Amount Of Secondary Products Research Articles

Prooxidant and antioxidant processes in lymphoma cells under the action of pyrazolopyrimidine derivative

Background. The influence in vitro of thiazole derivative 8-methyl-2-Me-7-[trifluoro­methyl-phenylmethyl]-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-[1,3]-thiazolo-[3,2-a]-pyrimidin-4(2H)-one (PP2) on the level of lipid peroxidation products, superoxide anion radical and antioxidant system activity in lymphoma cells was studied. A pronounced cytotoxic action of the thiazole derivative on the tumor cells in vitro was reported earlier, however, no cytotoxicity of this substance was detected toward non-cancerous cells. In addition, it was shown that the sca­vengers of active forms of Oxygen significantly reduced the cytotoxic effect of the studied compound. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of 8-methyl-2-Me-7-[trifluoromethyl-phenylmethyl]-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-[1,3]-thiazolo-[3,2-a]-pyrimidin-4(2H)-one on the content of lipid peroxidation products, superoxide radical and the activity of enzymes of antioxidant defense in the lymphoma cells. Materials and Methods. Experiments were conducted on white wild-type male mice with grafted NK/Ly lymphoma. Ascites tumor cells were passaged by the intreperitoneal inoculation to mice. Abdominal drainage with ascites was performed with a sterile syringe under ether anesthesia. PP2 was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The product content and enzymatic activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Statistical analysis of obtained results was carried out using MS Excel-2013 program. Results. The influence of the pyrazolopyrimidine derivative on the content of lipid peroxidation products and superoxide radical in lymphoma cells was investigated. It was found that the studied compound did not change the amount of the primary lipid peroxidation products, but reduced the amount of secondary products. A decrease in the MDA content under the action of the studied derivative indicates probable interaction of the substance with the reactive Oxygen species. Pyrazolopyrimidine derivative did not change the level of the superoxide radical. The effect of the thiazole derivative on the activity of key enzymes of the antioxidant system in lymphoma cells was investigated. The studied compound at the concentration of 10 µM activated superoxide dismutase. Pyrazolopyrimidine derivative decreased the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Such changes in the activity of enzymes can cause the growth of hydrogen peroxide in the cell, which is toxic in large quantities. Conclusions. The obtained results may indicate that the studied pyrazolopyrimidine derivative can realize its cytotoxic effect on lymphoma cells though the action on the pro­ducts of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system activity. These data can be used to understand the mechanism of action of the studied compounds and for further improvement of their antitumor effect. Keywords: lymphoma, pyrazolopyrimidine derivative, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system, antitumor drugs

The safety study of the fat component in adapted infant formula

The growth and harmonious development of an infant depends on nutrition provided by natural or artificial feeding. Accordingly the adaptation of the composition of adapted infant formula to the composition of human milk is carried out with all major nutrients. The fat component is one of the key components of an infant’s diet and its’ important aspects are biological effectiveness and safety which changes during processing, storage, transportation and subsequent storage after opening the package. Data on pathological changes in the body with consumption of oxidized fats are known. The aim of the paper is to study some indicators of safety and quality of the fat component of adapted infant formula provided by various manufacturers. As the objects of study we selected one of the most popular adapted infant formula in Russia (in various price categories) under the code names: “IS” (Denmark), “IM”, “IN”, “IL” (Russian Federation), “IX “(Germany). It was found that the quality composition of the fat component of dry infant formula corresponds to the one indicated on the package. However, no one of the test samples according to the averaged composition of the prevailing fatty acids, is fully identical to human milk. The normative documentation of the Customs Union (TR TS 021/2011, TP TS 024/2011, TP TS 033/2013) only regulates organoleptic analysis of the quality indicators of adapted infant formula and from the safety parameters, only finding the peroxide value, which characterizes the accumulation of primary fat oxidation products. It was found that the peroxide numbers of the studied infant formula do not exceed the regulated values. At the same time almost all milk nutrition made from dry infant formula has unsatisfactory organoleptic characteristics. Defects of taste and aroma can be associated with the accumulation of a significant amount of secondary products of fat oxidation, aldehydes particularly in the adapted infant formula. These conclusions are confirmed by the results of determination of the anisidine number in the adapted infant formula, as well as by the accumulation of 0.3-1.0% of highly polar compounds insoluble in petroleum ether (CIPE) and 25-3 mmol/kg of epoxides which lead to decrease of white blood cells and a change in blood formula at a biological animal test. The data obtained indicate the need for assessment of the technology for the production, packaging and storage of adapted infant formula as well as the feasibility of amending the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and in the future, the regulatory documents of the Customs Union with the aim of further monitoring the safety of the fat component of adapted infant formula.

A global estimate of terrestrial net secondary production of primary consumers

AbstractAimNet secondary production (NSP) emerges from the consumption of net primary production (NPP) by all heterotrophic organisms. There has been sporadic interest in the importance of NSP, but no global estimates have been produced. Here, we examine NSP and attempt a global estimate using contemporary NPP data combined with modern metabolic scaling theory for consumption rates. We distinguish between potential NSP, as the amount of secondary production that could be supported by NPP, and realized NSP, as the amount remaining after anthropogenic habitat disruption.LocationGlobal.Time period2000–2014.MethodsWe present a metabolic model of NSP, implementing a type II functional response for consumption rates, wherein search efficiency and handling time are calculated based on consumer mass and ambient temperature. We solve this model for each 0.05‐decimal‐degree pixel in the global terrestrial biosphere, using as data inputs NPP (MOD17A3) and land‐surface temperature (MOD11C3). We aggregate estimates within global land‐cover classifications (MCD12C1) to obtain cover‐specific and global estimates of NSP. We also correct our estimates based on declines in consumer abundance reported in Living planet report 2014.ResultsWe estimate that potential NSP is 4.74 Pg C/year globally (95% CI: 3.75–5.75). When we correct for global consumer population declines, realized NSP is estimated at 2.37 Pg C/year (95% CI: 1.86–2.89), a loss of 50% in the rate of carbon flux through secondary consumers.Main conclusionsOur estimates should not be viewed as the last word on NSP but are sufficient to suggest that the flux of carbon through consumers is of a similar magnitude to many other fluxes crucial to the global carbon cycle. We view this as a hypothesis to be tested that suggests NSP deserves significantly more attention in Earth systems, macroecology and biogeochemical research.

