Amount Of Thermal Energy Research Articles

Laboratory Tests on the Possibility of Using Flax Fibers as a Plant-Origin Reinforcement Component in Composite Friction Materials for Vehicle Braking Systems.

Braking systems are extremely important in any vehicle. They convert the kinetic energy of motion into thermal energy that is dissipated into the atmosphere. Different vehicle groups have different nominal and maximum speeds and masses, so the amount of thermal energy that needs to be absorbed by the friction pads and then dissipated can vary significantly. Conventional friction materials are composite materials capable of withstanding high temperatures (in the order of 500-600 °C) and high mechanical loads resulting from braking intensity and vehicle weight. In small vehicles traveling at low speeds, where both the amount of thermal energy and its density are limited, the use of slightly weaker friction materials with better ecological properties can be considered. This work proposes a prototype composite friction material using flax fibers as reinforcement instead of the commonly used aramid. A number of samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests. The samples were prepared using components of plant origin, specifically flax fibers. This component acted as reinforcement in the composite friction material, replacing aramid commonly used for this purpose. The main tribological characteristics were determined, such as the values of the coefficients of friction and the coefficients of abrasive wear rate. For this purpose, an authorial method using ball-cratering contact was used. The results were analyzed using statistical methods. It was found that the composite material using flax fibers does not differ significantly in its tribological properties from conventional solutions; so, it can be assumed that it can be used in the vehicle's braking system.

Enhancing Rubber Vulcanization Cure Kinetics: Lowering Vulcanization Temperature by Addition of MgO as Co-Cure Activator in ZnO-Based Cure Activator Systems.

Vulcanization is a chemical modification of rubber that requires a considerable amount of thermal energy. To save thermal energy, the kinetics of rubber vulcanization should be improved. In this article, the curing properties of rubber vulcanization are thoroughly investigated using the moving die rheometer (MDR) technique. To enhance the kinetics in different stages of ZnO-based sulfur vulcanization systems, small amounts of MgO were added. The results revealed that the small amount of 1 to 2 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) of MgO in the controlled 5 phr ZnO-based curing systems can significantly improve the curing kinetics. For example, the optimum curing time of 1 phr MgO added to the 5 phr ZnO-containing semi-efficient vulcanization system at different temperatures was more than half that of the controlled 5 phr ZnO-only compound. While maintaining a similar rate of vulcanization, the vulcanization temperature can be reduced by up to 20 °C by using MgO as a co-cure activator, which exhibits similar or better rheometric mechanical properties compared to the controlled compounds. With the addition of MgO as a co-cure activator, the vulcanization reactions become very fast, enabling vulcanization to be completed, even at the boiling point of water (100 °C) with an affordable curing time (<1 h). By reducing the vulcanization temperature, the scorch safety time can be enhanced in the ZnO/MgO-based binary cure activator-containing vulcanizates. Overall, MgO could be a potential candidate as a co-cure activator with ZnO for the vulcanization of rubber, offering better economical and eco-friendly methods.

Design of a Solar Dish Receiver and Life Cycle Assessment of a Hot Water System

The energy sector is the main source of greenhouse gases, so it has the highest potential for improvement. The improvements can be achieved by generating energy from renewable sources. It is necessary to combine production from renewable sources with storage systems. Thermal energy storage using concentrated solar power systems is a promising technology for dispatchable renewable energy that can guarantee a stable energy supply even in remote areas without contributing to greenhouse gas emissions during operation. However, it must be emphasised that greenhouse gases and other impacts can occur during the production process of concentrating solar system components. This paper analyses the receiver design to produce thermal energy for the existing CSP dish plant at the Energy Center of the Politecnico di Torino. The plant is designed to produce electrical energy in the spring and summer periods. In addition to this energy production, the CSP can be adopted to produce thermal energy, through hot water, during the less favourable periods of the year in terms of global solar radiation. The surface heat flux is calculated in the first part of the analysis to obtain the maximum internal temperature in the receiver, which is 873.7 °C. This value is a constraint for the choice of material for the solar receiver. A life cycle assessment is performed to compare the emissions generated during the production of the main components of the CSP system with the emissions generated by the methane-fuelled water heater to produce the same amount of thermal energy. It can be concluded that the production of the main components of the CSP system results in lower greenhouse gas emissions than the operational phase of a conventional system. Given the assumptions made, the utilization of methane leads to the emission of approximately 12,240 kg of CO2, whereas the production of the CSP system results in emissions totalling 5332.8 kg of CO2 equivalent

