Amount Of Weight Reduction Research Articles

The Association of Weight Reduction and Other Variables after Bariatric Surgery with the Likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Although obesity has been confirmed as a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity, the role of post-bariatric surgery (BS) variables and the infection is unclear. We, therefore, aimed to study comprehensively the relationship between the extent of weight reduction after surgery and other demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables with the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed, utilizing advanced tracking methodologies on the computerized database of a nation-wide health maintenance organization (HMO). The study population included all HMO members aged ≥18 years that had been tested at least once for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period and underwent BS at least one year before their testing. Of the total 3038 individuals who underwent BS, 2697 (88.78%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and 341 (11.22%) were negative. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the body mass index and the amount of weight reduction after the BS were not related to the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Post-operative low socioeconomic status (SES) and vitamin D3 deficiency were associated with significant and independent increased rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.03, p < 0.001; and OR 1.55, 95% CI, 1.18-2.02, p < 0.001; respectively). Post-operative physical activity > 3 times/week was associated with a significant and independent reduced rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 0.51, 95% CI, 0.35-0.73, p < 0.001). Post-BS vitamin D3 deficiency, SES, and physical activity, but not the amount of weight reduction, were significantly associated with the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Healthcare workers should be aware of these associations after BS and intervene accordingly.

Analysing the Generative Design of Payload Part for the 3D Metal Printing

Additive manufacturing provides the possibility to print complex generative designed bodies. The research deals with redesigning a payload part of a camera holder using generative design for selective laser melting. The possibility of replacing the original polymer component with a metal printed component of a greater strength and the effect of different parameters of generative design were investigated. By comparing the generative design results obtained in several phases, the goal was to find a solution that can be used to replace the previous part and become printable with 3D metal printing. The internal stress values for each case and the amount of weight reduction that can be achieved were determined. With the results obtained, the parts were prepared for printing. It is the key aspect of the industrial application of generative optimization.

Study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial to treat antipsychotic-induced weight gain: the Metformin-Lifestyle in antipsychotic users (MELIA) trial

BackgroundAntipsychotic-induced Weight Gain (AiWG) is a debilitating and common adverse effect of antipsychotics. AiWG negatively impacts life expectancy, quality of life, treatment adherence, likelihood of developing type-2 diabetes and readmission. Treatment of AiWG is currently challenging, and there is no consensus on the optimal management strategy. In this study, we aim to evaluate the use of metformin for the treatment of AiWG by comparing metformin with placebo in those receiving treatment as usual, which includes a lifestyle intervention.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, pragmatic trial with a follow-up of 52 weeks, we aim to include 256 overweight participants (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2) of at least 16 years of age. Patients are eligible if they have been diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and if they have been using an antipsychotic for at least three months. Participants will be randomized with a 1:1 allocation to placebo or metformin, and will be treated for a total of 26 weeks. Metformin will be started at 500 mg b.i.d. and escalated to 1000 mg b.i.d. 2 weeks thereafter (up to a maximum of 2000 mg daily). In addition, all participants will undergo a lifestyle intervention as part of the usual treatment consisting of a combination of an exercise program and dietary consultations. The primary outcome measure is difference in body weight as a continuous trait between the two arms from treatment inception until 26 weeks of treatment, compared to baseline. Secondary outcome measures include: 1) Any element of metabolic syndrome (MetS); 2) Response, defined as ≥5% body weight loss at 26 weeks relative to treatment inception; 3) Quality of life; 4) General mental and physical health; and 5) Cost-effectiveness. Finally, we aim to assess whether genetic liability to BMI and MetS may help estimate the amount of weight reduction following initiation of metformin treatment.DiscussionThe pragmatic design of the current trial allows for a comparison of the efficacy and safety of metformin in combination with a lifestyle intervention in the treatment of AiWG, facilitating the development of guidelines on the interventions for this major health problem.Trial registrationThis trial was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR) at https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8440 as NTR NL8840 on March 8, 2020.

