Amount Of rGO Research Articles

Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Degradation Control of Poly(Lactic) Acid/Hydroxyapatite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Advanced Bone Tissue Engineering Application

This study explores the enhancement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix using calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAP) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for developing composite scaffolds aimed at bone regeneration applications. The PLA composites were fabricated through solvent evaporation and melt extrusion and characterized by various techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical testing. The incorporation of cHAP and rGO significantly improved the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the PLA matrix. Mechanical testing revealed that adding 10% cHAP and varying amounts of rGO (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%) enhanced tensile and compressive strengths, with the highest improvements observed at 0.5% rGO content. Thermal analysis showed increased thermal stability with higher degradation temperatures for the composites. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the effective integration of cHAP and rGO into the PLA matrix with characteristic peaks of the fillers identified in the composite spectra. In vitro, degraded action tests in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 over 12 months indicated that composites with higher rGO content exhibited lower mass loss and better mechanical stability. Furthermore, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations were performed to validate the experimental results, demonstrating a strong correlation between simulated and experimental compressive strengths. This novel approach demonstrates the potential of PLA/cHAP/rGO composites in creating effective and biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering, providing a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic effects of cHAP and rGO on the PLA matrix and offering a promising material for bone regeneration applications.

Impact of reduced-graphene-oxide functionalization of flower-like zinc-oxide nanostructures on sensing performance of resistive ethanol gas sensor

This research presents a sensitive resistive ethanol gas sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-functionalized Zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnO NFs). Upon completion of synthesis, the resulting nanostructures were cast onto the photolithographed silver interdigitated electrodes positioned on an Al2O3 substrate. The graphene oxide (GO) with a low oxidation degree was synthesized using a Hummer's method. In the pursuit of optimizing sensing performance, rGO-functionalized ZnO NFs were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal process, utilizing different initial quantities of GO (0 mg, 2 mg, 8 mg, and 12 mg). According to the gas sensing measurements, the fabricated sensor with 8 mg initial GO showed the highest response to ethanol at 250 °C. The results show that the GO addition reduced the optimal working temperature of the pure ZnO NFs from 350 °C to 250 °C. The sensor exhibited a good selectivity, repeatability, and high long-term stability. Enhanced ethanol sensing response of the optimized gas sensor was related to the formation of p-n heterojunction between p-type rGO (formed during hydrothermal process at 200 °C) and n-type ZnO and the presence of the optimal amount of rGO on the surface of NFs. The results obtained in this investigation stress the significance of pinpointing the optimal quantity of GO for producing rGO-ZnO nanoflowers with the highest possible sensitivity to ethanol gas.

Template-free hierarchical TiO2/rGO nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic performance

This work utilized a simple, cost-effective, one-pot, template-free hydrothermal technique to form a hierarchical nanocomposite having TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The hierarchical TiO2/rGO nanocomposite demonstrates a large surface area, resulting in higher adsorption of photons and effective charge generation, separation, and migration. As a result, the synthesized nanocomposite shows effective degradation of Rhodamine-B dye. The optimal amount of rGO effectively minimizes the charge recombination, which plays a significant role in dye degradation. The morphological, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic characteristics were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, photoluminescence spectra, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectrophotometer.

Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of sol-gel derived ZnS-rGO binary nanocomposite

A facile chemical route of synthesis of ZnS-rGO binary nanocomposites is reported here. The efficacy of such nanocomposites as a photocatalyst in degrading the common pollutant dye such as Methylene blue (MB), has been thoroughly investigated and the underlying mechanism is also presented. The standard characterization methods were applied to understand the structure, bonding, morphology, optical and elemental compositions. The results indicated that the ZnS nanoparticles were well dispersed into the rGO nanosheets which due to their 2D sheet structure, served as a favourable template for growth and control of morphology. Increase in rGO amount showed a direct impact on particle size confirmed by XRD and Raman both. The synthesized nanocomposites were utilized as photocatalyst for the degradation of MB dyes under UV irradiation. The optimal combination of ZnS and rGO (in the ratio of 3:2) exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity. A higher rate constant of 7.01×10−3 min−1, and an approximate degradation efficiency of 75% were obtained after 90 min of degradation. The improvement in photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the enhancement in charge separation, suppressed recombination of electron–hole (e−–h+) carriers, and a possible longer electron lifetime due to the presence of higher amount of rGO. Here, rGO assisted the suppression of charge recombination process in ZnS-rGO and ignited hydroxyl radicals and super-oxide ions which further accelerated the degradation rate of dye. Based on the nature of the dye and its concentration, a significant amount of rGO was needed to maximize the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnS-rGO binary nanocomposites. In addition, the dark current variation with applied bias was explored and it depicted a reduction in dark current with optimized amount of rGO in nanocomposite. The nanocomposites have a strong potential to be utilized in water purification and nano-detectors.

