Amounts Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Synergy of the Tropical Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and Oil Palm Bagasse in the Removal of Heavy Crude Oil.

The tropical endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus, a non-standard species used in ecotoxicity, has been found in crude oil-contaminated habitats. We estimated the removal of total hydrocarbons from heavy crude "Maya" oil on an artificially contaminated soil with a median lethal concentration of P. corethrurus and an addition of oil palm bagasse. P. corethrurus had a high survival rate, and the addition of oil palm bagasse led to a greater growth and an increase in abundance of bacteria and fungi. The activity of P. corethrurus and the nutritional quality of oil palm bagasse had a significant impact on the removal of a larger amount of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. We concluded that the endogeic earthworm P. corethrurus and oil palm bagasse acted synergistically to achieve a more effective removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from soil. These results show the potential for using P. corethrurus to remove, either directly or indirectly, crude oil from soil.

Гидротермальное преобразование органического вещества карбонатной породы вблизи критической точки воды

The paper presents the results of comparative studies to identify the regularities of the transformation of organic matter in a siliceous-clayey carbonate rock in a hydrothermal fluid at temperatures of 340-380°C and pressures of 17-20 MPa. It was found that in a hydrothermal fluid with an excess of water with increasing temperature and pressure in a carbonate rock containing organic matter, oxidation reactions dominate with the accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes. The dependences of the values of the geochemical parameters of hydrocarbons (extracts) of carbonate rock on the temperature and pressure of the hydrothermal fluid are shown. The optimal thermobaric parameters of a hydrothermal fluid for a carbonate rock are 340°C and 17 MPa; under these conditions, the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons increases against the background of a decrease in the content of organic matter, the pore diameter increases, and micropores are formed. The obtained experimental data contribute to the development of technologies for the development of carbonate rocks.

Sedimentation Process of Petroleum from Different Sources in the Jiaozhou Bay

Yang, D.; Jing, D.; Yang, D.; Zhang, L., and Li, H., 2020. Sedimentation process of petroleum from different sources in the Jiaozhou Bay. In: Yang, D.F. and Wang, H. (eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Geology and Environmental Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 108, pp. 166–172. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Based on the investigation data of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) in Jiaozhou Bay in May, August, and October 1992, according to horizontal material content variation model and vertical material content variation model proposed by in this study, horizontal loss amount, vertical dilution amount, and vertical sediment amount of PHC content in the surface and at the bottom were calculated, and the modeling chart of horizontal and vertical PHC content variation were determined. The results show that the horizontal absolute loss amount of PHC content in the surface and at the bottom of the bay in May, August, and October ranged from 0.001 mg/L to 0.048 mg/L, and the horizontal relative loss amount of PHC content in the surface and at the bottom ranged from 2.77% to 77.41%. Both in the surface and at the bottom, the absolute vertical dilution amount of PHC ranged between 0.010–0.013 mg/L, and the relative vertical dilution amount was 36.11–41.66%; the absolute vertical accumulation amount of PHC was 0.004–0.020 mg/L, and the relative vertical accumulation amount was 28.57–32.25%. In the process of horizontal migration, if there is much PHC transported from sources, the relative (absolute) loss amount of PHC in the surface and at the bottom is relatively high; if there is little PHC transported from sources, the relative (absolute) loss amount of PHC in the surface and at the bottom is relatively low. In the process of vertical migration, if there is much PHC transported from sources, the relative (absolute) accumulation amount of PHC in the surface and at the bottom is relatively high; if there is little PHC transported from sources, the relative (absolute) dilution amount of PHC in the surface and at the bottom is relatively high. The sedimentation process of PHC from different sources presented in this paper reveals that there is difference of sedimentation process between PHC transported through open sea currents and PHC in the local water.

Practicality of Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Ir for the Measurement of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Aged Soil: A Comparative Study Between Two Commercial Extractors

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) were determined in two industrial soils, a refinery sandy soil and a wood preserving (clayey) soil, using supercritical CO2(SC-CO2) and IR detection (2932 cm−1). Two commercial extractors, a Dionex SEE -703 and an HP 7680A Module were used to extract the soils under various drying conditions (MgSO4/Na2SO4, 3:0, 3:1, 3:3, 1:3, 0:6) and soil water content (>2% 60 % v/w). In the case of the clayey soil, both SFE extractors produced bell-shaped recovery curves, relating extracted amounts of PHCs with MgSO4/Na2SO4 ratio, with optimal recoveries occurring when both drying agents (MgSO4/Na2SO4, 3:1) were used to dry the soil. The lowest concentrations were obtained when only Na2SO4 was used to dry the soil. For the sandy soil the variation in the extracted amounts of PHCs did not exceed 10 % with the HP extractor, however, in the case of Dionex the extracted PHCs dropped by < 65 % when using Na2SO4 and by > 35 % when using MgSO4 as drying agent. Similar bell-shaped recovery curves, relating soil water content with extracted amounts of PHCs, were also produced from the sandy soil using the Dionex extractor with optimal concentrations achieved at around 20 % H2O that reduced by as much as 50 % when the soil was either dry (< 2%) or saturated (<45 %) with water. Whereas in the case of HP extractor the variation in PHCs recovery did not exceed 10 % and extracted amounts of PHCs were similar to those obtained by standard Soxhlet techniques (EPA Methods 418.1/3450 and APHA Method # 8520).

