensive growth was observed in the groups in which the mustard protein-containing feed concentrate Gorlinka was introduced into the feed formulation with partial or complete replacement of sunfl ower meal. Here, the increase in the total and average daily live weight gain was noted by 2,83–6,93 % and by 1,62–1,68 %. The use of the Agro-Matic concentrate during the period of the experiment had a positive eff ect on the growth dynamics of rainbow trout, increasing productivity indicators. Thus, live weight indicators increased by 1,29–4,15 %, daily gain indicators increased by 1,44–4,46 % relative to individuals receiving compound feed with fi sh-meal. When studying the chemical composition of trout meat with the addition of Gorlinka concentrate to the feed formulation in the experimental groups, the increase in protein content was revealed by 0,13–0,41 abs.%, inorganic matter by 0,04–0,12 abs.%, also the total amount of amino acids increased by 0,18–0,46 abs.%, while the fat content on the contrary decreased by 0,05–0,17 abs.% compared to the control. In the experimental trout groups, when introducing the Agro-Matic protein concentrate into the diet instead of fi shmeal the protein content increased by 0,03–0,40 abs.%, inorganic matter by 0,08–0,24 abs.%, total amino acids increased by 0,11–0,58 abs.%, there was a slight decrease in the amount of fat by 0,10–0,36 abs.% compared to the 1st control group. The use of protein concentrates has a positive eff ect on the qualitative composition of the muscle tissue of rainbow trout by increasing the protein content and the amount of essential amino acids in the muscle tissue of individuals surpassing the 1st control group in key indicators.

Эффективность применения кормовых добавок в птицеводстве

This article presents data on the use of feed additives in the diet of laying hens based on a 55 % water-oil emulsion of fish oil and flaxseed oil, produced by Firm A-BIO LLC, Moscow. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, in the experiment we used laying hens at 120 days of age purchased from Mayskie Prostori LLC, the birds were kept in a three-tier cage with six heads per tier, fed and watered freely, used PK1 compound feed for breeding laying hens 21–47 weeks in accordance with GOST 18221-98. The use of feed additives based on a 55 % water-oil emulsion of fish oil and flaxseed oil in the diet of laying hens contributed to an increase in the amount of essential amino acids in the first experimental group by 1.02 % and in the second, experimental group by 0,72 %, essential amino acids by 2,0 % in the first experimental group and by 1,7 % in the second experimental group in relation to the control. We noted an increase in the weight of one egg in the experimental groups in the first experimental group by 5,2 % and in the second experimental group by 3,5 % relative to the control group; we also noted an increase in the weight of eggs without shell in the first experimental group by 4,3 % and in the second experimental group by 4,7 % compared to the control. According to the results of the tasting assessment of eggs, we did not notice any foreign odor or taste in chicken eggs that were fed with a water-oil emulsion of fish oil; according to the tasting assessment, eggs from all groups were rated on a 5,0 point scale.

Analysis and Evaluation of Muscle Quality in Different Parts of the Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis).

In this study, the bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was the object of research to compare and analyze the contents of conventional nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, inosinic acid, and earthy-smelling compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) in muscles of its dorsal, belly, tail, opercula, eye socket, and mandible in order to evaluate their quality. The findings could inform recommendations for the consumption and processing of different muscle parts of the bighead carp. The results showed that the water content in the abdominal muscle was significantly lower than that in other parts, and the crude fat content was significantly higher than that in other parts (p < 0.05, the same below). Seventeen kinds of amino acids were detected in the muscles of the six parts of the fish, and the dorsal muscles had the highest umami amino acids, essential amino acids and total amino acids, which were 6.45 g/100 g, 6.82 g/100 g and 17.26 g/100 g, respectively. The total amount of essential amino acids in the muscle was higher than that in the FAO/WHO standard model. According to the AAS standard, the first limiting amino acid in the muscle of the six parts was valine (Val). There were 26 kinds of fatty acids in the abdomen, under the gill cover and in the eye socket muscles, and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mandibular muscles was the highest (45.41%). The content of inosine in the dorsal muscle was significantly higher than that in other parts. Geosmin was the main substance in the muscle. There was no correlation between the distribution of earthy-smelling compounds and fat content, but the content of earthy-smelling compounds in the muscle of the belly and eye socket was the highest. Therefore, the muscle quality of different parts of the bighead carp has its own characteristics, and targeted development and utilization can make more efficient use of bighead carp resources.

