Amount Of Endogenous Protein Research Articles

The effect of feeding level and physiological status on total flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the distal ileum in swine.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of BW, feed intake, and the physiological condition of the animal on the loss and amino acid composition of endogenous protein in swine. Ten growing barrows and five multiparous sows were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum for digesta collection. A protein-free diet was fed to all animals. The barrows were given free access to the experimental diet. The sows also were allowed to consume the diet on an ad libitum basis, and digesta were collected during lactation and in the following gestation period. In addition, digesta from the gravid sows were collected after restricting the sows to 2 kg of feed per day. For each animal group, the endogenous losses of protein and amino acids were calculated in relation to DMI, and the amino acid composition of endogenous protein was calculated. The total endogenous gut protein loss at the distal ileum of growing pigs, lactating sows, and gestating sows, given free access to feed, was 12.4, 9.4, and 11.2 g/kg DMI, respectively. These values were not different (P > .10). However, when gestating sows were fed only 2 kg/d, 17.8 g of endogenous protein was lost per kilogram of DMI, which was higher (P < .05) than for any of the other groups. This difference was mainly caused by higher (P < .05) losses of glycine, proline, and serine. There were no differences (P > .05) in amino acid composition of endogenous protein between growing pigs, lactating sows, and gestating sows given free access to feed, but restricted-fed gestating sows had an amino acid composition of endogenous protein that was significantly different from that of the other groups. The results from the experiment showed that age, BW, and the physiological condition of the animal have little or no effect on the amount of endogenous protein and amino acids lost at the distal ileum of hogs if calculated in relation to DMI. Likewise, the amino acid composition was not affected by the BW or physiological condition of the animal. However, DMI had a significant effect on endogenous protein losses in sows as well as on amino acid composition of endogenous protein.

Nutritional evaluation of biologically treated white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in pigs: ileal and amino acid digestibility.

We studied the effect of feeding young growing pigs a semisynthetic diet containing 7.5% white kidney beans-germinated (GB), pancreatin treated (PTB), or untreated (raw beans RB)--on protein and amino acid (AA) digestibilities at the terminal ileum. Eleven castrated male pigs (12.2 kg live weight) fitted with a post-valve T-cecal cannula and two blood catheters were used. The 15N-isotope dilution method was used to determine the amount of endogenous protein passing the terminal ileum and the true ileal protein digestibility. Ileal crude protein losses in pigs fed the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 51.9, 27.4, and 51.1 g/kg of DMI, respectively. The total amounts of AA passing the terminal ileum of the pigs fed the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 48.6, 21.4, and 42.2 g/kg DMI, respectively. The apparent ileal crude protein and AA digestibilities of the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 74, 87, and 75% and 76, 89, and 78%, respectively. True ileal protein digestibilities were 88, 93, and 93% for the RB, GB, and PTB diets, respectively. On the basis of this research, germination of white kidney beans improves the digestion of protein by decreasing the content of bean antinutritional factors and increasing the bean true ileal protein digestibility.

Dietary Influences on Endogenous Ileal Protein and Amino Acid Loss in the Pig—A Review

Abstract The basis for using determined values of endogenous ileal protein and amino acid losses in the protein evaluation of pig feeds is reviewed. The amounts of endogenous protein and amino acids in ileal digesta may be determined by numerous methods. These include N-free diets, regression analysis, enzyme hydrolysed casein (EHC) coupled with ultra-filtration, modifying lysine to homoarginine, isotope dilution techniques and calculations based on the difference between the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of protein and amino acids. Endogenous ileal protein loss seems to be influenced primarily by dietary dry matter intake and secondarily by the composition of the diet and can be divided into a basal and an extra loss. The basal loss after ingestion of experimental N-free diets is 10-15 kg−1 DM intake, but, under more physiologically normal conditions when protein-containing diets are ingested, the basal loss seems to be about 20 g kg−1 DM intake. When vegetable feedstuffs are ingested there is often an extra loss specifically induced by the presence of dietary fibre and/or antinutritional factors (ANFs), resulting in total losses that are typically in the range of 20 to 40 g kg−1 DM intake. The amino acid composition of endogenous protein is relatively constant for different diets and methods of determination and seems not to be influenced significantly by the amount of loss and liveweight of pig. For practical purposes, and lacking evidence to the contrary, the composition can be considered to be constant and the following general composition (g per 160 g N) of essential amino acids is pro posed: lysine 30, methionine 10, cystine 16, threonine 45, tryptophan 12, isoleucine 25, leucine 40, histidine 15, phenylalanine 30, tyrosine 20, valine 35. The composition is, compared with ideal protein and most feedstuffs, characterized by a relatively low contribution of all essential amino acids, except threonine, cystine and tryptophan.

