Amount Of Runoff Water Research Articles

The LTAR Cropland Common Experiment at the Texas Gulf.

Texas Gulf is one of the 18 regional sites that is part of the USDA-ARS Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) Network and focuses on cropland and integrated grazing land research in Central Texas, addressing challenges posed by soil characteristics, climate variability, and urbanization. This paper provides brief site descriptions of the two Cropland Common Experiments being conducted in the Texas Gulf LTAR region, emphasizing conservation tillage practices and precision agriculture techniques. The plot-scale study is located in Temple, TX, at the USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory and examines conventional tillage, strip tillage, and no tillage practices. The field-scale study, located in Riesel, TX, at the USDA-ARS Riesel Watersheds, assesses the impact of no tillage, cover crops, fertility management, adaptive management, and precision conservation on crop yield, profitability, and environmental footprint. Key measurements include soil and plant analyses, greenhouse gas fluxes, runoff water quantity and quality, and field operations recorded with precision agriculture equipment. Despite challenges posed by urban encroachment, future research aims to incorporate new technologies, such as unmanned ground vehicles, to enhance sustainability and productivity of the agricultural landscape. These experiments provide valuable insights for stakeholders, contributing to the development of sustainable agricultural practices tailored to the unique challenges within the Texas Gulf LTAR region.

Analysis of Sustainable Drainage System in SMA 4 Area, Jayapura City, Papua

Flooding one of the problems that arise during the rainy season. This is very common in areas with tropical climates, where during the dry season it can be very dry and lack of water, but during the rainy season it is abundant with water and at worst a disaster can occur. Runoff and inundation a usually problem in Jayapura City, with hill topography that tends the large, resulting flood and inundation in flat and upstream areas. One the public areas is often affected by runoff or flood and innudation at the SMA 4 area of Jayapura City, where in this area is most important community activity because it is related to educational activities so attention need paid overcome the problems that occur mainly as a result of runoff. Sustainable drainage system application that prioritizes water quality and runoff water quantity management is very important to overcome the problems runoff and innudation. The result study is find a solution to runoff and iinudation. Analysis method useing Hec-Ras application for calculation discharge and channel dimensions using Sustainable Urban Drainage method which is popularly applied in various countries for water quality and runoff quantity management. The researched result are to obtain the maximum rainfall discharge value and runoff design, drainage channel dimensions, and the appropriate sustainable drainage system in SMA 4 area of Jayapura City[1].

Water quality effects of cover crop, grazing and tillage implementation in a long-term no-till wheat system

Agricultural anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) continue to be major surface and subsurface water pollutants in developed countries. Integrated crop-livestock systems in the semi-arid Texas Rolling Plains are characterized by continuously cultivated monoculture combined with grazing. Improperly managed grazing can increase soil compaction, and subsequently, decrease infiltration, which leaves the soil exposed to erosion. Grazing is therefore of paramount importance to water quality. Cover crop (CC) use improves soil ecosystem services and functions. The objective of the current study was to characterize soil water quality following CC under continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum), grazing, tillage, and no-till practices under a typic Haplustepts, Rotan clay loam soil type. Treatments evaluated include 1) conventional tillage without a CC (CT); 2) no-till without a CC (NT); 3) no-till with a CC (NTC); and 4) no-till with a grazed CC (NTCG). Portable rainfall simulators were used to assess surface runoff water quantity and quality after CC implementation in a long-term no-till continuous wheat system. Cover crop treatments, both grazed and un-grazed, reduced the amount of runoff by 4–6 times compared to no CC treatments (NT and CT). Converting 12-year-old NT to CT reduced infiltration by at least 43 % and increased runoff by 58 % compared to long-term NT. Consequently, total solids load and concentration for CT were 4–14 times greater than all NT treatments (NT, NTC, NTCG). Conventional tillage (CT) also increased total P loads and concentrations by 2–11-fold compared to all NT treatments (p < 0.05). Rainfall events occurring within three weeks after CC termination resulted in about 6 times greater soluble reactive P (SRP) (except NTCG) and about 2–3 times greater dissolved organic C (DOC) concentrations from CC treatments than non-CC treatments, although this was not observed for subsequent runoff events. Tilling the soil had more deleterious effects compared to flash grazing CC. Adopting NT, either alone, or long-term in combination with CC (either flash grazed or un-grazed) are potentially sustainable viable practices in semiarid regions that can reduce environmental contamination.

