Amount Of Acid Research Articles

In vitro simulated digestion and Caco-2 cell absorption to explore potential of soy protein isolates as whey protein substitutes in canine and feline food.

Digestive properties and bioavailability of soy protein isolate and whey protein in canine and feline were evaluated using in vitro simulated digestion and cell absorption experiments. The amino acids and peptides in soybean protein isolate and whey protein after digestion were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid mass spectrometry. Gastrointestinal digestion rates of soy protein isolate and whey protein were analyzed by fitting digestive kinetics curves. The degree of absorption and utilization of amino acids and peptides from the digestive products was evaluated by establishing a Caco-2 cell model. The results demonstrated that soy protein isolate, like whey protein, could produce large amounts of free amino acids and peptides distributed 100-1500 Da. The gastrointestinal digestion speed of soy protein isolate was similar with whey protein. It is worth noting from the intestinal absorption of Caco-2 cell that more than 15 amino acids produced by soy protein isolate and whey protein could be absorbed, and a large number of peptides were also utilized by Caco-2 cell. The bioavailability of soy protein isolates and whey protein for dogs respectively reached 6.30% and 9.00%, and it reached 7.40% and 16.40% in cats, respectively. Soy isolate proteins can be digested and absorbed by pets like whey proteins. These findings may provide significant strategies and support for the application of plant-based proteins in pet foods.

A xylenol orange-based pH-sensitive sensor array for identification of bacteria and differentiation of probiotic drinks.

The development of straightforward and cost-efficient methods for bacterial identification is very important. In this study, we utilized xylenol orange, metal ions, and diverse bacterial carbon sources to construct a sensor array, achieving precise bacterial identification. Initially, we examined the absorbance variations of xylenol orange with five metal ions (Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) at pH levels ranging from 4 to 7, observing significant changes at 570 nm or 580 nm. Given that bacteria can generate varying amounts of acid in different carbon sources, we employed a blend of xylenol orange and the five metal ions as pH-sensitive probes to characterize bacterial metabolism in three carbon sources, resulting in the development of a five-sensor array that effectively differentiated seven bacteria. Additionally, by utilizing xylenol orange with Co2+, we successfully identified six different bacterial mixtures and five types of probiotic drink products. These findings highlight the potential of our methods for broader practical application in bacterial identification in practical use.

Strigolactone modulates phenolic acid accumulation and thereby improves tolerance to UV-B stress in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.

Multi-omics studies have shown that strigolactone modulates phenolic acid accumulation in the leaves of R. chrysanthum and can enable it to cope with UV-B stress. UV-B stress is an abiotic stress that plants will inevitably suffer during growth and can seriously affect the normal physiological state of plants. Strigolactone, a phytohormone, has been less studied and it is important to investigate its regulation of plant growth under UV-B radiation. In the present study, we investigated the changes in leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) under UV-B radiation. The leaves of R. chrysanthum were collected for widely targeted metabolomics, hormonomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and acetylated proteomics assays. The results showed that the leaves of R. chrysanthum were able to produce a large amount of differential phenolic acids with antioxidant effects under UV-B stress, the content of strigolactone was significantly elevated, and the genes and proteins involved in phenolic acid biosynthesis and strigolactone biosynthesis were significantly altered, and some of the proteins (ASP1, 4CLL7, and CCD1) underwent acetylation modification. Meanwhile, correlation analysis showed that strigolactone was strongly correlated with differential phenolic acids, which might regulate the adaptive responses of the R. chrysanthum under UV-B stress. In this paper, we investigated the effects of strigolactone on the accumulation of phenolic acid compounds and found a strong correlation between strigolactone and elevated phenolic acid levels, which provided insights into the molecular mechanism of plant regulation of phenolic acid accumulation, and facilitated the adoption of measures to mitigate the adverse effects of UV-B stress on plant growth, and to achieve the purpose of protecting plant germplasm resources.