Real ileal protein and amino acid digestibilities in feedstuffs for growing pigs as determined with the 15N-isotope dilution technique

Twelve gilts, with an average initial BW of 38 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and two catheters in the external jugular veins. The animals were fed 700 g of one of the experimental diets, twice daily at 0800 and 2000. Diets 1 and 2 were cornstarch-based diets formulated to contain 16% CP from soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Diets 3 and 4 contained 93.9% wheat and barley, respectively. Chromic oxide was included to determine nutrient digestibilities. Following recovery from surgery, 15N-leucine was infused continuously via a jugular catheter for 9 d at a rate of 40 mg.kg BW-1.d-1. Blood samples were taken at every feeding. Ileal digesta were collected for 24 h on d 7 and 9 of the infusion period. Assuming that the 15N-enrichment excess in the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the blood was similar to that in endogenous N, the contribution of endogenous to total N in ileal digesta was calculated. The amount of endogenous protein (N x 6.25) recovered in digesta collected from the distal ileum were 25.5, 30.5, 27.4 and 27.7 g/kg DM intake for the pigs fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. In the same order for the diets, the real ileal protein digestibilities were 97.5, 84.1, 99.0 and 94.2%, respectively. In addition, the real ileal amino acid digestibilities were calculated. The recoveries of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and the real ileal protein and amino acid digestibilities were higher than those determined by feeding protein-free diets for determining the recovery of endogenous protein and amino acids in ileal digesta.

Kinetics and Specificity of Transfer of Immunoglobulin G and Serum Albumin across Rabbit Yolk Sac in Utero

Abstract The kinetics and specificity of yolk sac transfer of IgG and of serum albumin in vivo, from mother to fetus in the rabbit, were studied by uterine intraluminal administration of 125I-IgG and 125I-serum albumin (125I-RSA). Methodologic and biologic factors were investigated to assess their effects on the quality of experimental transfer data. The observed range in the data could not be ascribed to problems related to temperature or time of experimental manipulation nor to a failure to extract completely labeled protein from fetal tissue. Metabolic degradation of the labeled proteins was also ruled out as a cause for the observed variation in the data. Factors markedly influencing transfer data and requiring correction include: a) the failure to achieve a uniform distribution of administered protein among the fetuses in a horn, when material was injected through the fallopian tube and cervical canal of the uterine horn, and b) differences in the amounts of endogenous protein in the uterine horns of different rabbits and in the horns of a given rabbit. The influence of the first two was minimized by modifying the surgical techniques so that we could study transfer of the separate fetuses. The problems due to the second factor were corrected by use of a “dilution factor.” The transfer reaction of IgG and of serum albumin was shown to follow zero order kinetics. Competition experiments indicated that independent recognition sites on the fetal yolk sac membrane are involved in the transport of each protein. When the observed transfer data were corrected for dilution by endogenous uterine IgG and serum albumin, a preference for the transfer of 125I-RSA over 125I-IgG was seen in most cases. There is no evidence for a mandatory requirement for a carbohydrate moiety for transfer of protein in this model. A generalized hypothesis is presented for the materno-fetal (or neonate) passive transfer of IgG, based on ontogenetic and morphologic similarities of the membranes involved in the transfer.

Protein Content of Seed: Increase Improves Growth and Yield

Oat seeds with a higher protein content as a result of chemical applications in 1967 yielded 21 to 42 percent more grain in 1968. Wheat seed, whether from Michigan, Illinois, or Mexico, that contained more protein as a result of field applications of chemicals or nitrogen developed into larger seedlings. The content of protein in the seed correlated with subsequent growth and yield, indicating that the amount of endogenous protein or of a proteinaceous moiety, which can be controlled, may be an important factor in subsequent yield of major agronomic crops.