Evaluation of the Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Gallstones in Shiraz

Background: Obesity can be associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and fatty liver. Cholelithiasis has a prevalence of 19–45% worldwide in obese individuals. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of weight loss on gallstone formation. Methods: This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected database from 276 patients (220 females and 56 males) who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) from September 2009 until April 2014 in Shiraz, Iran. Results: The patients' mean age was 35.7 ± 0.6 years and mean body–mass index (BMI) was 44.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2. Preoperatively, there were 171 (61.9%) patients with fatty liver and 15 (5.4%) patients with gallstone before weight loss. Postoperatively, 5 (1.8%) patients became symptomatic without preoperative cholelithiasis. Gallstone was seen with a higher percentage in female patients (95%). Weight loss after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was similar in patients with gallstone and other patients. Conclusions: LSG leads to weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. Routine concomitant cholecystectomy could be considered in patients who have developed symptomatic gallstone. This study showed that there were fewer patients with cholelithiasis in comparison with other studies and it could be the effect of prophylactic consumption of ursodiol. In addition, time and amount of weight reduction are essential components of their management.

TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOSITE DRIVE SHAFT FOR AUTOMOBILE USING FEM

In vehicle drive shaft is one of the most important component. It transmits torque from the engine to the differential gear of a rear wheel drive vehicle. Generally the drive shaft is made up of steel alloy but the use of conventional steel has disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength and high weight. Nowadays this steel drive shaft is replaced by composite material drive shaft. This advanced composite such as graphite, Kevlar, carbon, glass with suitable resin have advantage of higher specific strength, less weight, high damping capacity, longer life, high critical speed and greater torque carrying capacity and can results in considerable amount of weight reduction as compared to steel shaft. The main objective of this research work is to study the structural and vibrational behavior of composite material drive shaft assembly as compared to conventional steel drive shaft. Heavy duty vehicle transmission drive shaft has been used for the project. The conventional material steel SM45C and three composite materials HS carbon epoxy, E-glass epoxy, HM carbon epoxy have been used for drive shaft study so as to determine the suitable composite replacement in order to optimize the performance and design. The drive shaft was modelled using the CREO 3.0 cad software and finite element analysis were done using ansys 14.0 FEA as an analysis tool for numerical simulation to find the dynamic vibration response of composite material drive. The simulation result determines the total deformation, Equivalent Von misses stress, Maximum shear stress, natural frequencies and mode shapes under actual boundary conditions. The result concluded that HS carbon epoxy composite material is suited more for composite drive shaft application as compared to other composite materials.

Intervertebral Disc Height Changes After Weight Reduction in Morbidly Obese Patients and Its Effect on Quality of Life and Radicular and Low Back Pain

Prospective study in a morbidly obese population after bariatric surgery. To document the effect of significant weight reduction on intervertebral disc space height, axial back pain, radicular leg pain, and quality of life. Low back pain is a common complaint in obese patients, and weight loss is found to improve low back pain and quality of life. The mechanism by which obesity causes low back pain is not fully understood. On acute axial loading and offloading, intervertebral disc changes its height; there are no data on intervertebral disc height changes after significant weight reduction. Thirty morbidly obese adults who underwent bariatric surgery for weight reduction were enrolled in the study. Disc space height was measured before and 1 year after surgery. Visual analogue scale was used to evaluate axial and radicular pain. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and Moorehead-Ardelt questionnaires were used to evaluate changes in quality of life. Body weight decreased at 1 year after surgery from an average of 119.6 ± 20.7 kg to 82.9 ± 14.0 kg corresponding to an average reduction in body mass index of 42.8 ± 4.8 kg/m(2) to 29.7 ± 3.4 kg/m(2) (P < 0.001). The L4-L5 disc space height increased from 6 ± 1.3 mm, presurgery to 8 ± 1.5 mm 1 year postsurgery (P < 0.001). Both axial and radicular back pain decreased markedly after surgery (P < 0.001). Patients' Moorehead-Ardelt score significantly improved after surgery (P < 0.001). Although the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey score did not show any statistically significant improvement after surgery, the physical component of the questionnaire showed a positive trend for improvement. No correlation was noted between the amount of weight reduction and the increment in disc space height or back pain improvement. Bariatric surgery, resulting in significant weight reduction, was associated with a significant decrease in low back and radicular pain as well as a marked increase in the L4-L5 intervertebral disc height. Reduction in body weight after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients is associated with a significant radiographical increase in the L4-L5 disc space height as well as a significant clinical improvement in axial back and radicular leg pain.