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF AGROBIOMASS IN KRASNODAR, STAVROPOL AND ROSTOV REGIONS

At present the use of organic waste for energy production has become a significant part of the world energy industry. Thereby both the problem of energy supply and waste disposal are solved. In connection with the large volumes of annually formed resource, the ability to provide inexpensive logistics and the demand for ener gy at the level of local consumption the task of recycling agricultural waste is of particular interest. The paper presents a methodology for assessing the crop waste energy potential, taking into account the type of crops, the energy content and specific features of their processing to produce thermal energy. The regions of the Russian Federation leading in the production of cereals, sunflower and corn, i. e. Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region, were chosen as study areas, both due to the significant energy potential and the available experience of producing energy from wastes in the South of Russia. The quantities of thermal energy that can be obtained from the waste of these crops are determined (the totals for all crops are 14 600 000, 30 500 000 and 29 100 000 million Gcal/year for the regions, respectively), as well as the share of heat supply coverage in the residential sector of the regions (124, 120 and 160%, respectively). The cluster analysis methods allowed identifying groups of districts that are self-sufficient in terms of the local energy resource, as well as potential “donors” of fuel from waste. The results are displayed on charts and a series of maps.

Photo-thermal CO2 desorption from amine-modified silica / carbon aerogel for direct air capture

Direct air capture (DAC) is a promising approach for combating global warming, but its energy-intensive CO2 desorption process presents a significant challenge. Especially, the DAC process requires much amount of thermal energy by heating the adsorbent for CO2 desorption. In order to eliminate the heating for CO2 desorption, we have developed an amine-modified silica / carbon (AmSiC) aerogel that can desorb CO2 by light irradiation, utilizing carbon black as a photo-thermal material. The AmSiC aerogel with high porosity was obtained via a supercritical CO2 drying method at 20 MPa and 40 ˚C for 3 h, enabling CO2 adsorption due to its amine content. After the aerogel adsorbed CO2 from the air, LED light with the intensity of 2.0 kW m−2 was irradiated to the aerogel with CO2, raising the temperature to approximately 70 ˚C and leading to CO2 desorption. Compared to xerogel dried through heating evaporation, the AmSiC aerogel exhibited approximately 60 times higher CO2 desorption due to its porous structure serving as thermal insulation during photo-thermal heating. By adjusting the carbon black concentration, the photo-thermal desorption efficiency reached nearly 80 %. Solar illumination can be employed in the DAC process with the AmSiC aerogel, which would significantly reduce the energy requirements for DAC system operation.

STUDYING OF THE SATELLITE BASED MODELS FOR LOCAL SPATIO-TEMPORAL MONITORING OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION IN COSTAL SEA WATER IN BLACK SEA

Due to climate changes, a number of changes are observed in the world's oceans, such as a change in the amount of thermal energy and water temperature, a change in sea and ocean currents, as well as an increase in acidification. These changes lead to a change in sea water as a habitat for marine ecosystems. Since the beginning of the new millennium, many scientific researches have been focused on monitoring and studying ocean acidification as an important indicator of climate change. The use of satellite remote sensing data to study ocean acidification is gaining wide application and is emerging as a major research method in the near future. It enables continuous near-real-time monitoring, both globally and regionally. The aim of the present study is to investigate and evaluate the possibilities of applying the models for the study of marine acidification using satellite data for a limited coastal area in the Black Sea region. A review of the publications in various scientific databases related to the major projects of international and governmental organizations such as UNESCO, IALA, EC, NOAA, etc. was made. The study takes into account the gaps in the information on the acidification of the Bulgarian coastal waters by exploring the possibilities for satellite remote monitoring, which would allow the creation of spatio-temporal and prognostic models. The global and regional coastal studies of seawater acidification with satellite data, as well as the satellite studies of the Black Sea carried out so far, give us hope that in the near future we will be able to successfully apply satellite remote sensing methods in regions such as the Bulgarian coast. However, there are currently no data on quantitative analyzes based on satellite data for the Black Sea, such as the calculations of the parameters of the carbon cycle in sea water. This leads to the impossibility of conducting satellite monitoring of acidification in our region at the present time.