Innovative Ceramic Floor for Resilient Cities

LIFE CERSUDS is a project carried out over the period 2016-2019 whom the main objective was to improve the ability of cities to adapt to climate change by promoting the use of green infrastructures in the renewal of urban environments. Under the project, an innovative permeable urban pavement (hereinafter, CERSUDS) was designed using ceramic tile stock of low commercial value. This pavement solution was tested in a demonstrator in the town of Benicí ssim.&#x0D; The main objective of the project was to improve the ability of cities to adapt to climate change by promoting the use of green infrastructures in the renewal of urban environments. Under the project, a Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) was built as a demonstrator in the town of Benicí ssim, using ceramic tile stock of low commercial value to manufacture an innovative permeable floor (hereinafter, CERSUDS flooring), a subject already dealt with in an earlier presentation at this congress .&#x0D; Once the demonstrator had been built, a monitoring period was run between August 2018 and July 2019, which enabled both the CERSUDS floor and the demonstrator's value as a rainwater management system to be validated.&#x0D; This article presents the design process of the ceramic permeable pavement including the main results of the tests carried in the laboratory and the main results of the project relate to: environmental and economic assessment of the CERSUDS system, user's validation of the system, monitoring of the system's mechanical performance and permeability, and monitoring of the demonstrator's hydraulic response in terms of the quantity and quality of run-off water.

Effect of Vermicompost on Soil and Runoff Properties in Northern Iran

This study aimed at measuring the effect of vermicompost on soil physical and chemical properties and runoff quality and quantity in agro-ecosystems in Northern Iran. Thus, runoff measurement plots of 1 × 5 m were set up in sloping lands under natural rainfall during 5 months. Runoff quality and quantity, soil properties, and plant growth were measured. This study shows that the amount of runoff water and its quality (sediment yields, nitrate content, pH, and conductivity) were not influenced by the fertilization treatments (vermicompost alone, chemical fertilization alone, or their mixture), except for the first month of the experiment where a lower runoff amount was measured when vermicompost was applied alone. Although no difference in plant growth was found, our results showed a significant improvement of soil properties when vermicompost was used as a fertilizer. Consequently, this study shows that vermicompost can be considered as an alternative application for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and improving soil properties but its impact on plant growth and runoff is limited to the short term.

Comparison of maize, permanent cup plant and a perennial grass mixture with regard to soil and water protection

AbstractAgricultural production of biogas maize (Zea mays L.) causes hazards to aquatic ecosystems through high levels of nitrogen (N) inputs. Newly introduced and already established perennial crops such as the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and perennial grass mixtures offer the possibility of more environmentally friendly agricultural bioenergy production. The objectives of this field study were to quantify and compare soil mineral N, water infiltration, water runoff, soil erosion and N leaching under maize, permanent cup plant, and a perennial grass mixture. The study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2019 in Braunschweig, Germany. Plots with cup plant and grass mixture exhibited lower mineral N contents than maize, especially between 30 and 90 cm soil depth. Soil water infiltration was significantly different between the three crops. The grass mixture had the highest infiltration rates (6.2 mm/min averaged across 3 years), followed by cup plant (3.6 mm/min) and maize (0.9 mm/min). During wet periods, higher N leaching was found for maize (up to 42 kg N ha−1 year−1) than for cup plant (up to 5 kg N ha−1 year−1) or the grass mixture (up to 11 kg N ha−1 year−1). While runoff and erosion for cup plant and the grass mixture were negligible during the study period, considerable amounts of runoff water and eroded sediment of up to 1.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 were collected from the maize plots despite the near flat terrain of the experimental field. Overall, permanent cup plant proved suitable as a component for energy cropping systems to reduce the risk of N leaching and soil erosion, which is particularly important for the preventive flood protection in view of the more frequent occurrence of high intensity rainfall under climate change conditions.

