Amount Of Water Loss Research Articles

3D Diffusion of Water in Melt Inclusion‐Bearing Olivine Phenocrysts

AbstractOlivine‐hosted melt inclusions are an important archive of pre‐eruptive processes such as magma storage, mixing and subsequent ascent through the crust. However, this record can be modified by post‐entrapment diffusion of H+ through the olivine lattice. Existing studies often use spherical or 1D models to track melt inclusion dehydration that fail to account for complexities in geometry, diffusive anisotropy and sectioning effects. Here we develop a finite element 3D multiphase diffusion model for the dehydration of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions that includes natural crystal geometries and multiple melt inclusions. We use our 3D model to test the reliability of simplified analytical and numerical models (1D and 2D) using magma ascent conditions from the 1977 eruption of Seguam volcano, Alaska. We find that 1D models underestimate melt inclusion water loss, typically by ∼30%, and thus underestimate magma decompression rates, by up to a factor of 5, when compared to the 3D models. An anisotropic analytical solution that we present performs well and recovers decompression rates within a factor of 2, in the situations in which it is valid. 3D models that include multiple melt inclusions show that inclusions can shield each other and reduce the amount of water loss upon ascent. This shielding effect depends on decompression rate, melt inclusion size, and crystallographic direction. Our modeling approach shows that factors such as 3D crystal geometry and melt inclusion configuration can play an important role in constraining accurate decompression rates and recovering water contents in natural magmatic systems.

Saving water under water deficit conditions by application of Xyway LFR@FMC: Greenhouse studies

Triazole fungicides are often referred to as "stress protectants" due to their ability to enhance the abiotic stress tolerance of plants. Xyway LFR@FMC (flutriafol) is a triazole and at-plant applied fungicide. The Xyway LFR@FMC fungicide that has been introduced into corn production system starting 2020 have been observed to improve plant performance under drought stress conditions. In this study, we accessed the potential of Xyway LFR@FMC product in altering the ability of corn (Zea mays L.) plants to control transpiration rates under water deficit-stressed (DS) conditions. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions treated with Xyway LFR@FMC at 0.56, 0.77, and 1.11 L ha−1 in experiment 1 and 1.11 and 1.26 L ha−1 rates in experiment 2. Plants treated with 1.11 L ha−1 reduced the amount of water loss in response to DS and had the highest fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) thresholds. There was an increase in shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot) by 1.11 L ha−1 in both experiments. Plants treated with 0.77 and 1.11 L ha−1 had higher LWP rates compared to other treatments under DS conditions. In conclusion, the most likely chemical ingredient in Xyway LFR@FMC fungicide triggering the transpiration control response was flutriafol. This is the first report that early stomatal closure under soil drying conditions can be induced by the application of Xyway LFR@FMC fungicide. Application of at-plant fungicide, Xyway LFR@FMC has potential to reduce the negative effect of water-deficit stress in corn along with improving plants growth and physiological performance.

Assessment of the Drought-Tolerance Criteria for Screening Peach Cultivars

The article presents an analysis of the artificial dehydration effect of peach leaf tissues, simulating natural drought, on various physiological, morphological, and anatomical parameters described in the literature, associated with the trait of drought resistance. An investigation aimed to identify the most informative criteria for peach drought resistance which correlate with water loss during dehydration. The results present an assessment of the amount of water loss in 60 peach cultivars selected from different geographical areas and having different genetic origins. Four contrasting genotypes were identified, based on the results of the cluster analysis performed on the cultivar’s water regime. The influence of water regime parameters (leaf water content, water saturation deficit, dynamic of water loss), the morphological and anatomical structure of the leaf, the content of photosynthetic pigments, and the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus on drought resistance were investigated for selected peach cultivars. It was revealed that the most informative criteria for assessing drought resistance were dry and fresh leaf weight, leaf blade length, leaf width, and area (among morphometric parameters); stomatal pore length, stomata density, adaxial and abaxial epidermis thickness, and adaxial cuticle thickness (among anatomical parameters); and Fv/Fm—maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII, Y(NO)—quantum yield of unregulated non-photochemical light energy dissipation in PS II and Y(NPQ)—controlled quantum losses (among indicators of photosynthetic activity).