Design errors during major repairs of apartment buildings

The main design errors during the overhaul of the heating system of apartment buildings on the example of a 5-storey building made of expanded clay concrete panels are considered and analyzed. A comparative analysis of the values of the heat transfer resistance of external walls obtained by calculation and based on the results of experimental data is performed. Based on the obtained values of the heat transfer resistance of the exterior walls, the calculation of the heat losses of the building was performed. As a result of the identified shortcomings, the amount of thermal energy that the residents of the surveyed house located on the territory of the city of Samara did not receive was calculated.

Catalytic desorption of CO2‐loaded solutions of diethylethanolamine using bentonite catalyst

AbstractThe absorption of CO2 gas into aqueous alkanolamine solutions is the most advanced CO2 separation technology and a key challenge in this technique is the energy‐intensive process of solvent regeneration. The tertiary amine N,N′‐diethylethanolamine (or DEEA) is a candidate CO2‐capturing solvent with potential. To improve the energy efficiency of regeneration of DEEA, several catalysts were used for desorbing CO2 from loaded solutions of DEEA (2.5 M) at T = 363 K. Desorption trials were conducted in batch mode. The initial CO2 loading varied in the 0.3–0.35 mol CO2/mol DEEA range. The performance was analyzed by calculating the rate of CO2 desorption, cyclic capacity, and reduction in sensible energy. The amount of thermal energy needed for amine regeneration was significantly lowered by using nine transition metal oxide catalysts and the hierarchy was as follows: Al2O3 &lt; MoO3 &lt; V2O5 &lt; TiO2 &lt; MnO2 &lt; ZnO &lt; Cr2O3 &lt; SiO2 &lt; ZrO2. Among the metal oxides, Al2O3 increased desorption efficiency compared to blank runs by 89%. A clay‐based powder bentonite was also used as catalyst and its efficacy was compared with the metal oxides. This cheap and easily available bentonite catalyst was tuned through simple ion‐exchange with four acids (HCl, H3PO4, HNO3, and H2SO4). Upon treatment with H2SO4, bentonite remarkably increased desorption efficiency by 100%. Furthermore, bentonite catalyst treated with sulphuric acid (denoted here as Bt/H2SO4) was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometery (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD). In this way, a comprehensive study on catalytic desorption of DEEA was performed.

Investigation of packed bed pouches filled with phase change material for air heating

Latent heat thermal energy storage system has high energy storage density and uses phase change materials; thus, it is an essential device for utilizing intermittent renewable energy, such as solar heat. Recently, research on demand management of building heating energy using latent heat thermal energy storage has gained increasing attention. Latent heat thermal energy storage-based building thermal energy management is advantageous for space heating that directly heats indoor air; in particular, improving the heat transfer rate of phase change materials and reducing the total melting time to maximize the system performance are attracting attention. In this study, a packed bed pouch system for air heating was developed, and its charging and discharging performance was analyzed using experimental and numerical methods. The packed bed pouches were filled with n-octadecane as a phase change material, and the thermal performance was investigated through a parametric study. During the experiment, the temperature and melting fraction in the single pouch were measured over time, and the reliability of the numerical results was validated. Consequently, a temperature increases of 22 ℃ was measured during 10 h of charging with an air flow rate of 0.009 kg/s. The amount of thermal energy and rate of heat transfer for the charged and state were 2.1 MJ and 55 W, and those for the uncharged state were 0.91 MJ and 42 W, respectively. In addition, in the case of the unaligned layout, the Nusselt number increased by 21.8% and phase change material melting duration was 15% shorter, as compared with the case of aligned layout. Finally, indoor heating using the heating chamber was performed. In the discharge experiment, air at 30 ℃ was supplied to the heating chamber at a flow rate of 0.009 kg/s; consequently, the temperature of the heating chamber increased by 15 ℃, from 5 to 20 ℃, and then remained constant for 30 min. In conclusion, the performance and utility of the air-type packed bed pouch system developed in this study were confirmed.