Grain boundary, electrical transport and thermoelectric properties of the ultra-high rGO amount of C12A7-rGO composites

The Ca12Al14O33 ceramic (C12A7) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite which an ultra-high amount (i.e., 40, 50, 60, and 70 wt%) of rGO (ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composite) were synthesized by a solid-state reaction process. After the hydraulic press, the heat treatment in the temperature range of 773 K under the argon environment had been performed with the composite pellets for 30 min. XRD results of the C12A7 and all the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites indicated a pure phase of C12A7 ceramic. Raman spectra confirmed the existence of rGO content in all the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites. Raman peaks also suggested reduction of the free O22− and O2− ions from the framework of the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites. SEM image presented the homogeneous grain boundary interface after the heat treatment at 773 K of the C12A7 wrapped by the rGO sheet, the agglomerated rGO sheet, and the rough interface stack of rGO sheets. UV-VIS spectroscopy presented the absorption behavior, direct energy gap, and indirect energy gap modifications of the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites. Electrical conductivity of the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites illustrated larger than 108 times improvement with temperature independence. Range of −5 to −17 μV/K , temperature dependence, and increased with rGO content increasing Seebeck coefficient were reported. Thermal conductivity of the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites was increased with the rGO content increasing. Both the Power factor (PF) and the figure of merit (ZT) of the ultra-high amount C12A7/rGO composites were temperature dependent and were increased with the rGO content increasing, within the range of 0.4 μW/m.K2 of PF and the range of 3x10−4 of ZT, respectively. These experimental results verified grain boundary, modified energy band, electrical transport properties and thermoelectric properties of C12A7/rGO composites loading with ultra-high content rGO

Tunable electronic coupling of Fe-doped CoS2/reduced graphene oxide composites for boosting bifunctional water splitting activity

The electrochemical water splitting process is always restrained for its sluggish kinetics and high reaction energy barrier. Therefore, developing outstanding bifunctional catalysts to enhance the reaction kinetics and electron transfer efficiency of water splitting is crucial. In this work, we reported a bifunctional nanohybrid electrocatalyst consisting of Fe-doped CoS2 nanocage-decorated reduced graphene oxide (FCSRGO) with superior water splitting activity. The Fe doping adjusts the density of state (DOS) to increase the conductivity and decreases the adsorption free energy of intermediates, contributing to optimized catalytic activity. Furthermore, the incorporation of RGO reduces the agglomeration of CoS2 and improves the conductivity, thereby amplifying the charge/species transfer efficiency. By optimizing the amount of RGO, FCSRGO shows exceptional electrocatalytic performance, achieving a benchmark current density of 10 mA·cm−2 at remarkably low overpotentials (ƞ10) of 107 mV and 239 mV in 1 M KOH solution for HER and OER, respectively. Moreover, the nanohybrid exhibits remarkable stability with the current density retention of 89.8% for HER and 85.8% for OER after 36000 s test. This work highlights the creating of high-performance electrocatalysts for efficient and sustainable hydrogen and oxygen evolution through heteroatom doping and carbon incorporation.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of CaCu3Ti4O12/reduced graphene oxide composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical products: Ibuprofen and Ciprofloxacin.