Study on heat transfer and water saving characteristics of a new cooling tower condensation module

Cooling towers generate large amounts of water loss during operation due to evaporation, drift and drainage and the air passing through the cooling tower is hot and humid and tends to mix with the cold and dry ambient air to form a visible white mist, resulting in poor heat transfer. In order to mitigate this effect, a new condensing module was developed and an experimental platform was set up to carry out numerical simulations and experimental studies on heat transfer, water saving and resistance characteristics. The results showed that the special structure of the new condensing module can effectively improve the heat transfer effect in the tower and reduce water losses and white mist at the top of the tower. At different flow rates, the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the wet heat channel of the new condensing module is 12.26% higher than that of the conventional condensing module, and the water vapor recovery rate is 16.81% higher; at different temperature differences, the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the wet heat channel of the new condensing module is 13.93% higher than that of the conventional condensing module, and the water vapor recovery rate is 15.45% higher. Therefore, the new condensation module provides a new method for cooling towers to improve heat transfer efficiency, as well as to remove mist and save water.

Abstract P400: Effects Of Time Restricted Feeding On Blood Pressure And Urine Output

Americans consume ~48% more salt than the recommended daily intake, increasing the sodium load placed on the kidneys. Normally, the kidneys excrete this excess sodium, however salt-sensitive (SS) individuals are unable to do so and develop hypertension. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), in which food is consumed in <10 hours, has been shown to improve various cardiometabolic disorders, however there is limited research on its effect in SS hypertension. The goal of this study was to determine if intermittent salt consumption via TRF can improve SS hypertension in the Dahl SS rat model. Male (n=7-9/group) and female (n=4/group) SS rats were randomly divided into the following groups: low salt ad libitum (LS ad lib), low salt TRF (LS TRF), high salt ad libitum (HS ad lib), or high salt TRF (HS TRF) and underwent a two-week protocol. During the first week, all rats had ad libitum access to their respective diet to establish hypertension in the HS groups. During the second week, some animals began TRF, in which food was provided for 8 hours during the active period (2200-0600 hrs), and metabolic phenotypes were assessed in all rats using the Promethion (Sable Systems). Urine was collected for 8-9 hrs after the feeding period. Prior to endpoint, anesthetized blood pressure was measured at the end of the fasting period. We found that the HS TRF group had reduced systolic blood pressure in both males (138.69 ± 4.29 mmHg vs 143.33 ± 7.43 mmHg; mean ± SEM) and females (129.19 ± 6.29 mmHg vs 135.85 ± 10.88 mmHg; mean ± SEM) compared to the HS ad lib group, however this was not significant. Urine excretion was significantly higher in the HS TRF group compared to the HS ad lib group in both males (8.89 ± 1.06 mL vs 4.06 ± 0.42 mL; mean ± SEM; p<0.05) and females (7.5 ± 0.20 mL vs 4.88 ± 0.43 mL; mean ± SEM; p<0.05). Furthermore, while the rats were in the Promethion, there was a higher amount of water loss (VH 2 O; which can include evaporated urine) in the HS TRF group compared to the HS ad lib group during the fasting period in both males (1.52 ± 0.03 g/hr vs 1.40 ± 0.03 g/hr; mean ± SEM; p<0.05) and females (1.18 ± 0.03 g/hr vs 0.96 ± 0.01 g/hr; mean ± SEM; p<0.05). Overall, these results may suggest that TRF produces a diuretic effect in the Dahl SS rat model, however further studies are required to confirm this.