Window Opening or Mechanical Ventilation Systems for Italian Schools? Energetic Aspects, CO2 Concentration and Infection Risk Assessment Based on the SARS-CoV-2 Data

During the first COVID outbreak, schools were seen as a substantial issue regarding the spread of the disease, since schools are the most densely occupied indoor environment continuously over time. The infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 could reach large levels, especially in locations with inadequate ventilation rates, according to the current knowledge of airborne transmitted diseases. The first main drive to reduce viral concentration is dilution, provided by infiltration, air change through aeration (window opening), mechanical ventilation; the second drive is filtration. After a brief investigation of the prescriptions and requirements for ventilation in school rooms stipulated by Italian law, the present work compares the energy requirements for ventilation in two main cases—window opening (and infiltration) and mechanical ventilation—the effect of wearing or not wearing a mask is also considered. Afterward, the focus is shifted to the infection risk assessment, comparing the two different ventilation techniques as mentioned above. Not only is it found that window opening is far from an effective technique for controlling the spread of the disease; it is also found that for the same amount of thermal energy needed, mechanical ventilation can reduce the individual infection risk by a factor of 3, thus providing a better IAQ. It is also proved that mechanical ventilation, in terms of infection control, can not only replace but even outperform the effect of masks.

Shorter-chained trialkylsulfonium cations are preferable as admixtures to lithium-ion and sodium-ion electrolytes in acetonitrile

The development and improvement of electrolytes is a persisting research agenda in the context of electrochemical energy sources. The sodium-ion is a possible and partial substitute for Li-ion in alkali ion batteries of the future. Many large-scale applications urge electrolytes featuring a competitive interplay of ionic conductivity, shear viscosity, and cohesion energy. The general applicability of sulfonium ionic liquids (ILs) reinforced with Li-ions to energy storage was experimentally exemplified in recent years. Herein, we employed potential energy surface exploration bundled with electronic-structure simulations to shed light on the ion-ionic and ion-molecular interactions in perspective electrolyte systems involving trialkylsulfonium cation, Li/Na salts, and acetonitrile (ACN). By analyzing a wealth of supramolecular conformations and characterizing them via thermodynamics, structure, charge density distributions, electrostatic potential surfaces, atom–atom couplings, and reactivity descriptors, we outline the most promising sulfonium-based electrolytes. We provide a critical discussion of the future of sodium-ion batteries and compare them to lithium-ion batteries directly. The oxygen atoms of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion [TFSI] coordinate Li+ and Na+ to remarkably various extents. Surprisingly, the size of the chosen trialkylsulfonium-based cation impacts the ion-ionic interactions weakly, contrary to expectations. Whereas the difference between the behavior of the Li-ion and Na-ion is paramount irrespective of all other components and their stationary points. [TFSI] was confirmed to be a highly flexible chemical structure although its conformations (one cis and two trans) were unraveled to differ only within an amount of thermal energy at room conditions. The reported discussion drives ongoing trials of the alkali-ion electrolytes based on sulfonium ILs and ACN.

Carbon Capture Performance Assessment Applied to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Under Part-Load Operation

Abstract The growing share of renewable energies in our electricity production, together with the still lacking storage capacity, strongly reinforces the need for more flexible electricity production units. In this context, combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) have a role to play, both in the current and future electricity production system due to their high efficiency, high load flexibility, and low CO2 emissions compared to other conventional thermal power plants. Nevertheless, bearing in mind our current challenges concerning climate change, the CO2 emissions of these CCGTs need to be reduced drastically. The amine-based absorption carbon capture (CC) process is currently the most mature and applicable CC technology. This process is known to require a considerable amount of thermal energy, degrading plant performance. However, to back-up renewable production, CCGTs will operate most of the time under part-load conditions. The impact of these part-load operations on the CC is still relatively unknown. Within this framework, this study aims to assess the performance of the CC process applied to a typical CCGT under part-load operation using specific simulation models. The CC plant model has been successfully validated against experimental data from a pilot-scale capture facility. Then, the CC plant has been scaled-up to the CCGT scale and the process has been optimized for each operating condition. The simulation results show that the specific reboiler duty increases for part-load operation, while the specific cooling requirements decrease. Moreover, the analysis of the yearly CCGT operation highlights a relative increase in CC energy penalty of 21% for an annual CCGT load factor of 0.5, impacting significantly plant performance. The next step will involve reducing this energy penalty.

The potential of direct air capture using adsorbents in cold climates.