Empowering kids with Millet

Nutrition is the key component of health and development in which millets play a vital role as they are the major source of energy and nutrient powerhouse rich in protein, fiber, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, potassium and manganese. Millets are diverse species of small-seeded grasses that are commonly cultivated as cereal grains for human and animal nourishment around the world. Most of the species which are commonly referred to as millets belong to the Poaceae or Graminaeae family i.e., the grass family. Typical millet protein contains a high quantity of essential amino acids especially the Sulphur-containing amino acids i.e., methionine and cysteine. They are a source of antioxidants, such as phenolic acids and glycated flavonoids. Millet foods are characterized to be potential prebiotics and can enhance the viability or functionality of probiotics with significant health benefits. It possesses Madhur Kashay Rasa, Katu Vipaka and Ushan Virya and is Kapha Vata Shamak.[1] Due to its Brihaniya property it is useful in malnutrition, on the contrary due to its Laghu, Ruksha Guna and Vilekhana Karma it can be used in obesity. The article reviews millets and their importance in children.

Immunosuppression in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Introduction: Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHmut) enzymes 1 and 2 are prevalent in a diverse array of human malignancies, including melanoma, glioma, acute immunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML,15-20% of patients). IDHmut enzymes produce R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG), an oncometabolite with immunomodulatory capability (Notarangelo et al, Science 2022). Immunotherapies in AML outside of allogeneic stem cell transplantation have proven to be largely ineffective, possibly due to immune evasion mechanisms intrinsic to myeloid malignancies. Herein, we aim to characterize the immune repertoire in IDHmut AML patients at the time of diagnosis, as well as the mechanisms by which R-2-HG may suppress immune cell function. Methods: The immune repertoire in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, n=10) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs, n=8) of IDHmut AML patients were characterized using full spectrum flow cytometry to evaluate 30 different immune cell markers. T cell activation (CD25, CD69, CD40L, CD134), exhaustion (PD-1, CTLA-4, Lag-3, Tim-3), differentiation (Foxp3, CXCR3, CCR4, CCR6), and memory (CD45RA, CCR7, CD28, CD95) markers were assessed. IDH wild-type (IDHwt) AML PBMCs (n=4), BMMCs (n=12) and healthy volunteer PBMCs (n=6) and BMMCs (n=3) were used as controls. To investigate the effects of R-2-HG on CD4 + T cell activation, primary human naïve CD4 + T cells (CD4 +, CD45RA +) were isolated from healthy donors and activated (anti-CD3/CD28) in the presence of R-2-HG (20 mM) or PBS control. Activation, proliferation and cytokine production were assessed with flow cytometry, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and LEGENDplex at 4, 8, 24 and 72 hrs. The OT-II transgenic mouse model was used to assess antigen-specific T cell activation. T cell metabolism at rest and after activation in the presence of R-2-HG was evaluated using SCENITH (Argüello et al, Cell Metab 2021) and 13C 6-glucose isotope labeling coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) performed by the UCLA Metabolomics Center. Results: Full-spectrum flow cytometry analysis revealed a trend for higher CD4:CD8T cell ratio in AML BMMCs (fold=1.95, p=0.229) as well as increased CD4 + T cell activation and exhaustion markers compared to healthy donor BMMCs. No appreciable differences in CD4 + T cell markers were found between IDHwt AML and IDHmut AML, likely due to AML heterogeneity and small sample size. Nevertheless, our preliminary results suggest CD4 + T cell engagement in AML; thus, we chose to investigate how CD4 + T cells are affected by R-2-HG. Primary human naïve CD4 + T cells activated in the presence of R-2-HG exhibited a defect in early activation demonstrated by decreased CD69 expression (n=7, fold=0.773, p=0.001) and concomitant decreased production of IL-2 measured by ICS (n=7, fold=0.403, p=0.0001) and LEGENDplex (n=3, fold=0.557, p=0.046). Proliferation in the presence of R-2-HG was inhibited in a dose dependent manner (n=6, Division Index fold change=0.768, p=0.006 at 20mM). Antigen-specific OT-II CD4 + T cells showed a decrease in proliferation in response to OVA 323-339 (n=3, Division Index fold change=0.620, p=0.004). Given R-2-HG's structural similarity to α-ketoglutarate (αKG), we hypothesized that disruption in CD4 + T cell activation when cultured with R-2-HG may be due to metabolic dysfunction. Indeed, we found a decrease in global metabolism in CD4 + T cells cultured with R-2-HG (fold = 0.678, p = 0.009). MS revealed decreased levels of succinate and malate downstream and accumulation of αKG upstream of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) in the tricyclic acid (TCA) cycle, suggesting a defect in TCA flux (fold succinate / αKG ratio =0.134 unactivated, p = 0.029; 0.231 4h activation, p = 0.012; 0.328 24h activation, p = 0.004; Figure 1). Moreover, MS also showed increased amounts of essential amino acids (Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val, His; Figure 2), suggesting a compensatory reliance on amino acid import and metabolism. Conclusions: By characterizing primary AML samples at diagnosis, we found trending increases in CD4:CD8 ratio and expression of CD4 + T cell activation and exhaustion markers compared to healthy controls. We also demonstrate R-2-HG suppression of CD4 + T cells, potentially via inhibition of KGDH in the TCA cycle. Our studies show R-2-HG in IDHmut tumors can modulate CD4 + T cell function and contribute to immune escape in human AML.