Evidence for the importance of including hydrocarbon oxidation products in environmental assessment studies

To provide evidence for the importance of including hydrocarbon oxidation products in environmental assessment studies, 10 samples of bivalve tissue from Prince William Sound, collected as part of the assessment of the 1989 Valdez Oil Spill were extracted and separated into fractions based on polarity, by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each fraction was analysed by ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy (UVF) and examined for evidence of the presence of oxidation products of aromatic hydrocarbons (O-PAHs). Fluorescence in the wavelengths characteristic of O-PAHs was present in the bivalve extracts and intensity correlated with the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons as determined by gas chromatography (GC). The percentage of UVF intensity in polar fractions compared to the hydrocarbon fractions ranged from 7–85% and corresponded with degree of weathering the oil residues had undergone as determined by their GC patterns. Thus, although UVF is only a semi-quantitative method, these results support the contention that photo and bacterial degradation processes create a complex assemblage of intermediate oxidation products of hydrocarbons that are bioaccumulated in marine organisms. Analytical methodologies applied to marine monitoring and hazard assessments must be extended to include some of the oxidation products formed from the toxicants spilled into the marine environment.

THE ROLE OF JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS IN CLEANUP OF OIL-POLLUTED SEDIMENTS

ABSTRACT Several locations in the Mississippi Sound of the Central Gulf of Mexico have been sites of accidental and simulated oil spills over the past decade, providing excellent testing grounds for detecting interactions of indigenous marsh vegetation with petroleum pollutants. Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus, dominant marsh plants of this region, show resilience in the face of acute oil spills, with J. roemerianus decidedly more resilient in chronic exposures. More important, J. roemerianus can remove large amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons from the underlying sediments and from the water column. Collections of Juncus and underlying sediment from five estuarine environments showed levels and distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons in the aerial leaf portions that mirrored those found in the sediment substrate. Up to 9,000 ppm total hydrocarbons were found in J. roemerianus growing in oil-contaminated sediments. In two different studies, salt marsh plots of Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora were exposed to sediments inoculated with three different crude oils, an alkene, chrysene, and naphthalene, and uptake was monitored with time. Juncus was able to take up hydrocarbons unaltered within 10 days. Spartina showed no evidence of uptake, though it did show relative increases in lipid fractions.

Toxicity of sea-surface microlayer: Effects on herring and turbot embryos

Marine fish eggs, from herring ( Clupea harengus) and turbot ( Psetta maxima), were used to test the effects of the sea-surface microlayer on embryonic development. The eggs were exposed in static systems to full strength microlayer and 1,10,50% dilutions. Depending on the sampling site (Helgoland harbour, Kiel Förde, Travemünde marina, Elbe Hamburg Port) and time, microlayer contained varying amounts of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pb and Co, in concentrations 100 times above those found in subsurface bulk water. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides were not found at concentrations elevated above bulk water, but considerable amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalate esters were detected. Microlayer displayed differential concentration-dependent toxicity for each species used in the experiments. Effects on hatching time as well as total hatch (%) and number of abnormal larvae were recorded. Herring eggs were most affected by Helgoland microlayer (suspected effect of high metal content) while turbot eggs were most sensitive to Travemünde and Elbe microlayer (suspected effect of high petroleum hydrocarbons). The usefulness of microlayer studies as a tool for environmental assessment is discussed. An impact of microlayer effects on recruitment in sensitive species is deemed possible.

Lipid chemistry of eastern Mediterranean surface layers

IT has been well established that organic surface films exist in most of the world's major oceans1–9. They consist mainly of natural lipid material, with generally much smaller, though variable, amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons. Because the Mediterranean Sea is a restricted area the input of petroleum hydrocarbon is more noticeable than in most oceanic areas, and the level of surface pollution is probably increasing there because the major outflow occurs below the surface in the Straits of Gibraltar.