Effect of acetic acid concentration on obtaining cellulose acetate from oil palm mesocarp fibers (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

This work aimed to produce cellulose acetate from the mesocarp fibers of palm oil treated with sodium hydroxide (MFA) and bleached with sodium chlorite. Cellulose acetate was obtained from the different materials by homogeneous acetylation in the mass proportions of: 1:5, 1:10 and 1:15 (acetic acid), 1:15 (acetic anhydride) and 1:0.1 (sulfuric acid). The degree of substitution was determined by chemical methods and by 1H-NMR. The cellulose acetate obtained from the combination of alkaline treatments followed by bleaching showed degree of substitution of 2.81 (CAAB5), 3.02 (CAAB10) and 3.07 (CAAB15), corresponding to yield values (w/w) of 50.45%, 65.5% and 97.21%. Based on the analysis of the results, we can say that the amount of acetic acid and the type of treatment used in the fibers of the mesocarp of oil palm directly influenced the quality and yield of cellulose acetate, with CAAB15 being the best reaction condition.

A Study on the Treatment of Sodium Sulfate Waste Solution by Constant Current Control Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis

As environmental pollution has intensified, the importance of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significantly increased. Valuable metals contained in LIBs are typically recovered through processes such as leaching, precipitation, and solvent extraction. However, these recycling processes require large amounts of sulfuric acid and caustic soda, resulting in the generation of significant volumes of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> waste solution. In order to solve this problem, recent research has focused on using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) technology to split Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and simultaneously recover H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaOH. This study investigated the process of recovering H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaOH from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution using BMED in a threecompartment cell under constant current conditions. The study evaluated the effects of current density, initial Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration, and initial H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaOH concentrations. Recovery of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaOH, current efficiency, energy consumption, and process time were analyzed to determine optimal conditions. Under optimal conditions (1.30 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution at 360 A/m²), the recovery of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaOH were 77.35% and 75.18%, respectively. Energy consumption was 1.43 kWh/kg, with current efficiencies for the acid and base of 51.1% and 49.7%, respectively.

Enhancing photosynthetic efficiency in Phalaenopsis amabilis through bioreactor innovations

BackgroundMicro-propagation is the primary technique for the mass propagation of greenhouse orchids. However, various factors, including culture media and cultivation systems, influence the scaling-up and efficient commercialization of in vitro techniques. The utilization of liquid cultivation systems and bioreactors are relatively cost-effective and has attracted significant attention for mass production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of eight culture media, in both semi-solid and liquid forms, on the growth of in vitro mini-plantlets of Phalaenopsis orchids. We subsequently assessed the performance of four selected media: half-strength modified Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MMS), modified FAST (MFAST), and two simplified media (SM1 and SM2), across four types of cultivation systems, including semi-solid media in glass jars, liquid media in a permanent immersion system using Erlenmeyer flasks on a shaker (PIS), and a temporary immersion system (TIS) in two forms: FA-Bio bioreactor (TIS-FA-Bio) and RITA® bioreactor (TIS-RITA®).ResultsThe results indicated that the optimal culture medium for orchid growth depends on the cultivation system used. Among the eight evaluated semi-solid and liquid media, the highest plant growth was observed in the SM2 medium, attributed to the presence of additives (banana powder and activated charcoal), two types of sugar (with high carbon content), and small amounts of nickel and ascorbic acid. The high carbon content in the SM2 liquid medium, combined with the temporary immersion explants in a large volume of medium in the TIS-RITA®, resulted in the highest total carbohydrate content and enhanced plant growth. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the number of plantlets per liter in SM2 semi-solid medium were higher than those in the 1/2 MMS semi-solid medium (control), leading to a 61.6% reduction in production costs. Furthermore, the number of plantlets per liter in the TIS-FA-Bio containing SM2 (10.8 USD) was higher than in TIS-RITA® with 1/2 MMS (39.3 USD), resulting in a 72.5% decrease in production costs due to a lower volume of medium and the use of inexpensive equipment.ConclusionsWe recommend the use of SM2 in TIS-FA-Bio and TIS-RITA® for economical and efficient mass propagation of Phalaenopsis orchid.