The objective of this research is to create a highly effective approach for eliminating pollutants from the environment through the process of photocatalytic degradation. The study centers around the production of composites consisting of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using an ultrasonic-assisted method, with a focus on their capacity to degrade ibuprofen (IBF) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) via photodegradation. The impact of rGO on the structure, morphology, and optical properties of CCTO was inspected using XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM, XPS, BET, and UV-Vis. Morphology characterization showed that rGO particles were dispersed within the CCTO matrix without any specific chemical interaction between CCTO and C in the rGO. The BET analysis revealed that with increasing the amount of rGO in the composite, the specific surface area significantly increased compared to the CCTO standalone. Besides, increasing rGO resulted in a reduction in the optical bandgap energy to around 2.09 eV, makes it highly promising photocatalyst for environmental applications. The photodegradation of IBF and CIP was monitored using visible light irradiation. The results revealed that both components were degraded above 97% after 60 min. The photocatalyst showed an excellent reusability performance with a slight decrease after five runs to 93% photodegradation efficiency.

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of In-filled Co4Sb12 by dispersion of reduced graphene oxide.

Uniform dispersion of nanosized secondary phases in bulk thermoelectric materials has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce the lattice part of thermal conductivity and improve the thermoelectric efficiency. In this work, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was uniformly dispersed in the In0.5Co4Sb12 bulk material by ultrasonication. The formation of impurity phases of InSb and CoSb2 in the In-filled Co4Sb12 is inevitable, as observed from XRD and EPMA analyses. The Raman spectra of the nanocomposites showed broad peaks suggesting phonon softening and additional peaks corresponding to rGO. Electron transport was not affected by rGO addition, resulting in little change in the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient. The lattice thermal conductivity of the bulk material was significantly reduced by the addition of a small amount of rGO, primarily attributed to the interface scattering of phonons. Hence, the highest zT of ∼1.53 at 773 K was achieved for the In0.5Co4Sb12/0.25 vol% rGO composite in the temperature range from 723 K to 773 K.

“Interface localization of reduced graphene oxide in polystyrene/polymethyl methacrylate blends with co-continuous morphology: Investigating the effects of polymer interface on nanoparticle network stabilization”

This study aimed to investigate the co-continuous morphology of polymer blends and determine whether nanoparticles can be localized at the interface of polymers to create a well-organized network and decrease the percolation threshold. The researchers chose solution-mixed polystyrene (PS)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blends containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for analysis of their rheological, electrical, dynamic-mechanic properties, topography, and morphology. Graphene oxide in varying degrees of thermal reduction was prepared, and surface tension measurements were used to detect the range at which the particles tend to reside at the interface. Based on electrical characterization, it was determined that the required amount of rGO to cover the total polymer interface in the co-continuous blend is approximately 0.1 wt% on a volume basis. The rheology time sweep revealed that, while the initial storage modulus of the nanocomposite containing interface-located particles is similar to that of the sample with randomly distributed particles, the increase in storage modulus over time is less steep, resulting in a lower final value. These findings confirm that the flocculation of rGO particles decreases when they are located at the interface.

Facile synthesis of Cu7.2S4/RGO composites for an ultrastable and high-rate sodium storage anode

Metal sulfides with high capacity, morphology-controlled, and facile synthesis are considered as potential anodes for Na-ion batteries. However, the conductivity and structural stability of electrode materials are still hampered by its inherent low conductivity and obvious volume changes during cycling. Herein, Cu7.2S4 nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (Cu7.2S4/RGO) are successfully prepared by solvothermal and thermal processes. The product, Cu7.2S4/RGO-10, not only features optimized the amount of RGO, but also delivers a large reversible capacity (314.4 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), good cycling stability (with a capacity fading of 0.11% per cycle from 2nd to 400th) and excellent rate capability (209 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 20 A g−1), making it the promising anode material for SIBs. Kinetics analysis clarifies that the high ion diffusion coefficient and the pseudo-capacitance contribution are important reasons for the superior performance. As expected, sodium-ion full cells (Cu7.2S4/RGO//Na3V2(PO4)3) also show good cycling stability.

Dual-Functional Electrochromic Smart Window Using WO3·H2O-rGO Nanocomposite Ink Spray-Coated on a Low-Cost Hybrid Electrode.