Global warming threatens the entire planet, and solutions such as direct air capture (DAC) can be used to meet net-zero goals and go beyond. This study investigates using DAC in a 5-step temperature vacuum swing adsorption (TVSA) cycle with adsorbents' Li-X and Na-X, readily available industrial zeolites, to capture and concentrate CO2 from air in cold climates. From this study, we report that Na-X in cold conditions has the highest known CO2 adsorption capacity in air of 2.54mmol/g. This combined with Na-X's low CO2 heat of adsorption, and fast uptake-rate in comparison to other benchmark materials, allowed for Na-X operating in cold conditions to have the lowest reported DAC operating energy of 1.1 MWh/tonCO2. These findings from this study show the promise of this process in cold climates of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and Antarctica to be part of the solution to global warming.

Sequential Modeling of Paper Drying Process to Reduce Thermal Energy Use, Part 2: Simulation Results

Paper drying is one of the unit operations that consumes the most amount of thermal energy in a papermaking machine. In this paper, a theoretical model for paper drying process was developed using the sequential modeling method based on the conservation laws of mass and energy. Aimed at simulating thermal energy flow, the overall framework of the drying model was constructed according to the specific drying process of a newsprint machine. It was composed of eight basic modules based on their different functions in the paper drying process, i.e., cylinder group module, steam separation module, surface condensation module, fan module, heat recovery module, air heating module, paper sheet module, and hood module. The results showed that it could be used to simulate the material and energy flow of each module, as well as the whole drying process in a more comprehensive manner with integrated thermal energy use and drying performance information. In addition, the effects of operating parameters, such as supply air temperature and exhaust air humidity, on thermal energy use in the newsprint drying process were also simulated. This work also demonstrates that the sequential modeling method is instructive to reduce thermal energy use for the industrial paper drying process.

Experimental comparative analysis of finned-tube PCM-heat exchangers’ performance

The use of phase change materials (PCMs) in energetic systems today is in large parts restricted by dynamic issues, or what could be termed the “rate problem”; i.e., how long will it take (heat transfer rate) to store, or recover, a given amount of thermal energy in a PCM-based thermal energy storage system (TES) for a specific application? There is no theory that can easily answer this question for a given PCM-TES. Therefore, an important long-term objective in the latent heat thermal energy storage community is to determine heat exchanger design rules for PCM-TES. To this end, it is imperative to study a large variety of heat exchange configurations: heat exchanger size and shape, tank size and shape, use of fins or not, various PCMs, charging and discharging conditions, etc. This paper presents a series of new controlled experimental characterizations of a specific PCM-heat exchanger (HX): a vertical finned tube-and-shell system designed in a way that the number of finned-tubes used in the HX can be varied. Experimental characterization was performed for systems having 4, 8 and 12 finned-tubes. The inlet heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature, the initial system temperature, and the HTF flow rate were also varied consistently for each geometrical arrangement to cover a wide range of operating conditions. Results are first presented in terms of power curves, followed by two comparative metrics: mean power and normalized power. Determining and applying these two comparative metrics is the first step forward in the search for PCM-HX design theory and rules. These two possible metrics, the mean and normalized power, applied to this modular finned tube-and-shell PCM-TES shed light on their merit as comparative metrics as well as the impact of PCM-TES operating conditions.

Investigation of Doubling Heat Capacity of Storage Fluids through Nanomaterials

Nanoparticles are typically composed of 50–500 atoms and exhibit properties that are significantly different from the properties of larger, macroscale particles that have the same composition. The addition of these particles to traditional fluids may improve the fluids’ thermophysical properties. As an example, the addition of a nanoparticle or set of nanoparticles to a storage fluid may double its heat capacity. This increase in heat capacity would allow a sensible thermal energy storage system to store the same amount of thermal energy in half the amount of storage fluid. The benefit is lower costs for the storage fluid and the storage tanks, resulting in lower-cost electricity. The goal of this long-term research is to create a new class of fluids that enable concentrating solar power plants to operate with greater efficiency and lower electricity costs. Initial research on this topic developed molecular dynamic models that predicted the energy states and transition temperatures for these particles. Recent research has extended the modeling work, along with initiating the synthesis and characterization of bare metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles that are encapsulated with inert silica coatings. These particles possess properties that make them excellent candidates for enhancing the heat capacity of storage fluids.

