Amount Of Crude Protein Research Articles

Comparison of nutrient composition and potential feed value of different cakes obtained by cold pressed method

This study aimed to determine nutrient composition and chemical properties of some cakes obtained by cold pressed method proposed as alternative protein sources, and to reveal their usability in animal feeding. The feed materials used in this study are safflower, black cumin (e and m), flaxseed (e and m), carrot seed, walnut, hempseed, and camelina seed cakes. The proximate analysis, metabolic energies, total phenolic content, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of these cakes were determined and compared. The average percentage nutrients content of the cakes varies from 95.8 (walnut cake) to 91.9 (flaxseed cake e) for dry matter, from 13.1 (carrot seed) to 3.9 (safflower cake) for crude ash, from 23.5 (flaxseed e cake) to 5.5 (hempseed cake) for ether extract, from 46.8 (flaxseed cake m) to 20.0 (safflower cake) for crude protein, from 45.4 (walnut meal) to 21.9 (safflower cake) for nitrogen-free extract, and from 9.4 (flaxseed m) to 2.2 (safflower cake) for sugar. Starch content was below detectable level in all feed samples. The highest crude fiber was at 37.1, NDF at 52.7, and ADF at 40.4 were found in safflower cake. The highest metabolic energies for poultry (12.8 Mcal kg-1) and for ruminants (14.01 Mcal kg-1) were obtained from black cumin seed cake (e). The highest total flavonoid content (3.15 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (2.64 mg QE/g) were found in walnut cake. The antioxidant activity (%) varied from 31.3 for black cumin seed cake (m) to 6.7 for camelina seed cake. Considering the high amount of crude protein (>20%) in the investigated cakes, it is concluded that they can be recommended as alternative protein sources for feeding livestock.

Decorticated and non-decorticated BARI lentil varieties: An ample source of essential nutrients, minerals and bioactive compounds

BARI lentils play an important role in Bangladesh for providing essential nutrients to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Hence, the objective of the study was to explore the nutritional, mineral, and bioactive compounds analysis of the selected varieties under different milling conditions. Results exhibited that a significant number of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (15.29 mg/100 g), ß-carotene (142.16 mg/100 g), total carotenoid (67.49 mg/100 g), anthocyanin (1.35 mg/100 g), and total phenolic compounds (20.72 mg GAE/100 g) were plentiful in non-decorticated lentil. In contrast, the non-significant amount of ascorbic acid (4.52 mg/100 g), ß-carotene (64.65 mg/100 g), total carotenoid (11.65 mg/100 g), anthocyanin (0.65 mg/100 g), and total phenolic compounds (11.68 mg GAE/100 g) was found in decorticated lentils. Non-decorticated lentils possessed the highest amount of crude protein (29.63 %), crude fiber (14.12 %), Ca (3.55 %), Mg (1.11 %), Fe (219.00 ppm), and Zn (32.62 ppm). A non-significant difference was noted between cooked decorticated and non-decorticated lentils during organoleptic taste by the sensory evaluators. Apart from this, the most instructive findings are, to utilize non-decorticated lentils that will contribute to minimizing the broken loss (cracked loss) and milling cost of the farmers without any presence of ochratoxin and patulin.

Assessment of functional quality changes in water chestnut enriched flaxseed nutritional laddu during storage

The present investigation was conducted to assess functional qualities of water chestnut enriched flaxseed nutritional laddu. The quality evaluation of the nutritional laddu was done up to 20 days of storage. These laddu contained appreciable amounts of crude protein (24.22%), crude fat (28.25%), crude fibre (9.95%) and total ash (4.86%). All of these decreased during storage periods in all the treatments. The maximum L* value (53.133) was found in T6 (20% Flaxseed + 30% Water chestnut + 45% Jaggery + 3% Ginger + 2% Dry fruit) at 20 days and minimum (38.170) in T0 (50% Flaxseed + 45% Jaggery + 3% Ginger + 2% Dry fruit) at 0 day of storage period. The highest total ash was found in T6 (5.530) at 0 day and lowest in T0 (3.100) at 20 days. It was concluded that up to 30 % water chestnut can be incorporated in flaxseed laddu to obtain best overall acceptability. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 561-566, 2024 (September)