Biochemical Characterization of Some Plum Cultivars Available on the Romanian Market

Four plum cultivars commonly grown in Romania, ‘Angeleno’, ‘Anna Späth’, ‘Silvia’ and ‘Stanley’, were analyzed with regard to several parameters, including water content, juice pH, phenolic compounds (total and some major classes), carotenoids, ascorbic acid and soluble sugars. Among the four studied cultivars, ‘Silvia’ ranked the highest in terms of total phenolic content (82,345 mg/kg DW), flavonoids (43,171 mg/kg) and anthocyanins (1991 mg/kg). Hydroxybenzoic acids were found to be an important phenolic component; up to 33,971 mg/kg was found in ‘Angeleno’. The hydroxycinnamic acid content was highest in ‘Stanley’, and stilbenes were most prevalent in ‘Anna Späth’. Tannins were found in significant amounts only in fruit peel and were only present in some of the cultivars. Carotenoids were mostly present in the epicarp, with the maximum amount identified in ‘Anna Späth’ (313 mg/kg). The main compounds were β-carotene (of which the highest amount was identified in ‘Silvia’), lutein (with the highest amount found in ‘Silvia’) and lycopene (with the highest amount detected in ‘Stanley’). ‘Silvia’ also contained the highest amounts of ascorbic acid (7895 mg/kg in pulp and 12,229 mg/kg in peel). The highest soluble sugar content was found in the pulp of ‘Stanley’ (142,120 mg/kg), while ‘Anna Späth’ contained the lowest amount of soluble sugar. ‘Stanley’ also had less acidic pulp juice. Among the four cultivars, ‘Silvia’ ranked the highest in most classes of bioactive compounds, including total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins (peel only), β-carotene, lutein and ascorbic acid.

Omega-3 Levels in Prenatal Supplements.

This study aimed to systematically document the reported omega-3 levels in commercially available prenatal supplements in the United States and Canada, and compare these levels to recommended intakes in pregnancy. Commercial prenatal supplements were identified using the Dietary Supplement Label Database (n = 50) and the Licensed Natural Health Products Database (n = 18). Mean omega-3 levels and the proportion of products meeting recommendations for pregnant women were tabulated. Average omega-3 levels were 368 ± 33 mg in the United States and 404 ± 72 mg in Canada. Seventy percent of products in the United States and 61% in Canada contained the amount of omega-3 levels recommended for pregnant women with sufficient intakes. Sixteen percent of products in the United States and 28% in Canada contained the dose recommended for pregnant women with insufficient intakes. These results illustrate that commercial prenatal supplements contain a wide variety of omega-3 fatty acid levels that may or may not be consistent with recommended intake levels. · most pregnant women consume inadequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.. · omega-3 fatty acids can help prevent preterm birth.. · new guidelines recommend increased intakes of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy.. · prenatal supplements contain a wide variety of omega-3 fatty acid levels.. · omega-3 levels in prenatal supplements may or may not be consistent with recommended intake levels..

The Effect of p-Toluenesulfonic Acid and Phosphoric Acid (V) Content on the Heat Resistance and Thermal Properties of Phenol Resin and Phenol-Carbon Composite