Determination of the fractional composition of the green mass of amaranth

Meeting the population's needs with high-quality food products is one of the main objectives of agricultural policy. Due to the high import dependence in feed production, the development of new domestic high-protein feed additives that ensure the production of high-quality, dietary and biosafe products is a current area of research. Recently, much attention has been paid to expanding the range of feed crops and obtaining cheaper, competitive poultry products. The leading place among high-protein fodder grasses used to obtain vitamin-grass meal is occupied by alfalfa and clover. In this regard, the work carried out a comparative analysis of the fractional composition of amaranth phytomass in comparison with alfalfa and clover. It has been established that amaranth is not inferior in the amount of nutrients to traditional types of high-protein fodder grasses used to obtain vitamin-herbal flour. The green mass of amaranth is characterized by a high content of crude protein (14.89%), fat (4.33%), and ash (11.15%). In terms of the amount of essential amino acids, amaranth protein is close to an ideal protein, and in terms of the content of arginine (4.52%) and lysine (0.72%) it exceeds these indicators for alfalfa and clover proteins. Thus, a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the green mass of amaranth, alfalfa and clover showed that amaranth is not inferior to traditional types of forage high-protein grasses in terms of the amount of nutritional components; the protein has a more balanced amino acid composition, close to ideal protein, which characterizes the green mass of amaranth as a promising raw material for producing a high-protein feed additive for quail.

Proximate Composition and Physicochemical Properties of &lt;i&gt;Hyptis spicigera&lt;/i&gt; Seed and Oil