Determination of nutritional value and methane production potential of styrax tree (Styrax officinalis L.) leaves

This study aimed to determine the effect of nutritional values of the “styrax tree” (Styrax officinalis L.) on in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and metabolic energy (ME) content. In this study, styrax leaf samples were collected for analysis in three different periods: May, July and September. According to the analysis results, crude ash (CA), dry matter (DM), crude fat (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) values, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased in September compared to May and July. In September, compared to May, CA has increased by 23 %, DM by 64 %, CM by 30.5 %, ADF by 9.8 %, and NDF by 9.8 %. During the vegetation period, there was an increase in dry matter content in parallel with maturation. The dry matter content of Styrax tree leaves (STL) increased in May (30 %), July (40 %) and September (50 %). Crude protein amounts were found 19 % in May, 17 % in July, and 15 % in September. As the STL grows, decreases in CP, which plays a role in plant growth, and increases in the cell membrane were observed. The CF content in STL changed to 3.2 %, 4.4 %, and 4.3 % in May, July, and September, respectively, with the highest value determined in July and very close to the September value. CA content in styrax tree plants varied by 8.58 % in May, in July by 9.86 %, and in September by 10.56 %. As the amount of dry matter increased according to the periods, the amount of CA also increased. NDF and ADF levels increased in parallel with the vegetation period's development in STL. NDF was found to be 37.5 %, 39.0 %, and 41.5 % according to the periods. ADF amount was found 27 % in May, 28.5 % in July, and 30 % in September. Metabolic energy varied between 8.86 and 10.06 (MJ/kg KM) depending on the periods. When organic matter digestion levels were examined, it was seen that the highest OMD was in July with 58.71 %. Gas production was determined by incubations of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the maximum gas measurement value was in September, July, and May, respectively. As a result of the study, STL can be a good alternative feed source for ruminants when adequate amounts of high-quality feed materials cannot be provided.

Proximate Composition and Physico-chemical Properties of Dried Pyropia acanthophora in Sta. Praxedes, Cagayan, Philippines

Proximate composition and physicochemical properties to include mineral content, free amino acids, water retention capacity (WRC), and lipid adsorption capacity (LAC) of dried Pyropia acanthophora locally known as “Gamet” and endemic only in the northern Philippines were evaluated. Dried Py. acanthophora contained high amounts of crude protein (23.0±0.1%) followed by ash (16.7±0.1%), moisture (11.8±1.5%) and lipid (1.1±0.1%). Analysis of macrominerals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry showed that dried Py. acanthophora have significant amounts of K, Na, Mg, P, and Ca in decreasing order. Twenty-four (24) free amino acids were also determined, and seven essential amino acids were identified including isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan. A significant amount of taurine was also detected among the free amino acids. WRC of dried Py. acanthophora was determined to be 5.60 ±0.1g-H2O.g-1. LAC of dried Py. acanthophora were determined to be 2.88± 0.10g-oil.g-1, 3.30± 0.21g-oil.g-1, and 3.28±0.21g-oil.g-1 using sunflower oil, sesame oil and soybean oil, respectively. The high amounts of carbohydrate of dried Py. acanthophora determined by difference could have influenced its WRC and LAC. Based on the results of the study, Py. acanthophora should be promoted as health food and could be a potential material for the production of food supplements to meet the recommended intake of protein and other essential nutrients for humans.