Electrochromic windows have gained growing interest for their ability to change their optical state in the visible and NIR ranges with minimal input power, making them energy-efficient. However, material processing costs, fabrication complexity, and poor electrochromic properties can be barriers to the widespread adoption of this technology. To address these issues, electrochromic material and fabrication processes are designed to realize their potential as a cost-effective and energy-efficient technology. In this work, an electrochromic composite material-based ink is synthesized consisting of WO3·H2O nanoplates supported on rGO (reduced graphene oxide) nanosheets (WH-rGO), wherein an optimized amount of rGO (0.05 to 0.5 wt %) is introduced for providing a higher conduction pathway for efficient charge transport without sacrificing the electrochromic performance of WO3·H2O nanoplates. The stable ink dispersion prepared in the study is deposited by spray coating on transparent conducting electrodes over large areas (25 cm2). The WH-rGO nanocomposite (0.4 wt %) results in 43% optical modulation at 700 nm, with bleaching and coloration times of 6 and 8 s, respectively. Interestingly, the device also possesses an electrochemical energy storage capability with an areal capacitance of 16.3 mF/cm2. The electrochromic composite material is successfully translated on tin doped indium oxide (ITO)-coated Al metal mesh hybrid electrodes (T = 80%, Rs = 40 Ω/□) to replace ITO. Finally, an electrochromic device of 5 × 5 cm2 is fabricated by spray-coating the ink on cost-effective ITO/Al-mesh hybrid electrodes. The device displays blue to colorless modulation with an excellent bleaching time of 0.43 s and a coloration time of 2.16 s, making it one among the fast-operating devices fabricated by complete solution processing. This work showcases the economical production of a dual-function electrochromic device, which can be a feasible option as an alternative to existing ITO-based devices in both automotive and infrastructure applications.

Hydrothermally obtained MoSe2/Reduced graphene oxide based composite with superior electrocatalytic performance

Recent experiments have demonstrated that 1T phase of transition-metal dichalcogenides exhibits superior electro-catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we compare the HER performance of as obtained 2H-phase MoSe2 (bare) with hydrothermally synthesized 1T-2H mixed phase MoSe2 and its composites with reduced graphene oxide. Obtained MoSe2/rGO composite has displayed a Tafel slope of 55 mV dec−1 compared with mixed-phase (113 mV dec−1) and 2H–MoSe2 (125 mV dec−1, bare). Composite of MoSe2 with very small amount of rGO has shown increased HER activity with low overpotential (88 mV at 10 mA cm−2), smaller Tafel slope, longer durability and high value of turn over frequency. The weight ratio between MoSe2 and rGO is crucial in determining the HER performance of the composite. The Present work offers a facile and attractive methodology for enhancing the HER performance of 2D materials-based electrocatalysts.

Carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 particle anchored on reduced graphene oxide for Li-ion batteries

Herein, a disordered carbon and rGO co-modified Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode material (LTO/C@rGO) was prepared by a simple hydrothermal reaction. In this anode material, the intermediate carbon layer acts as a bridge to anchor the LTO particles uniformly on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets to construct a special network structure. The high conductivity of rGO is used to improve the electronic and ionic conductivity of LTO, and the content of rGO is adjusted to achieve the purpose of balancing the electron and ion transport efficiency. When the introduction amount of rGO is 5 wt%, the discharge-specific capacities are 290.0 mAh/g and 249.9 mAh/g of 10 cycles at 200 mA g−1 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively. Therefore, the construction of this special structure plays an ideal role in improving the rate performance and long-cycle stability of LTO anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Synergistic Remediation of Organic Dye by Titanium Dioxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite.