The plant Hyptis spicigera is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat ailments such as headaches, and colds, and has been used as insects’ repellent. The seeds contain significant amount of lipids. There appears to be few reports of the chemical composition ofthe seeds of H. spicigera. Therefore, proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fibre, lipid, and carbohydrate contents) of the seeds of local H. spicigera and physicochemical characteristics (colour, odour, pH, refractive index, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponification value) of Soxhlet extracted oil were determined in. The results showed the seeds to have moisture (3.50±0.5%), ash (5.33±0.76%), lipids (59.00±0.73 %), protein (20.56±0.22 %), carbohydrate (7.36±0.14%), fibre (4.25±0.78 %) and significant amounts (g/100 g protein) of 10 essential amino acids and vitamin E (1.32±0.05mg/g). The seed oil was liquid at 25 oC (room temparature), amber with unobjectionable odour, pH of 6.32±0.21, RI 1.73±0.80, acid value 10.53 ± 0.13 mg/g, iodine value of 11.07 ± 0.14 gI2/g, peroxide value of 50 ± 1.0 mEq/kg and saponification value of 176.4 ± 10.7 mgKOH/g. The results suggest H. spicigera seed contains an appreciable amount of essential amino acids and its oil could be consumed, used in industry for soap making and biodiesel production.

Efficient bioremediation of distillery and dairy wastewaters: A three-stage biorefinery for high-quality aquaculture feed and bioenergy generation

The present study is motivated by the need to address the environmental issues related to dairy and ethanol plant wastewaters and to generate valuable products, including mycoprotein and bioenergy, through a novel three-phase fungi-based biorefinery. In the initial phase of the biorefining process, the cultivation conditions of Aspergillus oryzae were optimized. The objective was to maximize mycoprotein production using wastewater as a resource. The effluent generated during the first phase of the biorefinery underwent the second phase, where it was subjected to cultivation with Neurospora intermedia. In the third phase, the effluent obtained from the fungal growth underwent anaerobic digestion as a final treatment step, producing 306 NmL methane/g VS. This three-phase biorefinery contributed to a remarkable reduction in the chemical oxygen demand level of the wastewater by 56.8%, 11.6%, and 28.1% in each respective phase. Overall, the three-phase biorefinery process yielded promising results, generating 17.8 kg of mycoprotein and 5.0 Nm3 of biomethane per cubic meter of wastewater. The mycoprotein obtained through this process contains noteworthy quantities of essential amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals. These characteristics open up opportunities for substituting conventional feed in aquaculture with the produced mycoprotein.

Development of the formula of meat and vegetable canned lamb

Canned meat and meat-growing products are one of the most popular meat products among consumers and as a result, the range of canned products of this type is very diverse. Modern consumers are more conscious in the choice of food and prefer products with functional properties at the same time high organoleptic indicators, which accordingly affects the market demand. The purpose of our research is to use the response surface method to optimize the amount of mash and lamb in canned meat. Using the surface response method ("Design Expert", Stat-Ease Inc., USA), the added amount of mash and mutton was optimized to obtain the final product with the maximum protein content, the amount of essential amino acids, polyphenols and with a minimum fat content. The calculated optimal amount for masha is 40%, for lamb – 30%, the corresponding protein index is 26.986%, the content of polyphenols is 0.54%, the fat content is 24%. The results of the conducted studies suggest that the use of mash and mutton in the production of canned meat makes it possible to obtain a product with high quality characteristics.

KEGIATAN SOSIALISASI “GEMAR MAKAN IKAN” DAN PENGENALAN PRODUK PERIKANAN PADA ANAK USIA DINI, DESA PEMUTERAN, KECAMATAN GEROKGAK, BALI

Indonesia as a maritime country has an abundance of fish diversity. Although fish production is abundant, the level of fish consumption is declining. Fish is a source of high quality protein. Protein in fish has a complete composition and amount of essential amino acids. The fisheries and maritime sector supports the movement program to popularize eating fish (Gemarikan) designed by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries to become a national movement. This activity aims to increase knowledge and understanding as well as preventive action on the importance of the benefits of eating fish from an early age because of the many nutrients found in fish which are very useful for the growth and intelligence of children's brains and bone growth. This service activity is carried out using the counseling method and the introduction of fishery products. There are several stages in this activity starting from preparation, this stage is in the form of coordination regarding the place where the presentation of the material will be carried out, and operational preparation in the form of an application for permission to carry out socialization activities. Making rambutan shrimp products, presenting materials and distributing products.