This work presents the results of research on the influence of the amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid and phosphoric acid (V) added to the phenol-formaldehyde resin (pH 7.3–7.8) on its thermal properties and on the phenol-formaldehyde-carbon composite produced on its basis. This material undergoes pyrolysis under high temperature. The addition of a catalyst to the phenol-formaldehyde resin affects its curing rate and degree of cross-linking, but how it affects the thermal properties of the resin depending on the temperature is the subject of this work. This article presents the results of thermal tests for phenol-formaldehyde resin and phenol-formaldehyde-carbon composite. It was examined how the content of the catalyst used during the production process affects the individual thermal parameters of the mentioned materials. The results include experimental tests of thermal diffusivity with uncertainty (±3%), specific heat capacity (±2.5%), thermal expansion with resolution 2 nm analyzed in the temperature range −40–115 °C and thermogravimetric TG/DTA analysis with resolution 0.03 µg in the temperature range from room temperature (RT = 23 °C) to 550 °C. Individual thermal tests showed changes in the thermal properties caused by changes in the catalyst content of the tested materials and the influence of the addition of carbon fibers on the properties of the composite compared to the pure phenol-formaldehyde resin. It was found that there is a certain maximum level of catalyst weight fraction at which the greatest decrease in thermal diffusivity occurs. In the case of phenolic-formaldehyde-carbon composite at −40 °C, an increase in catalyst weight fraction from 2 to 4 wt% caused a decrease in thermal diffusivity by 18.2%, and for phenol-formaldehyde resin, it was 2.8% with an increase in catalyst fraction from 4 to 10 wt%.

Efficacy of Tribulus terrestris on diabetes and sexual disorders: A narrative review

Tribulus terrestris L. (T. terrestris) is widely distributed worldwide (Australia, Europe, India, North Africa). It typically contains a substantial amount of active ingredients, especially saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and phenol carboxylic acids. Additionally, T. terrestris has been frequently used in folk medicine and as a food supplement, highlighting the importance of evaluating its phytopharmacological properties. Various hypotheses suggest that this species may have significant potential in preventing and improving various human conditions, including diabetes, inflammatory diseases, low sexual desire, and infertility. Phytochemical studies reveal a significant disparity in the content of active substances, with a notable gap in the concentrations of spirostanol saponins and furostanol, which are the predominant active ingredients associated with therapeutic effects. The objective of this present review is to evaluate T. terrestris -based formulations by exploring various potential mechanisms of action, aiming to determine whether the use of T. terrestris supplements is justified in the context of diabetes and its complications.

Antioxidant content following fermentation of lemongrass for herbal beverage development.

Consumers have increasingly favoured fermented drinks due to their high content of probiotic secondary metabolites. These beverages are believed to possess the capacity to safeguard against non-communicable ailments such as coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, antimicrobial infections, and other dietary-related disorders. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a commonly used botanical ingredient in therapeutic tea production. It is renowned for its highly valuable essential oil, which has significant commercial demand. This study examines the functional content and antioxidant effects of fermented beverages derived from lemongrass. We employed the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to carry out the fermentation process on the lemongrass compositions, extending the duration from t = 24 to t = 96h. We used non-fermented samples as control. This investigation identified numerous active biomolecules and polyphenols in the fermented samples, including flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and reducing sugars. After t = 24h fermentation, the radical-scavenging activity reached its maximum level of 89.1%, and the antioxidant content reached 13.06µg/ml, which is equivalent to the amount of ascorbic acid. After t = 36h fermentation, the total phenolic content reached a concentration of 237.19µg/ml, while the flavonoid content reached its peak at 55.21µg/ml after t = 72h fermentation. Lemongrass fermentation exhibits a wide range of phytochemicals and bioactive components that effectively eliminate free radicals, despite the antioxidant content fluctuation throughout the fermentation period of t = 24 to t = 96h.

Effect of peroxydisulfate activated by B-doped NiFe2Ox for degrading contaminants and mitigating nanofiltration membrane fouling in the landfill leachate treatment

Catalytic oxidation pretreatment is a significant focus in the field of membrane fouling control; however, traditional catalytic materials are plagued by limitations in catalytic sites and challenges in recovery. In this study, a novel catalyst, B-doped NiFe2Ox, was prepared with magnetic recovery capabilities and abundant oxygen vacancies to address landfill leachate treatment and mitigate membrane fouling. The results demonstrated the efficient activation of persulfate (PS) by the catalytic sites on B-NiFe2Ox, which significantly degraded the complex organic pollutants like conjugated double bonds and aromatic compounds in landfill leachate. A large amount of humic acid and soluble microbial products in the landfill leachate were efficiently degraded upon contact with sulfate and hydroxyl radicals produced by B-NiFe2Ox/PS, thereby resulting in achieving a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of up to 72% and more than a twofold enhancement in filtration flux. Moreover, the characteristics of the fouled layer reveal that the B-NiFe2Ox/PS system facilitated the formation of a porous cake layer, maximizing the retention of functional groups on the NF270 membrane surface. Notably, a minor presence of B-NiFe2Ox is uniformly distributed within the cake layer, indicating the in-situ occurrence of weak catalytic oxidation reactions. This study provides an effective and innovative approach utilizing catalytic oxidation for membrane fouling control.