In this work, nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide and reduced graphene oxide (TiO2@rGO) with different weight percentages of rGO (4, 8, and 16 wt%) were prepared by the hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis method and thermally treated at 300 °C. The prepared nanocomposites were explored for the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) in the presence of simulated solar illumination as well as natural sunlight. The structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties of the as-synthesized TiO2@rGO nanocomposites were characterized. The obtained results of the graphene-based nanocomposite materials indicated the existence of interactions between TiO2 and rGO, i.e., the Ti-O-C bond, which confirmed the successful integration of both components to form the TiO2@rGO nanocomposites. The addition of rGO increased the specific surface area, decreased the band gap energy, and increased the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB from water compared to TiO2 nanoparticles. The results of photocatalytic activity indicated that the amount of rGO in the prepared TiO2@rGO nanocomposites played a significant role in the application of different photocatalytic parameters, including the initial dye concentration, catalyst concentration, water environment, and illumination source. Our studies show that the reinforcement of the nanocomposite with 8 wt% of rGO allowed us to obtain the maximum photocatalytic decomposition performance of MB (10 mg·L-1) with a removal percentage of 99.20 after 2 h. Additionally, the obtained results show that the prepared TiO2@rGO_8 wt% nanocomposite can be used in three consecutive cycles while maintaining photocatalytic activity over 90%.

Development of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced poly(lactic) acid/ cellulose nanocrystal composite through melt mixing: Effect of nanofiller on thermal, structural, biodegradation and antibacterial properties

The intent of this research work was to synthesised a synthetic polymer that is biodegradable, bioresorbable, and biocompatible, while also exhibiting favorable thermal characteristics. The present study reports the successful fabrication of bionanocomposites by incorporating Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into host matrix (PLA) using the melt-mixing technique. Various weight percentages (wt%) of rGO were employed in the process and various characterization techniques, including BET analysis, XRD, FTIR and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to verify the efficient fabrication of a number of nanoformulations and nanofiller’s effect. Introduction of CNC and rGO in PLA matrix increases the surface area as well as porosity of the composites, established by BET analysis. DSC results indicate that the assimilation of rGO into the polymer matrix improved thermal stability of the composite material and leads to boost in the degree of crystallinity which was supported by XRD analysis. TGA results found no noticeable change in glass transition temperature (Tg) due to the addition of Nanofiller (rGO). The wettability analysis was done by contact angle measurement to determine the hydrophilicity of the composite and it is shown that with the increasing amount of rGO, hydrophilicity increases and contact angle reaches to 69° for 0.75 wt% of rGO in composite in comparision to 100° Neat PLA. The rGO/CNC/PLA nanocomposites exhibit a unique antibacterial effectiveness against both the S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative) bacterial strains. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained in the nanocomposite tested against S. aureus. Biodegradation through Lysozyme in PBS solution shows promising result after incorporation of nanofillers. Hence, the nanocomposite manufactured through melt mixing process has promising uses in the biomedical and food packaging industries.

The Impact of Graphene in Na2FeP2O7/C/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

This study presents a thorough investigation of Na2FeP2O7 (NFP) cathode material for sodium-ion batteries and its composites with carbon and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Our findings demonstrate that rGO sheets improve cycling performance in NFP/C/rGO composite in the absence of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-stabilizing additives. However, once SEI is stabilized with the help of fluoroethylene carbonate electrolyte additive, NFP with carbon additive (NFP/C) exhibits a superior electrochemical performance when compared to NFP/rGO and NFP/C/rGO composites. The decreases in capacity and rate capability are proportional to the amount of rGO added, and lead to an increase in overvoltage and internal resistance. Based on our results, we attribute this effect to worsened sodium kinetics in the bulk of the electrode—the larger ionic radius of Na+ hinders charge transfer in the presence of rGO, despite the likely improved electronic conductivity. These findings provide a compelling explanation for the observed trends in electrochemical performance and suggest that the use of rGO in Na-ion battery electrodes may present challenges associated with ionic transport along and through rGO sheets.