Propiedades fisicoquímicas y estructurales de la carne de vacuno descongelada mediante distintos métodos

Four meat thawing techniques that are most commonly used in daily life were used: refrigerator thawing, microwave thawing, ambient temperature thawing, and water thawing, to evaluate the physico-chemical and histological alterations in thawed beef. After thawing, the structural, chemical, and physical characteristics of beef meat were evaluated. The results showed that meat thawed in the refrigerator at 4°C was characterized by the highest pH value (5.65 ± 0.02) and a significant difference (P<0.05) compared to meat thawed by other thawing methods. Also for the electrical conductivity, it reached the highest value (1.442 ± 1,012) in the microwave oven (P<0.05); meanwhile, water activity decreased significantly after thawing regardless of the thawing method (P<0.05). On the other hand, refrigerator thawing resulted in the least amount of water loss (1.23%) with P<0.05, while high levels of microwave energy caused significant water loss, represented by thawing loss and cooking loss (4.37% and 44.47%), respectively, with P<0.05. Among different thawing methods, microwave thawing had the highest level of TBARS, with a mean of 0.25 ± 0.034 mg·kg-1 (P<0.05). Regarding the color, the lightness (L*) value in the microwave-thawed samples decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the fresh control. Histologically, samples that were thawed in a refrigerator preserved the integrity of the fibers' structure after thawing better than other methods; samples thawed in a microwave, however, caused more structural damage. To ensure that it thaws uniformly and to retain the meat's quality as close to its fresh quality as possible, it is typically advised to thaw meat in a slower, more gradual manner, such as in the refrigerator.

Evaluation the Western Canal of Al- Ishaqi Irrigation Project

The water scarcity that Iraq suffers from and the low irrigation efficiency in irrigation projects, therefore, it was necessary to evaluate the performance of the irrigation system of the western canal for the Ishaqi irrigation project in Salah al-Din Governorate to determine the water management strategies that can be used to improve the irrigation efficiency in the project. The performance of the field irrigation system was evaluated on two fields of different crops and irrigation methods according to the agricultural reality of the study area in the Western canal for the Al-Ishaqi Irrigation Project in Salah Al-Din Governorate. The fieldwork included measurements of the moisture content before and after irrigation, field capacity, and measuring the inflow of each field using a venturi flume to find the discharge inside the field and measuring the depth of the root during the growing season. The field measurements showed that the actual average water application efficiency for field W1, which is irrigated with the Border irrigation system is 36.1%, and in field W2, which is irrigated with the furrow irrigation system is 26.8%. As for the water distribution efficiency, the average distribution efficiency for fields W1 and W2 was about 98.8% and 98.4%, respectively. Field measurements showed that the actual conveyance efficiency of the western canal is 93.1%. The overall project efficiency for the western canal was 28.3%. The results of this evaluation conducted in the western canal t revealed that farmers are using more water than required, resulting in a large amount of water loss in the fields by deep permeation observed in this study due to inefficient use, poor irrigation schedule, and lack of knowledge and skills sufficient farmers have in managing water.

Increasing precipitation during first half of growing season enhances ecosystem water use efficiency in a semiarid grassland.

Precipitation amount and seasonality can profoundly impact ecosystem carbon (C) and water fluxes. Water use efficiency (WUE), which measures the amount of C assimilation relative to the amount of water loss, is an important metric linking ecosystem C and water cycles. However, how increasing precipitation at different points in the growing season affects ecosystem WUE remains unclear. A manipulative experiment simulating increasing first half (FP+) and/or second half (SP+) of growing-season precipitation was conducted for 4 years (2015-2018) in a temperate steppe in the Mongolian Plateau. Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and evapotranspiration (ET) were measured to figure out ecosystem WUE (WUE = GEP/ET). Across the four years, FP+ showed no considerable impact on ecosystem WUE or its two components, GEP and ET, whereas SP+ stimulated GEP but showed little impact on ET, causing a positive response of WUE to FP+. The increased WUE was mainly due to higher soil water content that maintained high aboveground plant growth and community cover while ET was stable during the second half of growing season. These results illustrate that second half of growing-season precipitation is more important in regulating ecosystem productivity in semiarid grasslands and highlight how precipitation seasonality affects ecosystem productivity in the temperate steppe ecosystem.