Nutrient Digestibility of Non-conventional Protein Sources Blend in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Post Juveniles Using Novel Aquafeed Formulation Software

In this study, the growth performance, carcass composition, and apparent digestibility coefficient of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were evaluated in relation to different non-conventional protein sources blends diets that were formulated using a novel feed formulation software (FUTA AQUAFEED). Diet 1 served as the control diet, and the other four experimental diets (Diets 2 through 5) included non-conventional protein sources such blood meal, water hyacinth, palm kernel cake, palm beetle meal, blackfly meal, water fern, and Moringa. The gross composition of the experimental feeds exhibited notable variations in nutrient content. The crude protein content in the diets were iso-nitrogenous. Analysis of the composition of the carcass showed that diets varied significantly. Diet 5 had the highest fat content (10.66%), while Diet 3 had the highest crude protein amount (61.57%). Growth performance parameters such as initial and final weights, weight increase, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) exhibited diverse patterns. Diet 5 produced the greatest final weight (324.00 ± 122.94 g) and weight gain (173.32 ± 96.06 g), suggesting that the varied protein blend may have advantages. Dietary differences were seen in the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and lipids. The crude protein digestibility coefficient (90.68%) was best in Diet 3, while the crude lipid digestibility coefficient (92.00%) was highest in Diet 1. In conclusion, the inclusion of unconventional protein sources in the diets of C. gariepinus affects both their growth performance and nutritional makeup. Through the incorporation of alternate protein sources into fish diets, the findings offer insights for improving aquaculture techniques and advancing sustainability.

Dietary Tenebrio molitor larvae meal effects on cellular stress responses, antioxidant statusand intermediate metabolism of Oncorhynchus mykiss.

In the context of evaluating the impact of environmentally friendly and sustainably produced alternative protein sources in fish feed, the present study's aim was to examine the overall physiological stress response in one of the main fish species of European freshwater aquaculture, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), following the partial substitution of fish meal (FM) with a Tenebrio molitor (TM) (yellow mealworm) full-fat meal. In total, 222 rainbow trout individuals (115.2 ± 14.2 g) were allocated randomly into six tanks, three per dietary treatment, and were fed a formulated diet containing 60% yellow mealworm (TM60) compared to a control diet without insect meal (TM0). Both diets contained equal amounts of crude protein, dry matter and, lipid content, while the FM in TM60 was 100 g kg-1 corresponding to the one seventh of the TM0. Heat shock response (HSR), MAPK signalling, cell death pathways (apoptosis and autophagy), antioxidant defence mechanisms, and intermediate metabolism were evaluated. In general, HSR and MAPK signalling were activated in response to the inclusion of T. molitor. Moreover, triggering of apoptotic and autophagic processes and the onset of antioxidant defence mechanisms underlined the existence of physiological stress. Despite the apparent dietary-induced stress, rainbow trout in the present study exhibited no mortality and no significant effects regarding growth performance parameters. Specifically, TM60 dietary inclusion resulted in no changes in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. However, feed intakedepicted a statistically significant decrease in TM60 fish compared to TM0 individuals. Nevertheless, nutrient stress should be considered a limiting factor regarding the utilization of T. molitor in O. mykiss diet due to the associated risks for health and welfare.

Feeding Balanced Ration for Improving Dairy Cattle Productivity: A Review

In India and similar subtropical regions, dairy livestock primarily consume various by-products derived from locally cultivated crops, fodder, and oilseeds. Approximately 65-70 per cent of the total milk production cost is attributed to feed expenses. Ensuring a balanced diet is pivotal for the success of dairy development initiatives across India. The optimal productivity of dairy animals is achieved when they are provided with a nutritionally balanced diet that matches their genetic potential. To enhance the productivity of livestock owned by small-scale farmers, a balanced ration program was introduced. Under this program, animals are categorized based on their milk production levels: low (<8 kg/day), medium (8–12 kg/day), and high (>12 kg/day) yielders. The program assessed milk yield, milk fat content, and the net daily income of milk producers before and after implementing a balanced diet regimen. The nutritional assessment revealed that 71 per cent of the animals consumed excessive amounts of crude protein and metabolizable energy, while 65 per cent exhibited lower intake levels of calcium and phosphorus than required. Implementing a balanced ration resulted in an improvement in milk production ranging from 2 to 14 per cent, along with a 0.2 to 0.15 per cent increase in milk fat content.