Productivity of Daphnia longispina in a highly humic boreal lake

The development of the Daphnia longispina (0. F. Muller) population in a highly humic boreal lake was followed throughout one growing season, and the amount of secondary production was estimated in relation to primary production and available food resources. The growth rate method was applied in the secondary production measurements, Daphnia longispina did not appear in the water column until 16 May, after which the animals were present throughout the growing season. The population showed three density peaks; the first appeared in early June, and the second and third in mid-July and at the beginning of September, respectively. Somatic production followed a seasonal pattern, with highest production rates in midsummer. The maximum value of 127 mg C m -2 2 day 1 was recorded at the beginning of July. The total annual net production of D. longispina was 7.9 g C m 2 . During most of the growing season, the primary productivity in the lake was well below 100 mg C m -2 day -1 and the total annual productivity of photosynthetic algae was 5.0 g C m -2 . We conclude that in this lake the zooplankton population did not rely on phytoplankton primary production as a sole carbon source, but that most of the carbon must have originated from bacterial production either directly or through a microbial loop.

Vapour‐phase synthesis of n‐butanethiol from n‐butanol and carbon disulfide over alkali‐promoted chromia on γ‐alumina catalysts

The vapour‐phase reaction of n‐butanol and carbon disulfide was performed in a fixed‐bed flow reactor in the presence of a potassium‐carbonate‐promoted chromia on γ‐alumina catalyst, namely G41P from Girdler. A high selectivity to n‐butanethiol (85%) was obtained at 250°C with a 1 : 1 n‐butanol : carbon disulfide molar ratio, a contact time of 6 s and a flow rate of 0.03 ml/min. Under these conditions no isomeric mercaptans were obtained. The amount of secondary products, di‐n‐butyl sulfide and di‐n‐butyl disulfide, is relatively low and decreases with decrease of n‐butanol conversion. However, the catalyst was shown to deactivate relatively rapidly.

Autoxidation of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate

AbstractThe extent of oxidation of ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) was compared quantitatively with that of ethyl linoleate (Lo) and ethyl linolenate (Ln) by oxygen uptake and formation of conjugated diene, hydroperoxide and secondary oxidation products. EPA and DHA esters were oxidized rapidly even at 5 C in the dark after an induction period of 3–4 days, while the induction periods of Ln and Lo esters were 20 days and more than 60 days, respectively. Oxygen uptake of EPA and DHA esters after the induction period was 5.2 and 8.5 times faster than that of ethyl Ln, respectively. Hydroperoxides of EPA and DHA esters are much less stable than those of ethyl Lo. The peroxide value is not necessarily a good indication of oxidation in these polyenoic acids because a considerable amount of secondary products is formed at the early stage of oxidation. Polymers were found to be major secondary products in these polyenoic esters.

The triethylamine catalyzed reaction of N,N-disubstituted thioamide–bromine adducts with unsubstituted thiobenzamide

The reaction of N,N-disubstituted thioamide–bromine adducts with unsubstituted thioamide, followed by treatment with triethylamine, affords novel N′-thiobenzoylamidines along with smaller amounts of secondary products. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the amidines. The results give an insight into the initial steps of the mechanism by which thioamides are converted into 1,2,4-thiadiazoles.

Energetics of earthworm populations in tropical pastures from India

This paper reports our results of studies connected with the energy flow in earthworm populations in an upland and a lowland pasture where grazing by large herbivores were not allowed. The net annual energy input was more than double in the lowand pasture. Flooding during the rainy season caused heavy mortality and migration of worms in lowland pasture. Higher energy consumption through respiration in the upland pasture was due to difference in environmental conditions. Lower amount of secondary production (P) and higher amount of energy utilized in respiration (R) cause an increased R:P ratio in upland pasture. Energy channelization in both the sites has been represented in box type energy flow models. Management of these pasture lands depends on the understanding of the dynamics of energy flow in these systems.

The gas phase slow combustion of propionaldehyde

An investigation has been made of the gas phase slow combustion of propionaldehyde between 155° and 220°C. The process is autocatalytic, and at 155°C the reaction proceeded with a pressure decrease throughout most of its course, perpropionic acid (the branching intermediate) being the major product over the first half of the reaction. With increase of temperature the reaction became more complex because of the instability of the peracid, and the pressure/time curve showed a minimum. Considerable amounts of secondary products including acetaldehyde and ethylene were formed at 220°C. At constant temperature (220°C) the maximum rate of pressure decrease was proportional to the rate of oxygen uptake, but the proportionality constant was temperature dependent, and overall activation energies estimated from the rate of oxygen consumption were higher than those estimated from the rate of pressure decrease. At high oxygen concentrations the rate was independent of oxygen pressure but proportional to the square of the aldehyde pressure. The rate became increasingly dependent on the oxygen pressure and less dependent on the aldehyde pressure as the pressure of the oxygen decreased. The overall activation energy was higher for oxygen-rich mixtures. A possible reaction scheme to account for the oxygen dependent rate is discussed.