Runoff water quantity and quality data from native tallgrass prairie and crop–livestock systems in Oklahoma between 1977 and 1999

Erosion and sedimentation pose serious threats to soil and water quality worldwide, including in the U.S. southern Great Plains. To better understand these processes in agricultural landscapes, eight 1.6-ha watersheds were established and instrumented in 1976 at the USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, ∼50 km west of Oklahoma City near El Reno, OK, to measure precipitation and surface runoff quantity and quality. Prior to construction, all watersheds were in native grass, primarily big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman.), little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], and Indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash]; afterwards, four of the eight watersheds were cropped initially into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (two conventionally tilled and two minimally or no-till). Although there have been many peer-reviewed papers from the Water Resources and Erosion (WRE) watersheds, none included all the datasets collected during the period 1977-1999. The objectives of this paper were (a) to present and discuss all archived historical data, including methods of collection and analysis, (b) to provide summary analyses of the variability in each dataset, and (c) to provide details about how to access these datasets. These datasets are valuable resources to improve modeling in relation to land use and management changes, climate variability, and other environmental factors and may be useful in developing strategies to mitigate environmental impacts of agricultural systems. They are available at https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1518421.

Application of Sustainable Road Drainage System: Simulation by Using SWMM Program

High levels of rainfall are generally followed by increased volume of surface runoff and the potential for standing water. Stagnant water on the roads has a negative impact on road users and road damage. The concept of sustainable road drainage has the potential to be developed in dealing with the quantity of runoff water. This study aims to evaluate the existing road drainage system and implement a sustainable road drainage system. The location chosen as the object of research is Diponegoro University Campus area, Tembalang District, Semarang City. Use of the SWMM program which contains a set of flexible hydraulic modeling capabilities used to direct runoff and external inflows through a network of pipe drainage systems, channels, storage units and diversion structures.From the results of the hydrograph analysis, the largest discharge was found in the Outfall of the Center for Environmental Research with a discharge of 5.7 m3 / sec and the lowest discharge at the outfall of the Faculty of Business Economics with a discharge of 0.07 m3 / sec. Whereas the longest flood time that occurred was at the Outfall of the Faculty of Business Economics with a time of 4 hours 45 minutes and the shortest flooding time was at the Jurang Belimbing Outfall with 1 hour and 15 minutes. The sustainable road drainage system model applied is a road drainage channel with the addition of fine and coarse aggregate filters to the channel and integrated with infiltration wells. Thus, the drainage channel is able to reduce surface water flow to other areas and improve water quality.

An evaluation of the flood diversion project due to extreme rainfall event in Taipei City

Governments in Taiwan attach great importance to flood control and disaster mitigation project. Good simulation and estimation in advance are the key point to prevent damages and losses caused by flood disasters. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Drainage and Flood Control System in Wenshan District completed by the Taipei City Government. SWMM (Storm Water Management Model, US Environmental Protection Agency), a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation computer program designed for runoff water quantity and quality of single or continuous events in urban areas, is utilized to perform the simulation and analysis in this study. Based on known basic data of facilities such as pipelines, channels, and water storage system, and by setting data related to typhoons and heavy rains from the past records, the runoff at a certain period in each area and the flow and depth in each pipeline are estimated and simulated. By comparing the simulation results with the results before the construction, we can evaluate the effectiveness on the Drainage and Flood diversion system and predict the possible defects. Accordingly, the engineering plan can be modified promptly before the construction to enhance the effect of flood control and disaster mitigation.

Access the Change of Water Quality in the Sponge City of LCTIP

The construction of Sponge City (SPC) in China has caused a huge social transformation, and the application of its core low-impact development facilities (LIDs) has changed the lives of residents from the details. Controlling runoff water quantity and its water quality are the two main objectives of low impact development measures. This paper discusses the results of water quality testing, comparing content changes of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) measured from water samples collected from the same LID facilities established by LCTIP three times a month during 2018 the local rainy season. The values changes of various pollutants from sampling points to the outlet show that the water quality of after LID facilities is close to the state of natural rain before development. The water purification effect of the LID facility was verified. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that more factors will have an impact on water quality. Therefore, the limitations of current knowledge and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

Influences of stormwater concentration infiltration on soil nitrogen, phosphorus, TOC and their relations with enzyme activity in rain garden