Production of Bacillus subtillis protein mass on the microbial mass of Methylococcus capsulatus

The growing demand for food of animal origin has contributed to the annual increase in the agricultural population of productive animals in the world, which in turn has led to a significant shortage of feeds and an increase in their cost. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore the qualitative composition of feed products obtained by culturing methanotrophic microorganisms Methylococcus capsulatus with probiotic bacteria Bacillus subtillis. Arbitrage methods for determining the quality of feeds, which are regulated by regulatory documents (ISO), were used in the research. The results of the research demonstrate that the protein product obtained by growing Methylococcus capsulatus culture has a high content of “crude” protein at the level of 60.9%, which corresponds to high-protein feeds of animal origin by its technical characteristics. The addition of probiotic microorganisms Bacillus subtillis to the medium for cultivation significantly improved the qualitative parameters of the synthesised protein by increasing by 1.5% the amount of essential amino acids, increasing by 3.8% fatty acids and increasing the concentration of calcium and phosphorus. The increase in the concentration of lysine, isoleucine, valine and asparagic acid, due to the cocultivation of two microorganisms allowed increasing their nutritional value for cattle since these amino acids are the most demanded in ruminant diets when using corn silage and other plant feeds. The addition of Bacillus subtillis culture allowed reducing the content of “crude” fibre and improving its biological characteristics by changing the microbiological composition of the obtained product. In the future, the biotechnological method of obtaining feed protein for animals will reduce the dependence of animal breeding on the cultivation of fodder crops and weather conditions

Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Different Soybean and Pea Varieties: Their Use in Balanced Diets for Different Pathologies

Among the cultivated plants of great interest at the planetary level, soy and pea can be highlighted. Soy represents a major source of protein and oil, with exceptional and widely accepted qualities in most cultures and religions. It is also a very good substitute for animal protein, having significant amounts of essential amino acids. Peas, although less cultivated than soybeans, contain large amounts of protein and carbohydrates, and they are also a source of food used in many diets due to their high nutritional content. The present study focuses on the nutrient composition analysis of five soybean varieties and four pea varieties grown in Romania for their use in food in the most efficient way. Protein dosage was carried out using Bradford and Kjeldahl methods, and the amino acids were dosed using gas chromatography. It was demonstrated that the analyzed varieties are rich in nutrients with different content depending on their type. Among the soybean hybrid varieties analyzed, the beans from the early Ovidiu F type and the semi-early Anduța F stood out for their increased content of lipids (23.28%) and proteins with increased biological value, and in the case of the pea beans, those from the Evelina F (22.21%) varieties of the Afila and Spectral F autumn types presented the highest content of proteins (21.06%) and essential amino acids (16.87%). All the obtained results offer a theoretical foundation for the advanced and balanced application of different varieties of soybean and pea bean in a balanced diet.

Nutritional profiling and quantitative analysis of amino acids and vitamins using LC–MS/MS in selected raw and germinated ancient grains

AbstractBackgroundAncient grains are grains that have remained unchanged over the past decades. Among them, millets and pseudocereals are highly nutritious underutilized grains that are gluten free. The present study compares the nutritional composition of nine important ancient grains in its raw and germinated forms.ResultsAmong the grains studied, amaranth had the highest protein content (14.52%), followed by proso (13.04%) and foxtail millets (12.78%). Amino acid analysis was carried out using LC–MS/MS. Besides amaranth, barnyard, pearl, and proso millets contained considerable amount of essential amino acids. The lysine content of sorghum has increased four folds during germination. Valine, histidine, and glutamic acid contents increased marginally upon sprouting. These grains were also found to contain significant amount of B complex vitamins. The ascorbic acid content of the grains increased considerably upon germination especially in foxtail millet (78.03–30452.90 ng/g).ConclusionThe present study is the first comparative study that has brought out the distinct nutritional superiority of the ancient grains in their raw and germinated forms. These gluten‐free grains can be utilized to improve the nutritional demand and food security of the growing population.