Evaluation of thermal/acoustic performance to confirm the possibility of coffee waste in building materials in using bio-based microencapsulated PCM

As the demand for coffee has increased, by-product disposal has become a challenge to solve. Many studies are being conducted on how to use coffee waste as building materials to recycle it. In this study, the thermal performance and acoustic performance of a composite developed using bio-based microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) and coffee waste were evaluated, and the composite was applied as building material. The coffee waste was successfully degreased with ethanol to produce composites, and removal of contaminants and oils was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. In the phase change process of MPCM, an appropriate amount of thermal energy is absorbed and stored, and the temperature is maintained. MPCM was used in the mixture and the improved thermal performance was evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry analysis, revealing a latent heat of 3.8 J/g for MPCM content of 10%. Further, thermal imaging cameras revealed that an increase in the proportion of MPCM leads to a slower decrease in temperature because of the heat preserved by MPCM over time. In an acoustic performance evaluation, impedance tube test results showed different aspects depending on low, mid, and high-frequency bands. Specifically, at medium frequencies, which correspond to the range of noise generated in cafes, specimens fabricated using MPCM were confirmed to exhibit a higher sound absorption coefficient and an improved acoustic performance. Hence, the composite can be considered an eco-friendly building material with promising thermal and acoustic performance.

The damage effect of weld seam and groove area of titanium alloy with ceramic laser resistant coating

In order to explore the effect of weld area and groove structure on the damage effect of laser irradiation on titanium alloy and ceramic coating, the experiment of continuous laser irradiation on welding seam and groove area of titanium alloy was studied, while the surfaces of the specimens were coated with or without anti-laser ceramic material. The following conclusions were obtained: the ceramic coating can protect the titanium alloy substrate from the damage of high power laser effectively; the laser resistance of ceramic coating on the welding seam area is weakened, but it still protects the titanium alloy effectively; the damage of laser on the edge and the corner structure of titanium alloy with groove structure is aggravated with the increasing of laser power density, and under the same laser density, the damage inside the groove is less than that outside, while that of corner is less than edge. Micromorphology results show that the ceramic coating undergoes a series of physical and chemical changes and phase transformation to absorb a large amount of thermal energy converted from luminous energy, which has a protective effect on the titanium alloy.

Microflow-Enhanced Bubble Dynamics Along With Gradient Porous Surfaces

Abstract Boiling heat transfer has been a popular topic for decades because of its ability to remove a significant amount of thermal energy while maintaining a low wall superheat during the liquid phase change. Such boiling mechanisms can be tailored by engineering new boiling substrates through surface wettability modification and/or microscale feature installation. Here, we create new types of heterogeneous boiling surfaces that integrate vertical gradient micropores on macroscale fins by using a template-free electrodeposition method. The gradient morphology and corresponding gradient wettability simultaneously enable bubble nucleation on the top pores and capillary wicking through the bottom pores. With these unique wetting characteristics, we find that the gradient pores installed at the trench bottom demonstrate the most significant boiling enhancement in critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficients by 160% and 600%, respectively. This enhancement can be attributed to the microflow-enhanced nature of bubble departures around the fins while isolating bubble nucleation and liquid supply through gradient pores. These results provide fundamental insights into boiling mechanisms using porous media and the potential for future works that can optimize the design of multidimensional heterogeneous surfaces to engineer flow patterns and boiling mechanisms accordingly.

The Energy Conversion Rate of an Active Region Transient Brightening Estimated by Hinode Spectroscopic Observations

Abstract We statistically estimate the conversion rate of the energy released during an active region transient brightening to Doppler motion and thermal and nonthermal energies. We used two types of data sets for the energy estimation and detection of transient brightenings. One includes spectroscopic images of Fe xiv, Fe xv, and Fe xvi lines observed by the Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer. The other includes images obtained from the 211 Å channel of the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). The observed active region was NOAA 11890 on 2013 November 9 and 10. As a result, the released Doppler motion and nonthermal energies were found to be approximately 0.1%–1% and 10%–100% of the change in the amount of thermal energy in each enhancement, respectively. Using this conversion rate, we estimated the contribution of the total energy flux of AIA transient brightenings to the active region heating to be at most 2% of the conduction and radiative losses.