Rain garden is a typical facility with many applications in urban low impact development (LID). It plays an important role in regulating runoff water quantity and quality. Two rain gardens with the discharge ratios of 20:1 and 15:1 were used as studied facilities. Seven soil sampling events were conducted from April 2017 to February 2019 to study the influences of stormwater concentration infiltration in rain gardens on soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and TOC and their relations with enzymes. The results showed that the contents of soil TN and NO2-N + TON in gardens gradually decreased with time, while those of NH3-N and TP increased with time. The content of NO3-N varied greatly with time, and there was no obvious rule. TOC increased first and then decreased. Vertical distributions of N, P and TOC showed that the contents of NH3-N, NO2-N + TON and TN at 0–50 cm were high, so the upper soil was the sensitive area to the influence of stormwater concentration infiltration in rain gardens. The content of NH3-N decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth, but those of NO3-N and TP increased with the soil depth. Therefore, NO3-N and TP migrated down with water infiltration in soil, and preventing NO3-N and P leaching was critical for effective N and P removal though rain gardens. Soil urease (SU), sucrose (SS), protease (SP) and acid phosphatase (SAP) had a good linear relationship with N, P and TOC, and R2were all greater than 0.5.

Study on initial flushing effect of two new permeable pavements

ABSTRACT Due to the initial flushing effect, many pollutants are carried in runoff in the early stage of rainfall, which is an important source of water quality degradation in urban receiving water bodies. In this paper, the initial flushing effect on two new permeable pavements (perforated pipe and gravel pipe) in an area of low-permeability clay is studied through parameter fitting, calculation and comparison. Compared with ordinary pavement and conventional permeable pavement, the initial flushing effects of runoff pollutants on different pavements were tested and simulated. Results indicated that the initial flushing intensity of the two new water-permeable pavements (perforated pipe and gravel pipe) was weaker and similar in process; each showed good control on runoff water quantity and water quality, which can better control the initial flushing intensity of rainwater. Therefore, the two new water-permeable pavements (perforated pipe and gravel pipe) can be well applied to areas of low-permeability clay and effectively relieve high initial pollutant concentration in runoff, thus reducing pollution in the surrounding environment.

Study on Soil Erosion and Physical Characteristics of Jeju Volcanic Ash Soils Under a Rainfall Simulator Condition

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of physical properties of soils on soil erosion under a rainfall simulator. The soil samples were collected from five sites of dark brown soil (DBS), six sites of very dark brown volcanic ash soil (VDBAS), and eight sites of black volcanic ash soil (BVAS) in Jeju Island. The rainfall simulator, which ran for 30 minutes at a slope gradient of 10%, determined the amounts of soil erosion, infiltrated water, and runoff water. The particle size distribution, water-stable aggregates distribution, bulk density, organic matter content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity in soils were analyzed as well. The amounts of soil erosion gradually increased and reached a steady state after 20 minutes. The amounts of soil erosion in BVAS were higher than that in other soils. It also correlated positively with the amounts of runoff water and related negatively to the amounts of infiltrated water. The amounts of soil erosion in DBS and BVAS had a significant negative correlation with some particle size fractions and saturated hydraulic conductivity (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the amounts of soil erosion and the water-stable aggregates with the size smaller than 1 mm in DBS and VDVAS (p<0.05). The bulk density and organic matter content did not significantly affect the amount of soil erosion. These results concluded that the physical properties of soils affecting the amount of soil erosion varied among the color of soils in Jeju Island. It is suggested that the values of soil erodibility factor for the volcanic ash soils of Jeju Island need to be estimated with an alternative algorithm to predict the amount of soil erosion. Relationship between the amount of soil erosion and runoff (a) and infiltration water (b) in dark brown soil (▲ ), very dark brown volcanic ash soil (○), and black volcanic ash soil (●). **Significant difference at 1%, *Significant difference at 5%.

Physics-Informed Data-Driven Models to Predict Surface Runoff Water Quantity and Quality in Agricultural Fields

Contaminants can be rapidly transported at the soil surface by runoff to surface water bodies. Physically-based models (PBMs), which are based on the mathematical description of main hydrological processes, are key tools for predicting surface water impairment. Along with PBMs, data-driven models are becoming increasingly popular for describing the behavior of hydrological and water resources systems since these models can be used to complement or even replace physically based-models. Here we propose a new data-driven model as an alternative to a physically-based overland flow and transport model. First, we have developed a physically-based numerical model to simulate overland flow and contaminant transport. A large number of numerical simulations was then carried out to develop a database containing information about the impact of various relevant factors on surface runoff quantity and quality, such as different weather patterns, surface topography, vegetation, soil conditions, contaminants, and best management practices. Finally, the resulting database was used to train data-driven models. Several Machine Learning techniques were explored to find input-output functional relations. The results indicate that the Neural Network model with two hidden layers performed the best among selected data-driven models, accurately predicting runoff water quantity and quality over a wide range of parameters.