Effects of Farming Conditions on the Nutritional Contents of Manihot esculenta Planted in four Regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria

All through human existence, the ability to cultivate crops to better human life has been affected by the nature of the soil; different crops strive in different regions. The relationship between humans, the earth and food production affirms soil as the foundation of crop production. Hence, the objective of this paper as to the effects of farming conditions on the nutritional contents of Manihot esculenta planted in four regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria. Using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained revealed that the moisture contents varied in the order; herbicide > oil-spilled > inorganic fertilizer > normal. The amount of water-soluble vitamins varied in the order; normal > oil spilled > inorganic fertilizer > herbicide. The amount of crude lipids varied in the order; herbicide > normal > inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled. The amount of hydrogen cyanide varied in the order; inorganic fertilizer > herbicide > oil-spilled > normal. The amount of carbohydrate varied in the order; inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled > normal > herbicide. The amount of crude protein and fiber varied in the order; herbicide > normal > inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled. Root tubers from the normal practice was most abundant in ash contents, while that from the use of herbicide was the least. These results indicated that the normal practice showed commended amount of moisture content, water soluble vitamins and ash content; the herbicide induced land produced cassava tuber with the highest amount of crude lipids, crude fibre and crude proteins; that with the use of inorganic fertilizer produced the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide. All practices were adoptive for carbohydrate formation, except the herbicide induced soil.

The effect of the moisture availability rate on the productivity and nutritional value of sorghum crops

Productivity reduced by drought is quite common. There can be up to 60.0% of the harvest losses. This is especially true for forage crops. The purpose of the current work was to identify the dependence of productivity and quality of green mass of sorghum crops on moisture availability during a vegetation period of plants. Sudan grass variety Alice, sugar sorghum variety Yuzhnoye, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid variety Gustolistny were used as research objects. The study was carried out in the Rostov region. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary carbonate black earth (chernozem). In order to study the variability of productivity and nutritional qualities, the years with the HTC level from 0.34 to 0.88 with an interval of 0.8–1.2 (2018–2022) were taken into account. The trials were conducted according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing. When the HTC increased from 0.34 to 0.88, there was a tendency to improve green mass productivity by 23.3–35.0% and decrease the protein percentage by 41.80–55.54%. A negative relationship between the amount of crude protein and the HTC value was revealed (r = –0.78... –0.92). The digestible protein yield decreased by 22.22–31.03% with increasing moisture content. The largest mean value was identified for the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid with 0.70 t/ha and the sweet sorghum variety with 0.71 t/ha. The variation coefficient of fiber content was 2.16–5.42%, which indicated weak variability of the trait over the years, and, consequently, a weak dependence on the moisture availability rate, which was confirmed by the correlation analysis (r = –0.03...0.32). The largest value of the metabolic energy was found in the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (10.42–10.80 mJ/kg). At the same time, there was no dependence of this indicator, as well as the amount of feed units, on the moisture availability rate. The highest amount of digestible protein per feed unit was identified in sweet sorghum (83.4 g). A tendency to decrease this indicator by 22.6–42.5% was found as the HTC level increased (r = –0.69...–0.90).