Research on leakage area detection method in water distribution network based on gray wolf optimization

Abstract Leakage in a water distribution network (WDN) leads to a large amount of water loss and water pipe pollution and affects residents’ domestic water supply. Therefore, network leakage detection significantly saves water resources. The traditional model approach has ample search space in solving large distribution network applications, a challenging and complex leakage detection process and a low detection accuracy. For the above problems, this study proposes a new method of leakage area detection based on gray wolf optimization (GWO). First, the extensive WDN is divided into several virtual areas. Then, the leakage is simulated by the additional water demand of nodes, and the node demand of the distribution network is calibrated based on the GWO algorithm. Finally, the leakage area is identified, and the size of the leakage in that area is estimated. The method was experimented on in two cases, simulating single-point leakage and multi-point simultaneous leakage, respectively. The results show that the method estimates the size of leakage in the corresponding area based on accurate identification of leakage areas, and the detection error of leakage is within 17.14%. The method provides water workers with guidance on leak detection, significantly reducing staff time to repair pipes.

How Does Stomatal Density and Residual Transpiration Contribute to Osmotic Stress Tolerance?

Osmotic stress that is induced by salinity and drought affects plant growth and development, resulting in significant losses to global crop production. Consequently, there is a strong need to develop stress-tolerant crops with a higher water use efficiency through breeding programs. Water use efficiency could be improved by decreasing stomatal transpiration without causing a reduction in CO2 uptake under osmotic stress conditions. The genetic manipulation of stomatal density could be one of the most promising strategies for breeders to achieve this goal. On the other hand, a substantial amount of water loss occurs across the cuticle without any contribution to carbon gain when the stomata are closed and under osmotic stress. The minimization of cuticular (otherwise known as residual) transpiration also determines the fitness and survival capacity of the plant under the conditions of a water deficit. The deposition of cuticular wax on the leaf epidermis acts as a limiting barrier for residual transpiration. However, the causal relationship between the frequency of stomatal density and plant osmotic stress tolerance and the link between residual transpiration and cuticular wax is not always straightforward, with controversial reports available in the literature. In this review, we focus on these controversies and explore the potential physiological and molecular aspects of controlling stomatal and residual transpiration water loss for improving water use efficiency under osmotic stress conditions via a comparative analysis of the performance of domesticated crops and their wild relatives.

Hydrological characteristics of different organic materials mulches

The study aims to find the properties of three organic mulch varieties and their effects on soil moisture and crop growth. Three organic mulches: newspaper, grass, and bran were selected as the research objects, and were analyzed through double-ring infiltration and water loss tests so that water permeability and water-holding capacity of the three mulching materials could be figured out. The results showed the descending order of the three mulching treatments and non-treatment by the infiltration rate of the soil: newspaper > bare ground > grass > bran. In terms of the water-holding capacity, the three organic mulches can be ranked from high to low as newspaper, grass, and bran; by the cumulative water loss as newspaper, grass, and bran; and by water-retention capacity as bran, grass, and newspaper, respectively. By conducting regression analysis, it is found that the water-holding capacity of the mulches is related to water immersion time and the amount of water absorbed and that there is a significant logarithmic relationship between the amount of water loss and water losing time. The fitting results of the three mulches are good. Besides, a power-function relationship exists between water absorption rate and immersion time, and between water loss rate and water loss time. The water infiltration of the soil under the newspaper mulching treatment is the best, as the newspaper can help to improve soil moisture and weaken surface runoff under flood irrigation and heavy rain. Bran possesses the strongest capacity for water retention, which is beneficial to soil moisture retention in areas where sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and light to moderate rain prevail. The research results can provide a basis for improving the moisture-utilization efficiency in farmlands by using organic mulches.