Green infrastructure practices simulation of the impacts of land use on surface runoff: Case study in Ecorse River watershed, Michigan

As an urban fringe district, the Ecorse River watershed is faced with increased impervious area caused by urban expansion. Effects of Green Infrastructure (GI) practice implementation were simulated with the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment-Low Impact Development 2.1 model (L-THIA-LID 2.1). Suitable locations of each GI practice were identified, based on construction condition requirements and demand on GI practices in the study area. Using the data of 2011, various GI practice combination scenarios were explored according to the cost-efficiency of each GI practice. GI practice implementation scenarios in 2050 were also simulated based on projected land use and rainfall data. Results show that grassed swales, rain barrels (residential areas) and dry ponds were the top three most cost-efficient GI practices, with the cost at $1.5/m³/yr, $3.0/m³/yr and $3.4/m³/yr, respectively. Green roofs with rain cisterns (industrial and commercial area) were the most expensive GI practices, with the cost at $92.9/m³/yr. With the increase of investment in GI practices, the changing curves of the annual runoff volume, Total Nitrogen (TN) load and Total Phosphorus (TP) load reduction ratios match the law of diminishing marginal utility. The scenario with grassed swales, rain barrels, dry ponds and porous pavement would be the most cost-efficient scenario for runoff water quantity reduction. In addition, the scenario with additional wet ponds would be the most cost-efficient one for TN load and TP load reduction. GI practices in each scenario for expected 2050 conditions show better effectiveness on water quantity and quality management.

Effect of Green Roof Configuration and Hydrological Variables on Runoff Water Quantity and Quality

Green roofs (GRs) are a feasible solution for mitigating increased runoff volumes in urban areas. Though many studies have focused their analysis on the quantity and quality of GR runoff, with respect to the relevance of specific site conditions in GR performance, the information gathered for the tropical Andes is not sufficient. This study assessed the hydrological performance and runoff water quality of 12 green roof modular systems located at the Universidad de los Andes campus (Bogotá, Colombia). Based on 223 rainfall events spanning a 3-year period, average rainfall retention was 85% (coefficient of variation = 29%). t-tests, the Welch Test, multiple linear regressions, and correlation analysis were performed in order to assess the potential effect of air temperature, substrate type, vegetation cover, relative humidity, antecedent dry weather period (ADWP), rainfall duration, and rainfall maximum intensity. In some cases, GR design variables (i.e., substrate type and vegetation cover) were found to be significant for describing rainfall retention efficiencies and, depending on the GR type, some hydrological variables were also correlated with rainfall retention. Rainfall and GR runoff from 12 rainfall events were also monitored for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, total phosphorus (TP), phosphates, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), color, turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total coliforms, metals (i.e., zinc, copper, nickel, lead, selenium, aluminum, barium, boron, calcium, strontium, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results obtained confirmed that GR systems have the ability to neutralize pH, but are a source of the rest of the aforementioned parameters, excluding PAHs (with concentrations below detection limits), ammonia, TSS, selenium and lithium, where differences with control cases (rainfall and plastic panel runoff) were not statistically significant. Substrate type, event size, and rainfall regime are relevant variables for explaining runoff water quality.