Effect of annealing on the chemical and physico- functional properties of fermented provitamin A cassava starch

This study reports the effect of annealing on chemical and physico-functional properties of fermented pro-vitamin A cassava starch of cassava roots TME-IBA 070539 variety. The provitamin cassava starch flour was extracted to produce native starch flours (NCS). Fermentation was carried out on the tubers at 24 and 48 hours to produce provitamin A cassava fermented starches FCS24 and FCS48 respectively. The starch flour samples NCS, FCS24 and FCS48 were then annealed at 50°C to produce annealed native starches (ANCS), annealed 24 hours fermented cassava starch (AFCS24) and annealed 48 hours fermented cassava starch (AFCS48). The chemical and physico-functional properties were evaluated using standard methods. The result revealed negligible amount of crude protein and ash content. However, the carbohydrate content in all the samples ranged between 93.39 – 95.01% signifying high purity starches. These processes imparted positively the β- carotene content which ranged between 2.50 – 2.80 µg/100g in the cassava starches. Although, no significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in the β-carotene content when compared with the corresponding annealed starches except for a slight reduction at AFCS48. The amylose content decreased significantly (p>0.05) by 21.72 and 38% in the combined process of annealing and fermentation as observed for AFCS24 and AFCS48 respectively. Also, amylose leaching was more pronounced in the NCS than the fermented and annealed starches. No significantly (p<0.05) difference was observed in the corresponding samples; ANCS, AFCS24 and AFCS48 for total titratable acidity while pH decreased significantly in the annealed starches. The swelling and solubility increased with increase in temperature, generally annealing lowered the swelling capacity and increased the solubility of the starch samples and this could be harnessed in food preparations and in the industries.

Evaluation of Rice Straw, Corncob, and Soybean Straw as Substrates for the Cultivation of Lepista sordida.

Lepista sordida is a type of high-quality rare edible and medicinal mushroom, and its research boom is just beginning. More than 80 million tons of grain crop residues are produced each year in Heilongjiang Province. To realize the exploration and utilization of wild L. sordida mushrooms and also provide a theoretical support for the high-value utilization of these resources in Heilongjiang Province, we evaluated the cultivation of L. sordida mushrooms using rice straw, corncob, and soybean straw as substrates. L. sordida grew on all three substrates, and the biological efficiency and yield of the mushrooms grown on soybean straw and corncob were 32.33 ± 1.78% and 4.20 ± 0.23 kg m-2, and 30.15 ± 0.93% and 3.92 ± 0.12 kg m-2, respectively, which increased by 9.38% and 2.08% compared with that on the rice straw substrate with 3.84 ± 0.12 kg m-2 and 29.56 ± 0.89%. The time it took for the mycelia to colonize and initiate primordia on the soybean straw substrate was 22.33 ± 0.58 d and 19.67 ± 0.58 d, respectively, which was delayed by 2 d and 3 d compared with that on the rice straw substrate with 20.67 ± 2.08 d and 16.33 ± 0.58 d, respectively. The fruiting bodies grown on corncob and soybean straw substrates were relatively larger than those on the rice straw substrate. The highest amount of crude protein was 57.38 ± 0.08 g 100 g-1, and the lowest amount of crude polysaccharide was 6.03 ± 0.01 g 100 g-1. They were observed on mushrooms collected from the corncob substrate. The contents of the heavy metal mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in the fruiting bodies grown on each substrate were within the national safety range.

Changes in Protein-Related Enzyme Activities, Concentrations of GABA and Nitrogen-Containing Constituents of Vigna Radiata L. Seeds Germinated under Different Circumstances

Germination is one of the most important techniques to enhance the nutrients and functionality of legume seeds. This academic work investigated the effects of pre-treatment with acidifying soaking water and germination time on changes in concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogenous constituents, and protein-related enzyme activities in mung bean seeds. Higher amounts of crude protein, non-protein nitrogenous, free amino acids, and enzyme activities, but lower protein nitrogenous concentrations were found when soaking in more acidic water and germinating at longer germination time. Steeping water of pH 5.5 and germination duration of 8 h induced mung bean seeds to manifest the highest activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) (60.9 U/g powder, db) and protease (2.81 U/g powder, db), responsible for the highest values of GABA (1.60 g/kg, db), free amino acids (5.92 g/kg, db) and non-protein nitrogen (14.7 g/kg, db), and the lowest amount of protein nitrogen (30.8 g/kg, db). These findings indicate that pre-treatment with acidic soaking water before germinating was more likely to enrich the GABA and amino acid-containing compounds of the mung bean seeds.

Nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of cabbage and fluted pumpkin sold in Port Harcourt Nigeria

Fungi are increasingly implicated as agents of the spoilage of economically important fruits and vegetables. This study was conducted to determine the fungal species responsible for the spoilage of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves sold in different markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of 50 samples each of spoilt cabbage and pumpkin were analyzed for mycological, proximate, and mineral compositions. A total of 170 and 128 fungal isolates were obtained from cabbage and pumpkin, respectively. The fungal counts of the spoilt cabbage samples ranged from 5.1 ×105 CFU/g to 7.2×106 CFU/g with the samples from Rumuokoro and Mile 1 Market having the highest and lowest counts, respectively. The fungal counts of the pumpkin ranged from 2.8×104 CFU/g to 2.4×105 CFU/g with Rumuokoro and D/line markets producing the highest and lowest counts, respectively. The fungi identified were Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Trichophyton sp., and Saccharomyces sp. Aspergillus sp. had the highest prevalence (88 %), followed by Saccharomyces sp. (84 %), Penicillium sp. (44 %), and Rhizopus sp. (44 %). The vegetables contained high amounts of crude protein and carbohydrate, while fat content is low. The vegetables are rich in Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cu, and Zn. This study showed that the fungi isolated are associated with the spoilage of cabbage and pumpkin leaves and can be traceable to poor handling and the hygienic condition of the market in which they are sold.

Determination of bioactive compounds, phenolic contents, fatty acid and biogenic element profiles of the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of sunflower seeds were determined to be between 99.64 (Kalamis) and 130.75 mg GAE/100 g (Belfis) to 838.33 (Toramis) and 1455.67 mg QE/100 g (LG50.480), respectively. Also, antioxidant activity values of sunflower seeds were recorded between 1.27 (Pioner mm54) and 1.73 mmol/kg (other varieties;except Bella). Quercetin and rutin amounts of sunflower seeds were identified to be between 1.18 (deray) and 28.72 mg/100 g (Toramis) to 0.97 (İsida) and 6.98 mg/100 g (Pioner MM54),respectively. The phenolic components found in the highest amounts in sunflower seeds were quercetin and rutin. Linoleic and oleic acid contents of the oils extracted from sunflower varieties were identified between 1.84 (Arsentik) and 69.56% (Jais) to 15.72% (Jais) and 90.95% (Arsentik), respectively. Interestingly, the linoleic acid values of the "Aromatic" and "Arsentic" sunflower seed oils were found at the lowest concentrations, while the oleic acid results of the oils of these varieties were detected at the highest concentrations. The crude protein amounts of sunflower kernels changed between 18.82 (Pioner mm54) and 29.81% (Belfis). P and K contents of sunflower seeds were recorded between 4908.24 (Pioner mm54) and 10561.27 mg/kg (Bella) to 4117.86 (Loris) and 6901.06 mg/kg (Deray), respectively.

Quality assessment of promising garlic (Allium sativum L.) varieties based on principal component analysis

Physicochemical properties, pungency, anti-nutritional factors, cutting strength, and colour attributes of seven promising garlic varieties were assessed for their potential application. The garlic varieties were found to be slightly acidic (pH 6.08 - 6.77), and contained varying amounts of crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fat, ash, crude fibre, acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS). The pungency factor as pyruvic acid was found to be in the range of 34.84 - 86.69 μmol/mL, whereas anti-nutritional factors such as saponin (6.63 - 13.98 g), phytic acid (0.03 - 0.6 g), and tannin (0.18 - 0.39 gCE) per 100 g on a fresh weight basis were present. The Bhima purple (BP) variety with a purple tinge showed higher saponin content than the other varieties with a whitish tinge. The cutting strength of garlic cloves varied between 17.20 and 104.61 N. Physical and gravimetric properties were estimated and found to be variety-dependent (p ≤ 0.05). Colour attributes like L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), chroma, hue, and browning index were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) for all the garlic varieties. The minimum hue value, and maximum a* and b* values, browning index (BI), and chroma were found in the BP variety. Principal component analysis as a significant multivariate analysis tool was applied to assess the existence of correlation among the estimated parameters. It was found to be 75.41% of the total variance when considering the first three principals. Haryana garlic-17 (HG-17) variety showed significant quality as it yielded positive correlation with the maximum number of quality attributes.