High-efficiency leaching process for selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate

With the arrival of the scrapping wave of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, a green and effective solution for recycling these waste batteries is urgently required. Reasonable recycling of spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) batteries is critical for resource recovery and environmental preservation. In this study, mild and efficient, highly selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate was achieved using potassium pyrosulfate (K2S2O7) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as leaching agents. The leaching rates of lithium and iron were 99.83 % and 0.34 %, respectively, at the optimal leaching conditions of 4 vol% 30 wt% H2O2, 0.08 mol/L K2S2O7, 25℃, 5 min, and a solid–liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the leaching process was explored by thermodynamic, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The leaching solution was concentrated and purified, with the addition of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) to convert lithium into lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). A small amount of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is added to the saline wastewater after precipitation, which can be converted into a leaching agent for recycling after heat treatment. This study provides a sustainable green process for the recovery of lithium iron phosphate and a new idea for resource recovery.

Mass granulation of Al-promoted CaO-based sorbent via moulding-crushing methods for cyclic CO2 capture

Calcium looping (CaL) process, as an effective way to achieve CO2 mitigation from high-temperature flue gas streams, is one of the most promising alternatives to amine scrubbing (a well-established technology for industrial post-combustion CO2 capture). CaO sorbent is considered to be an ideal CO2 adsorption material. Moreover, the development of granulation/pelletization techniques along with the mass preparation of the CaO-based sorbent is imperative for realistic large-scale applications. This work proposes two practicable moulding-crushing techniques for the scale-up granulation of CaO-based sorbents, in which the kilogram-scale produced Al-promoted CaO-based sorbent powders were first moulded and subsequently crushed into the granules of target sizes. Three types of organic acids–acetic acid, citric acid and malonic acid were employed as peptizing agents to optimize the granulation process. As a result, the anti-attrition properties and compressive strength of the synthetic sorbents were elevated owing to the introduction of an appropriate amount of acetic or malonic acid, for it expedited the disintegration of the pseudo-boehmite (served as binder agent) particles into sol particles, which allowed for tighter bonding of sorbent particles. In addition, corncob powder acted as a pore-forming agent, enhancing the porous structure of the sorbent particles due to the gases released from the thermal decomposition of organic groups during calcination. Nevertheless, the results revealed that the porous and loose structure adversely affected the mechanical strength of the granules.

Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of persistent synthetic chemicals that are found in human milk and are associated with negative health effects. Research suggests that PFAS affect both lactation and the human metabolome. We measured perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the milk of 425 participants from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A nontargeted metabolomics assay was performed using LC with high-resolution MS, and metabolites were identified based on in-house database matching. We observed six metabolic profiles among our milk samples using self-organizing maps, and multinomial logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic and perinatal predictors of these profiles, including infant sex, parity, participant body mass index, participant age, education, race, smoking status, gestational weight gain, and infant age at time of milk collection. Elevated PFOA was associated with profiles containing higher amounts of triglyceride fatty acids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, and carnitine metabolites, as well as lower amounts of lactose and creatine phosphate. Lower concentrations of milk PFOS were associated with lower levels of fatty acids. Our findings suggest that elevated PFOA in human milk is related to metabolomic profiles consistent with enlarged milk fat globule membranes and altered fatty acid metabolism. Further, our study supports the theory that PFAS share mammary epithelial membrane transport mechanisms with fatty acids and associate with metabolic markers of reduced milk production.