Impact of cover crop and season on nutrients and sediment in runoff water measured at the edge of fields in the Mississippi Delta of Arkansas

Improved understanding of water quality at the edge-of-field (EOF) from production-size fields is needed to better inform agriculture and resource managers regarding sustainable farming practices and environmental stewardship. We measured runoff water quality at EOF of paired commercial fields in Mississippi and Craighead counties (total of four fields) in the Mississippi Delta region of eastern Arkansas, an understudied agricultural region. The paired fields had similar size, soil properties, and crop (cotton [<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.] or corn [<i>Zea mays</i> L.]). Runoff water quality (nitrate [NO₃], nitrite [NO₂], total nitrogen [TN], phosphate [PO₄], total phosphorus [TP], and suspended sediment concentration) and quantity (discharge) were measured using sensors and automated water samplers installed in surface drainage pipes at the EOF and laboratory analysis. We monitored both precipitation and irrigation events for three years, with the first two years in cover crop and the third year in baseline study. We used the data to evaluate (1) the effectiveness of cover crops in reducing nutrients and sediment losses, (2) differences in growing season and nongrowing season losses, and (3) changes in runoff water quality from irrigation tailwater compared to rainfall event runoff during the growing seasons. We also compared variations in pollutant loadings in the paired fields under identical crop and management practices for baseline monitoring. Cover crops effectively reduced concentrations of NO₃-N and PO₄-P from one field pair at the Caraway location. Generally, concentrations of pollutants were lower in the growing period (May through October) than in the nongrowing period (November through April), suggesting the need for practices such as cover crops to reduce winter loads. Runoff water quality after irrigation was not different from that after rainfall. These findings support the need for baseline studies before actual evaluation of conservation practices, and practices including cover crops at the field in winter.

Response of Winter Manure Application on Surface Runoff Water Quantity and Quality from Small Watersheds in South Dakota

Manure application on frozen soil, which is a common practice in the upper Midwest of USA, results in degraded soil and water quality. During snowmelt or precipitation events, water runoff carries nutrients into nearby streams and impairs the water quality. There is a need, therefore, to identify improved management of manure application in the soils. This study was conducted to assess water quality impacts associated following manure application during winter months when soil is completely covered with snow. The study site included three watersheds, named south (SW), east (CW), and north (NW) managed with a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation located in South Dakota. The SW and NW were used as treatment, and CW as the control watershed. The treatments included manure application on the upper half of the SW and lower half of the NW, and CW received no manure application. This study showed that manure improved soil properties including infiltration rate and organic matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the surface runoff were higher from NW compared to that of SW. The CW had similar nutrient losses compared to the NW with slight differences. It can be concluded that maintaining a setback distance can help in improving the environmental quality as well as managing the agricultural wastes during the winter months.

Decision-Making and Sustainable Drainage: Design and Scale

Sustainable Drainage (SuDS) improves water quality, reduces runoff water quantity, increases amenity and biodiversity benefits, and can also mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, an optimal solution has to be designed to be fit for purpose. Most research concentrates on individual devices, but the focus of this paper is on a full management train, showing the scale-related decision-making process in its design with reference to the city of Coventry, a local government authority in central England. It illustrates this with a large scale site-specific model which identifies the SuDS devices suitable for the area and also at the smaller scale, in order to achieve greenfield runoff rates. A method to create a series of maps using geographical information is shown, to indicate feasible locations for SuDS devices across the local government authority area. Applying the larger scale maps, a management train was designed for a smaller-scale regeneration site using MicroDrainage® software to control runoff at greenfield rates. The generated maps were constructed to provide initial guidance to local government on suitable SuDS at individual sites in a planning area. At all scales, the decision about which device to select was complex and influenced by a range of factors, with slightly different problems encountered. There was overall agreement between large and small scale models.

Characterisation of stormwater in biomass-fired combined heat and power plants – Impact of biomass fuel storage

Characteristics of stormwater in industrial areas are evaluated, specifically based on a biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plant with on-site biomass fuel storage. An evaluation method is developed to combine general methodology applied for stormwater characterisation with the on-site features of the biomass-fired CHP plant. Investigations were carried out through on-site monitoring and laboratory experiments with the defined methodology. Recycled wood chips as biomass fuel currently used in Swedish biomass-fired CHP plants have been used as an example for this study. The impacts of outdoor biomass fuel storage have been analysed for both runoff water quantity and quality. The results indicate that the properties of stored biomass fuels will significantly affect the runoff quantity by its water absorption capability. The overall runoff quality is highly depended on precipitation intensity and the runoff volume from the biomass storage piles, which is influenced by the water retention capacity and leaching ability of biomass fuels. The practical data and information presented in this paper can be used to understand the principal issues and the most important factors for internal control of contamination sources in order to achieve sustainable Energy–Water systems for bioenergy conversion in biomass-fired CHP plants.