Three-month weight reduction does not compromise bone strength in obese premenopausal women

Weight loss is claimed to cause bone loss. This prospective 12-month study evaluated effects of 3-month group-based weight loss with VLED on body composition, bone mass and strength (DXA and pQCT), muscle performance and biomarkers of bone turnover. The assessments were done at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. Sixty-two women of the recruited 75 obese (BMI>30) premenopausal women who completed the study were divided into 3 groups based on the tertiles of weight loss at 3 months. The group means of weight losses were 15.5% (Large), 10.5% (Medium) and 5.9% (Low). Statistical analyses were based on analysis of covariance. Bone turnover increased during the weight reduction period in all groups but practically returned to baseline during the weight maintenance phase. In general, mean bone changes remained marginal (∼±1%) and the amount of weight reduction was not associated with bone loss. The only notable change was the 4% decline in bending strength at the distal radius. These results indicate that in obese premenopausal women, 3-month weight reduction resulted in increased bone turnover but was not deleterious for bone mass or strength at 3 months or after 9-month weight maintenance.

Obesity

Obesity

Evaluation of potato varieties and selections for resistance to bacterial soft rot

Potato varieties and selections were evaluated for resistance to bacterial soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica in mist chamber. A randomized complete block design with a single treatment and 3 replications was used in this study. Potato lines were inoculated with bacterial suspension (10 tubers / line) using the puncture inoculation method and incubated for 4 days in a mist chamber at 21 C and 100 % relative humidity in the dark. Although there were differences in incidence of soft rot and in amount of weight reduction, most of the potato lines were susceptible to tuber soft rot. Mean incidence (%) of soft rot ranged from 10 to 100%. Mean reduction of tuber weight (%) ranged from 0.13 to 16.43 %. Among the varieties and selections tested, AF 522-5 was the most resistant to tuber weight loss, while AF 1424-7 was most susceptible. There were also significant differences between years, and a variety by year interaction. Testing over a period of years is recommended. A significant correlation coefficient of soft rot incidence (%) and reduction of tuber weight (%) was obtained (r=0.65; P=0.05), indicating that incidence was a fair measure of soft rot potential. However, the greater variability in results for incidence make weight loss a better measure of soft rot reaction. There was a significant difference among varieties in the reduction of tuber weight when potato lines were inoculated either 1 month or 2 months after harvest, but the interaction of time by year prohibits a conclusion as to which time gives a better test reaction. Late maturing varieties had slightly less weight loss than earlier maturing varieties.

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON SERUM LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION OF OLDER ADULTS 133

The effects of a supervised 6 months health promotion program on serum lipid profiles and body composition were studied in 76 healthy older adults(aged 66±5 yr, mean±SD). Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group or a training group (1 hr/session, 2 times /week). Exercises included gymnastics, folkdances, ballgames, walking, and resistive training. Training group was asked to increase daily physical activities more than 7500 steps/day. Training increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) in both men (61±14 vs. 71±14 mg/dl, p<0.05) and women(62±10 vs. 74±12 mg/dl, p<0.05). Triglyceride decreased in women (147±60 vs. 100±28 mg/dl, p<0.05) but not in men. The total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio decreased in both men (4.0±0.9 vs. 3.5±1.0, p<0.05) and women (3.9±1.1 vs. 3.3±0.8, p<0.05). The amount of weight reduction was significantly (r=0.7, p<0.01) correlated with initial value of body mass index (BMI). Training resulted in lean subjects (BMI <20) 's gaining weight (+1.4±0.5 kg, p<0.05), and obese subjects (BMI≧24) 's losing weight (-1.9±1.2 kg, p<0.01). These results suggest that health promotion programs may be a useful program to prevent and treat the age-related increase of disorders and thus, may decrease risk for cardiovascular diseases of older people.

Technical Notes: Minimum Weight Design of Helicopter Rotor Blades with Frequency Constraints

The minimum weight design of helicopter rotor blades subject to constraints on fundamental coupled flap-lag natural frequencies has been studied in this paper. A constraint has also been imposed on the minimum value of the blade autorotational inertia to ensure that the blade has sufficient inertia to autorotate in case of an engine failure. The program CAMRAD has been used for the blade modal analysis and the program CONMIN has been used for the optimization. In addition, a linear approximation analysis involving Taylor series expansion has been used to reduce the analysis effort. The procedure contains a sensitivity analysis which consists of analytical derivatives of the objective function and the autorotational inertia constraint and central finite difference derivatives of the frequency constraints. Optimum designs have been obtained for blades in vacuum with both rectangular and tapered box beam structures. Design variables include taper ratio, nonstructural segment weights and box beam dimensions. The paper shows that even when starting with an acceptable baseline design, a significant amount of weight reduction is possible while satisfying all the constraints for blades with rectangular and tapered box beams.