One-pot synthesis of metal-containing SSZ-13 nanocrystals by interzeolite transformation of spent FCC catalysts for the methanol-to-olefins reaction

The effective recycling and recovery of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (SFCCCs) are of great importance but remains challenging. Herein, we use SFCCCs as raw material to synthesize metal-containing SSZ-13 nanocrystals via interzeolite conversion for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO). The usage dose of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantammonium hydroxide (TMAdaOH) for this synthesis can be controlled at remarkably low level (molar ratio of TMAdaOH:SiO2 = 0.072). Metal elements (including Ce, La, Mg, and Fe) deposited in SFCCCs are incorporated into SSZ-13 framework through isomorphous substitution of framework Si and Al. Reduced acid amount and strength resulted from the incorporation of metal elements decrease the selectivity of methane and propane, thereby increasing the selectivity of light olefins. Reduced crystal size owing to the production of aluminosilicate nanofragments caused by alkaline-induced decomposition of SFCCCs and mesopores generated by the combustion of hard-to-volatilize carbon deposits in SFCCCs reduce the molecular diffusion limitation and increase the utilization of surface acidic sites, thereby improving the anti-coking stability of SSZ-13 catalysts. Meanwhile, the incorporated metal elements in the framework reinforces the spatial confinement of the CHA cages to the transition state facilitating intermediates, thereby facilitating the accumulation of tetramethylbenzene with smaller size, which enhances the ethylene yield. The optimized SFs-0.072 exhibits superior MTO catalytic performance with about 3.8 times longer lifetime and 1.5 times higher light olefins selectivity than those of SSZ-Con without noticeable decrease of catalytic performance even after 3 successive reaction-oxidation cycles. Our present work achieves the controllable synthesis of SSZ-13 nanocrystals by using SFCCCs, which creates new opportunities for future large-scale coverting of SFCCCs into high value-added products.

An evaluation of storage length on ensiling characteristics, bacterial community compositions, co-occurrence networks, and their functional shifts and pathogenic risk in high-moisture oat silage

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the ensiling characteristics, bacterial community structure, co-occurrence networks, and their predicted functionality and pathogenic risk in high-moisture oat (Avena sativa L.) silage. The oat harvested at heading stage (224 g/kg fresh weight) was spontaneously ensiled in plastic silos (10 L scale). Triplicate silos were opened after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of fermentation, respectively. The bacterial community structure on day 3 and 60 were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functionality and phenotypes were determined by PICRUSt2 and BugBase tools, respectively.ResultsAfter 60 days, the oat silage exhibited moderate fermentation quality, as indicated by large amounts of acetic acid (~ 50.4 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and lactic acid (~ 55.4 g/kg DM), relatively high pH (~ 4.79), acceptable levels of ammonia nitrogen (~ 75.2 g/kg total nitrogen) and trace amounts of butyric acid (~ 3.36 g/kg DM). Psychrobacter was prevalent in fresh oat, and Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial community on day 3 and 60. Ensilage reduced the complexity of bacterial community network at the initial stage of fermentation. The bacterial functional pathways in fresh and ensiled oat are primarily characterized by the metabolism of carbohydrate and amino acid. During ensiling, the elevated pyruvate kinase and 1-phosphofructokinase levels were correlated with the lactic acid production, and the increased levels of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase may be responsible for the abundant acetic acid contents. Greater (P < 0.01) proportions of “Potentially Pathogenic” were observed in the bacterial community of oat silage compared to fresh oat.ConclusionsAltogether, the findings indicated that the high-moisture oat silage exhibited moderate fermentation quality, and the potential for microbial contamination and pathogens remained after 60 days of ensiling. Therefore, some effective chemical and microbial additives are recommended to ensure the quality, hygiene, and safety in high-moisture oat silage production.Graphical