An Approach to Assess the Water Resources Reliability and Its Management

One of the factors limiting the possibility of the development of urban agglomerations is access to drinking water. Due to progressive climate change, the available water resources are limited. The paper proposes new indicators of limiting the development of agglomerations related to the availability of water resources and the production capacity of water treatment plants, a method for assessing the diversification of water resources (using the Pielou index), and a water loss balance was prepared based on International Water Association (IWA) standards. On the basis of the obtained results, the potential increase in the number of inhabitants indicators (∆PR, ∆PP) and the time for the development of agglomeration indicators (TR, TP), the directions of development of the studied agglomerations in terms of the possibility of water supply were indicated. The main problems were reducing the amount of water losses, appropriate management of the migration policy of the population, and the necessity to look for alternative sources of water.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN AIR BERSIH PERUMDA TIRTA JAM GADANG KOTA BUKITTINGGI

PERUMDA Tirta Jam Gadang in the city of Bukittinggi as one of the providers of clean water is obliged to meet the clean water needs of the community by ensuring the availability of water in the long term is fulfilled. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the current and future needs for clean water by projecting the number of residents, the number of direct connections (SL), the amount of water loss and analyzing the water discharge used by PERUMDA Tirta Jam Gadang and projecting an estimate of water availability up to 2026 with using linear regression method. Based on the results of the analysis, the total clean water needs of PERUMDA Tirta Jam Gadang until 2026 are 153.67 lt/s or an increase of 2.49% from the 2021 data which amounted to 141.59 lt/s in line with the increasing urban population growth. Bukittinggi with the number of direct connections (SL) in 2026 of 18,701 SL or an increase of 4.88% from the data in 2021 which amounted to 14,776 SL, the used water discharge of PERUMDA Tirta Jam Gadang until 2026 amounted to 240.60 lt/s or an increase of 1.85% from the used discharge data in 2021 which amounted to 233.97 lt/s, the estimated water loss until 2026 amounted to 86.23 lt/s or an increase of 2.62% from the 2021 data which is only 72.52 lt/s. With the total availability of water in 2026 which amounted to 154.37 lt/s, from the water balance it can be concluded that the availability of clean water is a surplus of 0.70 lt/s or the availability of water is still sufficient for clean water needs until 2026. Keywords: Water demand, Water availability, Water loss, Water balance, Linear regression

Hydrological assessment of the volume of water losses in Al-Habbaniyah Lake and its impact on the tourism activity of the tourist city h using modern geographical technologies

The research aims to study the estimation of the volume of water losses from surface streams in each of Lake Habbaniyah، and to achieve this goal the study adopted a descriptive approach to explain the reasons for the increase in the volume of water losses and study the factors affecting them. different، and it was found in general through the research that there are large amounts of surface water wasted through several processes، the most important of which are (leakage – evaporation. Where the latter worked to increase the amount of water losses from surface streams because the amount of evaporation from a water body during a specific period depends on two groups، the first includes climatic factors that carry between its folds، solar radiation، temperature، relative humidity ... etc.) and the second group includes factors related to The nature of water and its characteristics in terms of water quality، water depth، size and shape of water bodies. The results proved that both groups worked directly to increase the amount of water losses and thus led to a decrease in the amount of water in the study area، so this study came as an attempt to clarify the reality of the possibilities available to estimate the volume of water losses in Lake Habbaniyah، and its role in economic evaluation by working to reduce evaporation and shortage rates The occurrence of water، which leads to hitting the existing tourism in that region.