In vitro ruminal-microbial fermentation pattern: nutritional insights about some agricultural crop mesocarps (peel) in ruminant nutrition

Different agricultural crop wastes (ACW) such as mesocarps (peel) are annually produced after consuming their edible parts in the world without any scientific information about their nutritional potential. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the ruminal-microbial fermentation pattern and nutritional potential of some crop mesocarps (peel) including different species of melons (Watermelon, Galia melon, Rockmelon, Til sabz, and Til atashi) as well as cucumber and eggplant using common and standard laboratory methods. The amount of crude protein (CP) varied from 7.19 to 19.1% of dry matter (DM) for Til sabz and cucumber mesocarps, respectively. The highest (34.1% of DM) and lowest (15.4%) content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were related to eggplant and Til sabz peels, respectively (p < 0.05). The content of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) varied from 38.7% for eggplant peel to 66.6% for Til sabz. All mesocarps had a low DM percentage (4.88% of DM for cucumber to 8.45 for eggplant). Rockmelon peel had the highest amount of calcium (5.25 g/kg DM) and magnesium (5.75 g/kg DM) compared with the other mesocarps (p < 0.05). The highest amounts of potassium (33.4 g/kg of DM), sodium (7.15 g/kg of DM), and zinc (21 mg/kg of DM) were observed in the peels of watermelon, Til atashi, and cucumber, respectively (p < 0.05). The potential of ruminal-microbial gas production also differed from 55.6 ml/200 mg of DM for eggplant to 63.1 ml for Til sabz peel. Except for cucumber (8.75 MJ/kg of DM) and eggplant (8.71 MJ), other mesocarps (different melon species) had almost similar metabolizable energy (ME, 9.06–9.50 MJ/kg of DM). Among the studied mesocarps, the lowest ruminal-microbial DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility was also observed in eggplant and cucumber (p < 0.05). Gallia melon had the highest acid-base buffering capacity (267 mEq×10− 3, p < 0.05). According to our findings, the mesocarps of melons showed a higher nutritional value than the cucumber and eggplant. In general, Til sabz exhibited a notable favorite and superior nutritional characteristic compared with the other mesocarps.

Effects of Different Inclusion Rates of Pre-Treated Rubber Seed Meal (RSM) on Physicochemical Properties of Juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii Feed

The present study investigated the potential of rubber seed as an alternative ingredient partial inclusion with improved nutritional value and inexpensive freshwater prawn feed. Rubber seeds are proven to have a nutritional composition such as protein suitable in animal feed. In this study, Rubber Seed Meals (RSM) were formulated using different inclusion rates of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% Sodium Bicarbonate Treated Rubber seed (SBRS) as a partial replacement to fish meal in prawn diets, while feed without SBRS as control. The study’s objectives were to evaluate the chemical composition and sensory acceptability of the newly formulated RSM through proximate analysis, physical properties analysis and Textural Profile Analysis (TPA). Each of the analyses was performed in triplicates. The preliminary proximate analysis revealed that raw rubber seed powder contained a higher amount of crude protein (19.63%), crude fat (40.00%), crude fibre (7.20%) and metabolisable energy (4961 Kcal/kg) as compared to the SBRS powder. Among all treatments, a diet with 40% inclusion of SBRS showed the highest value of crude fat of 40.80% while with 0% SBRS has the lowest value of 27.22%. In conclusion, RSM with 20% inclusion of SBRS was found to be the most suitable diet that satisfies the nutritional needs of juvenile M. rosenbergii; due to its acceptable content of crude protein (32.70%), crude fat (31.88%), crude fibre (5.33%) and ash content (4.50%). In addition, diet with 20% inclusion of SBRS as the potential alternative prawn feed by having suitable physical properties with bulk density (0.57 g/mL) and sinking velocity (0.09 s/cm). In addition, values for hardness of the pellet were 1073 g and for cohesiveness and springiness were 1.15 and 8.46, respectively.