The relationship of dietary omega-3 fatty acid and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio intake and likelihood of type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThere is a belief that consuming a significant amount of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can positively affect chronic diseases. However, the connection between these fatty acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk remains unclear. To explore this further, we conducted a study to investigate the relationship between dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (FA), as well as omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, and the odds of T2DM.MethodsOur research involved a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort. We evaluated their dietary habits using a comprehensive 118-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To determine the aforementioned association, we employed logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsThe prevalence of T2DM among 8744 qualified participants was 751 (8.6%). After considering all the possible factors that could affect the outcome, high dietary omega-3 intake was associated with a 58% lower likelihood of T2DM (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.56; P-trend: <0.001). In contrast, participants at the fourth quartile of the dietary omega 6 to omega 3 FA ratio had a higher odd of T2DM (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.11, 1.84; P-trend: 0.01). Nevertheless, there was no significant connection between the highest and lowest quartile of dietary omega-6 intake (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.17; P-trend: 0.80).ConclusionAccording to the study, consuming omega-3 fatty acids through diet was linked with lower odds of type 2 diabetes. Conversely, an elevated omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was associated with a greater likelihood of T2DM.

From metabolic byproduct to immune modulator: the role of lactate in tumor immune escape.

Lactic acid, a key metabolic byproduct within the tumor microenvironment, has garnered significant attention for its role in immune evasion mechanisms. Tumor cells produce and release large amounts of lactic acid into the tumor microenvironment through aberrant glycolysis via the Warburg effect, leading to a drop in pH. Elevated lactic acid levels profoundly suppress proliferation capacity, cytotoxic functions, and migratory abilities of immune effector cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells at the tumor site. Moreover, lactic acid can modulate the expression of surface molecules on immune cells, interfering with their recognition and attack of tumor cells, and it regulates signaling pathways that promote the expansion and enhanced function of immunosuppressive cells like regulatory T cells, thereby fostering immune tolerance within the tumor microenvironment. Current research is actively exploring strategies targeting lactic acid metabolism to ameliorate tumor immune evasion. Key approaches under investigation include inhibiting the activity of critical enzymes in lactic acid production to reduce its synthesis or blocking lactate transporters to alter intracellular and extracellular lactate distribution. These methods hold promise when combined with existing immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies to enhance the immune system's ability to eliminate tumor cells. This could pave the way for novel combinatorial treatment strategies in clinical cancer therapy, effectively overcoming tumor immune evasion phenomena, and ultimately improving overall treatment efficacy.

Research on the technology and mechanism of direct acidification of phosphogypsum and deeply solidify impurities with lime

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste generated during the wet production of phosphoric acid, noted for causing significant environmental pollution due to low pH and contamination with phosphorus-fluorine impurities. This work proposes an innovative method of acid treatment to acidify PG by directly adding of sulfuric acid at suitable temperatures. Initially, this acid treatment process is employed to convert and remove phosphorus-fluorine impurities, followed by PG after acid treatment incorporation with lime for safe solidification. The conversion mechanisms of phosphorus-fluorine impurities during acidification and solidification are elucidated. Results demonstrate that the direct acidification method converts most fluoride into H2SiF6 and HF, which are subsequently released from the PG system after a temperature of 175 °C treatment. Phosphorus is wholly transformed into water-soluble forms (H3PO4/H2PO4-/HPO42-), especially as eutectic phosphorus is released and converted when CaSO4·2H2O crystals dissolve to II-CaSO4. Following acidification to achieve a high water-soluble phosphorus/fluorine ratio, lime is added to convert phosphorus-fluorine impurities into Ca5(PO4)3F, ensuring harmlessness. The addition of 3.7% lime to acidified PG, an acid amount of 2-times the theoretical requirement, yields a treatment solution with pH=8.65, ρ(P)=0.05mg/L and ρ(F-)=1.11mg/L, meeting Class V water discharge standards (GB 3838-2002). The solidified PG filter residue contains ω(P2O5) ≤ 0.01% and ω(F-) ≤ 0.0061%, suitable for safe storage. This work indicates that this process can separate phosphorus impurities with lower energy consumption, providing a harmless PG treatment. Furthermore, the treated PG can hydrate to gain strength, potentially enhancing its utility as a resource.