Water Losses in the Condenser Cooling System at the 905 MWe Power Unit

The paper focuses on water losses in the turbine condenser cooling system of the 905 MW power unit in Opole Power Plant (Opole Poland). The evaporative and drift losses are determined for various operating and atmospheric conditions. The drift loss is found to be 0.125–0.375% of the cooling water flux and some increase in this loss is noticed with increase in unit power and ambient temperature. The studies have shown that the presence of wind increases the total water loss related to the power generated by the power unit. This effect is analysed for selected constant air temperature values Tamb. The increase of the cooling water loss stream, related to the power of the unit, is at the level of 14.8% for Tamb equal to 7 °C, 23% for 15 °C, and approximately 10% at 22 °C. These increases are related to the level of losses in almost no wind conditions. It is investigated how the change in the cooling water flux affects the power unit operation and the amount of water loss. For the power unit under consideration, the reduction of the cooling water flux from 80,000 to 60,000 ton/h raises the temperature of water behind the condenser and lowers the temperature of the cooled water tw2 within the range of 0.75–1.5 °C, depending on the unit power and the ambient temperature. Reducing the cooling water flux in the analysed range results in an increase in condenser vapour pressure, within 0.5 kPa at Tamb = 25 °C. This increase is lower at lower ambient temperatures. Within the range of variations analysed, the effect of cooling water flux on evaporative losses is negligibly small. The increase in condenser steam pressure significantly affects the power generated by the turbine generator unit. The calculations show that it is possible to optimize the size of the cooling water flux for the analysed power unit and condenser cooling system. This optimization would allow (within a limited range of load variability) an increase in the net power generated by the power unit.

Determination of the energy expenditure, sources, and loss of water among young adults

BackgroundFew studies on measuring human energy expenditure with the doubly labeled water method has been conducted in China. The sources and loss of water among human body have never been systematically evaluated. Less data can be available for the development of the recommendation on energy expenditure and water intake. The objective of this study was to determine the energy expenditure, water sources, and loss among young adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 25 participants were recruited. Double-labeled water was used to determine their energy expenditure. Water loss through skin evaporation and respiration of the lungs and water sources from metabolic water were calculated using corresponding formula, respectively. Water loss through excretion of urine was recorded and evaluated using “3-day, 24-h, real-time urine excretion record” method. All urine samples were collected and weighed in the 3 days. Water loss through excretion of feces was evaluated using “3-day, 24-h, real-time fecal-excretion record” method. All fecal samples were collected and tested by the direct drying method. Water sources from fluid intake were recorded by “7-day, 24-h, real-time fluid intake record” method. Water intake from food was calculated and tested by the weighing method combined with the duplicate portion method and the direct drying method in the 3 days.ResultsThe energy expenditure of males was 2187 kcal/d, and that of females was 1987 kcal/d. The median fluid intake, water intake from food, and metabolic water were 887, 1173 and 246 mL, respectively, which accounted for 38.8%, 50.3%, and 11.2% of total water sources. There was a gender difference in the percentage of metabolic water (Z = − 2.135, P = 0.033). The water loss through urine excretion, skin evaporation, respiration, and feces excretion was 1295, 172, 149 and 64 mL, respectively, which accounted for 76.5%, 10.3%, 9.5%, and 3.6% of the total water losses. Gender differences in the amount of water loss through respiration and skin evaporation were found (Z = − 4.125, P < 0.001; Z = − 3.723, P < 0.001).ConclusionsEnergy expenditure of male was higher than that of female. The first major water sources was water intake from food in this study, and the first major water loss was urine excretion.Trial registration The study was registered on the website of Chinese clinical trial registry, and the code of identification is ChiCTR1900028746.

Automatic Water Control System and Environment Sensors in a Greenhouse

Iraqi greenhouses require an active microcontroller system to ensure a suitable microclimate for crop production. At the same time, reliable and timely Water Consumption Rate (WCR) forecasts provide an essential means to reduce the amount of water loss and maintain the environmental conditions inside the greenhouses. The Arduino micro-controller system is tested to determine its effectiveness in controlling the WCR, Temperature (T), Relative Humidity (RH), and Irrigation Time (IT) levels and improving plant growth rates. The Arduino micro-controller system measurements are compared with the traditional methods to determine the quality of the work of the new control system. The development of mathematical models relies on T, RH, and IT indicators. Based on the results, the new system proves to reliably identify the amount of WCR, IT, T, and RH necessary for plant growth. A t-test for the values from the Arduino microcontroller system and traditional devices for both conditions show no significant difference. This means that there is solid evidence that the WCR, IT, T, and RH levels for these two groups are no different. In addition, the linear, two-factor interaction (2FI), and quadratic models display acceptable performance very well since multiple coefficients of determination (R2) reached 0.962, 0.969, and 0.977% with IT, T, and RH as the predictor variables. This implies that 96.9% of the variability in the WCR is explained by the model. Therefore, it is possible to predict weekly WCR 14 weeks in advance with reasonable accuracy.

