Amount Of Other Additives Research Articles

Effect of chemical stabilization on index and engineering properties of a remoulded expansive soil

This note presents the effect of lime, cement, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on free swell index (FSI), liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI), compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity ( k ) and strength characteristics of an expansive soil. The effect of the above chemicals on California bearing ratio (CBR) is also presented. Lime content was 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6% and the amounts of other additives were 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by dry weight of the soil. FSI, LL and PI decreased significantly with increasing additive contents. Compaction characteristics also improved with increasing additive contents. Strength characteristics showed improvement at higher additive contents especially at higher curing periods. CBR (determined in soaked condition) also increased significantly with increasing additive contents.

Co-electrodeposition of tin with 0.2–20% indium: Implications on tin whisker growth

The growth of whiskers on tin-plated interconnects causes acute short circuit problems and system failures in electronic components. In the past, this problem was suppressed by the addition of a few percent Pb in the electroplated tin, but following the introduction of international laws restricting the use of lead in electronics, alternative strategies are necessary. Recently it has been shown that 5–10% indium can eliminate whisker growth in electroplated tin on copper substrates under ambient temperature aging. However, there is no currently known method for co-electrodepositing Sn with a small amount of In using an acidic electrolyte that is similar to that currently used in the industry. This paper reports on a method to co-electroplate tin with 0.2 to 20 atomic percent indium from a methanesulfonic acid (MSA) electrolyte, which is the most widely used bath for electroplating of Sn, with only a small amount of other additives. The impact of co-deposited Sn-In platings on the susceptibility to whisker growth has been demonstrated.

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Bloodmeal-Based Thermoplastics Plasticized with Tri(ethylene glycol)

Thermoplastic protein produced from bloodmeal (BM) becomes brittle as moisture desorbs from the material. Tensile tests, DMA, DSC and WAXS are used to determine the effect of replacing water with TEG. Specimens containing 0–30 pphBM TEG and combined water and TEG content prior to extrusion of 60 pphBM are extruded, injection-moulded and conditioned. TEG increases the strain at break while reducing strength. 20 pphBM is chosen as an appropriate compromise between strength and ductility with a tensile strength of 6 MPa, a Young's modulus of 250 MPa, a toughness of 2.8 MPa and a strain at break of 0.53. When TEG is held at 20 pphBM and the amounts of other additives varied urea has the largest effect on conditioned properties, showing that H-bonding still dominates protein/protein interactions.

ALKYD PAINT WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND DISTILLATION

ABSTRACT In the present study the characterization and distillation of alkyd paint waste have been carried out in order to establish the technical viability of organic solvents recovery and to decide upon the best environmental management for the waste stream from a paint spray-booth application in an automotive component factory. The paint is a black primer based on an alkyd resin with toluene and xylene as solvents, black carbon as pigment, fillers, and other minor components. The paint, paint wastes, and distillation wastes have been characterized by determination of the physicochemical properties of the solid (solvents content and flash point) and determination of ecotoxicity (EC50), total organic carbon (TOC), and metals concentration of the leachates. The highly volatile matter (HVM) content, determined by the weight loss at 200°C, has been used as a parameter to relate with the hazardous wastes regulations based on the characterization parameters EC50, TOC, and flash point. Distillation experiments have been performed in a simple batch mode with mixtures of paint waste, water, and additives in order to obtain high efficiencies in the recovery of volatile organic compounds and to obtain a final solid with nonhazardous behavior and good manageability qualities. A fractional factorial design (23–1) of experiments was carried out in order to study the influence of the distillation variables: water/paint waste ratio (2/1–3/1 (g/g)), temperature (110°–145°C), alkaline additives (Na(OH),CaO, Ca(OH)2), and amount of other additives (wt.% of bentonite, cement, and Ca(OH)2) on the solvent recovery, [% VOCs]Recovery, on the residual volatile organic compounds, [% VOCs]Distillation Waste, and on the total organic content (TOC) of the waste leachates. The present work shows the quantitative results of the alkyd paint waste distillation process under optimum conditions.

Application of silica-sol investment to dental castable ceramics

In order to decrease the adhering area between high-fusing alloys and investment moulds, dental investments have been improved by adding glycerol to the liquid-powder mixture including silica, magnesia and phosphate powders [1, 2], and adding nitr!de compound to the investment powder [3]. The adhering oxides were related to chemical reactions between phosphate or gypsum (a bonding agent in the investment) and the metal elements (alloys) [4-6]. Thus, newly-designed investment moulds with no phosphate or gypsum are needed to cast the currently available castable ceramics. In experimental investment (powder) and mixture (liquid), effectiveness is determined by examining setting behaviour using thermal analysis [7]. Also the investment, when set, expanded during heating (thermal expansion). As the expansion behaviour was exothermic [7-9], temperature increase associated with sol-gel reaction was measured after the powder was mixed with water or silica-sol liquid. In a manner similar to that used to investigate the polymerization of composite resins [9], differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to analyse thermal change during the setting of mixed investment. The purpose of this preliminary report is to examine setting behaviours and compression strength of silica-sol investment powders mixed with the silica-sol liquid including ammonium carbonate solution (AC), and to use the investment mould for casting dental ceramics. The materials tested were the investment powder (o~-cristobalite; 55wt% (15/xm median size) and ol-quartz powders; 45 wt % (5/xm)) and the investment mixed with the silica-sol liquid which was 100% hydrolysed, or diluted with distilled water (H1; p H = 1.1; HAS-l , or H2; pH = 1.2; HAS-6, Colcoat Co., Tokyo). The mixture, comprising AC solution (1.1 ml) added to silica-sol liquid (16.0 ml), was used as the liquid for mixing the powder at a ratio of liquid powder (0.34). To observe the interface between the investment mould and the dental ceramic [10], electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA; Shimadzu EPMA-8705, Kyoto) was used (ceramics: 20CAO10P2Os-10MgO-50SiO2 with very small amounts of other additives included). The properties examined by DSC analysis of the silica-sol investments (peak time (P), final setting time (F) and heat for setting (H)) . P is the time from mixing until the DSC curve reaches a peak [11], and F is the time from the start of mixing until the DSC baseline reaches the horizontal. The H value in the DSC curve represents the heat for