Fast and durable high-capacity Na3V2(PO4)2F2O/rGO by in-situ composite of a small amount of rGO

High-capacity cathode materials with good rate and cycling performances are crucial to the development of advanced sodium batteries for high-efficiency energy storage. As a novel polyanionic cathode, Na3V2(PO4)2F3 shows outstanding structural stability and high theoretical capacity, but the low electric conductivity and sluggish Na+ diffusivity severely hinder its practical performance. In this paper, based on oxygen-tuned Na3V2(PO4)2F2O (NVPFO) and a small amount (0–1 wt%) of reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), the NVPFO/rGO composite is simply prepared by an in-situ solid-state approach. The usage of rGO is noticeably decreased (so does the cost) due to the synergy effect of NVPFO with rGO as well as the dominated sp3 and amorphous carbon in the composite. As a result, the performance of this class material is significantly improved by rGO with an optimally reduced content. The excellent performance is ascribed to the stable crystallographic structure, high electric conductivity and fast Na+ diffusivity. This work demonstrates facile designing and preparation of graphene-involved energy materials with high-capacity, high-rate, long-durability and low-cost performances using only a small amount of in-situ generated defective rGO.

Development electrically conductive PAAm/Alg/CNC/rGO/PANI hydrogel composites and investigation their bioelectronic properties

Characterizing the effects of parameters such as the swelling ratio, composition, and applied current frequency of hydrogels is crucial for the development of flexible, stretchable, and electrically conductive hydrogels that are of importance in a variety of biomedical applications. In this study, poly(Acrylamide) (PAAm), alginate (Alg) and crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) based stretchable PAAm/Alg/CNC/rGO hydrogels containing different amounts of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in their structure were synthesized. To increase the electrical conductivity of these hydrogels, their composites with polyaniline (PANI) were prepared. The chemical composition and morphological characterizations were performed using FT-IR and SEM analysis techniques. Since the amount of PANI formed in the structure of hydrogel composites was directly proportional to the amount of rGO in the structure, swelling, mechanical and electrical conductivity properties changed depending on the amount of rGO. The swelling ratio and mechanical strength of the PAAm/Alg/CNC/rGO/PANI hydrogel composite series varied between 38 and 50 g water/ g polymer and 76.02–375.95 kPa, respectively. The electrical conductivities of their 25% swollen states at 10−4 MHz ranged from 15.4 to 20.20 S/m. Flex sensor, smart hydrogel fingers and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode applications were tested. The synthesized hydrogel composite systems were quite successful in these biomedical applications as bioelectronic materials.

Electrical and mechanical properties of reduced graphene oxide/CuCrZr composites

ABSTRACT The present work investigates electrical and mechanical properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/CuCrZr composites. Briefly, CuCrZr alloys were prepared by high-energy ball milling, and the milling parameters and the alloy composition were optimised. Following this, different amounts of rGO were introduced to hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified CuCr0.5Zr0.05 through solution mixing, and the rGO/CuCrZr pellets were then prepared by cold isostatic pressing and sintering. Furthermore, the composite samples were compacted two more times under 350 MPa and then 700 MPa. The electrical conductivity and hardness were studied on sintered, 350 MPa-compacted and 700 MPa-compacted samples. Apparent porosity was also determined, and the importance of compaction pressure and porosity was highlighted. Overall, the optimum combination of electrical conductivity and hardness was realised in the rGO/CuCr0.5Zr0.05 composite with 0.3% rGO.

Synthesis of drug carrier smart ferrogels and application of artificial neural network in modeling their doxorubicin release behavior under alternating magnetic fields

AbstractThe development of magnetic field‐sensitive smart drug delivery systems with superior properties has become an area of increasing academic and industrial importance. In this study, smart poly(NIPAAm‐co‐VSA)‐rGO/Fe3O4 ferrogels with varying concentrations of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized. Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded ferrogels were obtained by the in situ reduction of Fe ions. The morphologic, structural, and magnetic properties of ferrogel systems were characterized. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded to the synthesized ferrogels by solution impregnation method and their heating and drug release behavior over time under alternating magnetic field AMFs of 1.37, 1.64, and 1.91 millitesla (mT) were investigated. The drug loading and releasing characteristics of the ferrogel series were calculated. When the experimental results were examined, it was determined that the amount of rGO in the structure of the developed ferrogel systems had a very high effect on the magnetic, heating, and drug loading‐release characteristics of the ferrogels. To modeling their multivariable DOX release behavior, artificial neural network modeling technique was used. Calculated model performance parameters have shown that this developed artificial intelligence technique has great success in modeling complex and nonlinear DOX release behaviors.