GC–MS, molecular identification, proximate and mineral content composition of two wild mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus) from Gilgit Baltistan Northern area of Pakistan

For a very long time, diverse civilizations all over the world have recognised that mushrooms, which are the fruiting bodies of fungi, have medicinal characteristics and used to treat different kinds of human diseases. As a result of intensive research, the bioactive components of mushrooms used in Asian traditional medicine have been determined. The present investigation was designed to assess the GC–MS and molecular characterization along with proximate and mineral content properties of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus wild mushrooms. For the molecular identification of ITS metagenomics is used. For the compound identification GC–MS is used. Standard procedures are used to determine the proximate and mineral composition. A maximum dry matter contents present in P. ostreatus (96.21±0.068 %) and G. lucidum has (95.13±0.72 %). High content of moisture present in G. lucidum (4.87 ± 0.057 %) as compared to P. ostreatus. A vital amount of crude fibre in present in G. lucidum. G. lucidum has high amount of crude protein (21.87± 0.044 %), while P. ostreatus has 13.66 ± 0.80. An appreciable amount of nutritionally vital carbohydrate is present in P. ostreatus (65.15±0.946) followed by G. lucidum (34.12 ± 0.451). Higher amount of energy value (315.37±2.173 %) present in P. ostreatus as compared to G. lucidum 195.07±1.631 %, furthermore, high nitrogen free extract (61.1 ± 0.946 %), and a high free fatty (2.44±0.064 %) are present in P. ostreatus. Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu) were abundant in G. lucidum while Zn and Mn is in lower amount. The P. ostreatus contain maximum amount of Fe followed by Zn, Mn and Cu. The FT-IR spectra of G. lucidum shows alcohol, vinyl/phenyl ester, and alkane methylene and aldehyde groups. Conjugated ketone, aliphatic ether and phenols groups present in P. ostreatus. Seventy bioactive compounds were identified in G. lucidum and P. ostreatus through GC–MS. Theses compounds contain the biological activities like; antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-androgenic. Blast sequence analysis of at NCBI shows 99 % similarities and successfully confirmed with Ganoderma lucidum (OQ117088) and Pleurotus ostreatus (OQ119156).

Effect of feeding dried olive (Olea europaea) leaves on the reproductive parameters of Awassi rams

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of feeding adult Awassi rams different ratio of dried olive leaves on the reproductive parameters during seven weeks during the breeding season. Three groups of Awassi rams were fed for twelve weeks either a conventional wheat straw-concentrate ration (Control) or experimental rations where 30% (G1) and 60% (G2) of the wheat straw were replaced with dried olive leaves. Animals were fed the same amounts of crude protein and metabolizable energy daily. Results indicated that with the exception of scrotal circumference, no significant (p&gt;0.05) responses were noted for testosterone level, body weight, semen volume, sperm concentration or semen pH values between the tested groups. Analysis of motility characteristics of sperm by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) technique showed no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) between the three groups in the percent motility, percent of sperm showing progressive motility, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, percent straightness and percent linearity. It could be concluded that feeding Awassi rams dried olive leaves even at the 60% level did not affect the reproductive characteristics of the Awassi rams and therefore could be used as supplement sources of feeds for small ruminants.