Analisis Kerusakan Saluran Sekunder Daerah Irigasi Susoh Kabupaten Aceh Barat Daya

The Susoh irrigation area is one of the irrigation areas in Sounthwest Aceh Regency, the Susoh Irrigation Area irrigates water with a standartd area of 5,793 Ha and a functional area of 2,571.24 Ha. However, with damage along the channel, the water needs are less than optimal for irrigating water in the rice fields. Damage to one of the irrigation buildings will affect the performance of the existing system, so in the secondary canal of the Susoh Irrigation Area it is necessary to do a research on channel damage analysis. Water discharge, water loss is also the amount of efficiency and effectiveness in the Susoh Irrigation Area. From the results of the analysis, it is known that the amount of water loss in the secondary canal in the Susoh Irrigation Area is 0.15696 m/s, the efficiency value is 77.67257% and the effectiveness value is only 51.79%. From the result of this analysis, it can be seen that the condition of the D.I Susoh secondary canal is mostly damaged, so it needs rehabilitation.

Evaluation of the Factors Impacting the Water Pipe Leak Detection Ability of GPR, Infrared Cameras, and Spectrometers under Controlled Conditions

Leakages from water distribution infrastructures are responsible for a considerable amount of water losses. Consequently, innovative, non-destructive techniques (NDT) of leakage detection for early recognition is vital. In this study, the leak detection abilities of Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), spectrometers, and infrared (IR) cameras were investigated, and the factors affecting the leak detection response were assessed. Three experimental setups were constructed to simulate underground pipes in dune sand. Three different pipe materials (PVC, PPR, and PE) were investigated under three levels of moisture content (MC; 2%, 5%, and 10%) and three types of leaks (hole, crack, and faulty joint). The IR camera was the most effective among the different NDTs used in this study. The IR camera detected all types of leaks at 2% and 5% MC but was inconclusive at 10% MC. Similarly, the GPR detected the leaks at 2% and 5% MC successfully but was inconclusive at 10% MC. Lastly, the spectrometer was the least reliable NDT to detect leaks. Results suggest that IR cameras and spectrometers that operate in the mid-IR range (5–25 µm) can detect leaks.

The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Extracellular Vesicles from Korean Women in Their 20s on Skin Aging.

Extracellular vesicles, which are highly conserved in most cells, contain biologically active substances. The vesicles and substances interact with cells and impact physiological mechanisms. The skin is the most external organ and is in direct contact with the external environment. Photoaging and skin damage are caused by extrinsic factors. The formation of wrinkles is a major indicator of skin aging and is caused by a decrease in collagen and hyaluronic acid. MMP-1 expression is also increased. Due to accruing damage, skin aging reduces the ability of the skin barrier, thereby lowering the skin’s ability to contain water and increasing the amount of water loss. L. plantarum suppresses various harmful bacteria by secreting an antimicrobial substance. L. plantarum is also found in the skin, and research on the interactions between the bacteria and the skin is in progress. Although several studies have investigated L. plantarum, there are only a limited number of studies on extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from L. plantarum, especially in relation to skin aging. Herein, we isolated EVs that were secreted from L. plantarum of women in their 20s (LpEVs). We then investigated the effect of LpEVs on skin aging in CCD986sk. We showed that LpEVs modulated the mRNA expression of ECM related genes in vitro. Furthermore, LpEVs suppressed wrinkle formation and pigmentation in clinical trials. These results demonstrated that LpEVs have a great effect on skin aging by regulating ECM related genes. In addition, our study offers important evidence on the depigmentation effect of LpEVs.