Amounts Of Nuts Research Articles

Effects of energy-restricted diets with or without nuts on weight, body composition and glycaemic control in adults: a scoping review.

Energy-restricted (ER) diets promote weight loss and improve body composition and glycaemic control. Nut consumption also improves these parameters. However, less is known about the combined benefit of these two strategies. This scoping review implemented a systematic search of Medline, Embase and Scopus to identify randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of ER diets with or without nuts on body mass, body composition and glycaemic control in adults. After reviewing titles and abstracts, twenty-nine full-text articles were screened, resulting in seven studies reported in eight papers that met the inclusion criteria. Energy restriction was achieved by prescribing a set energy target or reducing intake by 1000-4200 kJ from daily energy requirements. Interventions ranged from 4 to 52 weeks in duration and contained 42-84 g/d of almonds, peanuts, pistachios or walnuts. While all studies reported that energy restriction resulted in significant weight loss, the addition of nuts to ER diets demonstrated significantly greater weight loss in only approximately half of the included studies (4/7 studies). There was limited evidence to support additional benefits from nuts for body composition measures or glycaemic control. Although improvements in weight loss and glycaemia were not consistent when nuts were included in ER diets, no study revealed an adverse effect of nut consumption on health outcomes. Future studies could explore the effect of consuming different types and amounts of nuts, combined with various levels of energy restriction on weight, body composition and glycaemic control.

Structural ambiguity in DPs with quantity nouns

DPs with quantity nouns (QDPs), like that amount of nuts, can combine with predicates of quantities, as in That amount of nuts is low, or with predicates of entities, as in Bo ate that amount of nuts. One account of such selectional flexibility, inspired by Selkirk (1977) and Rothstein (2009), assumes that the two types of predication are transparently encoded through two types of syntactic structures. In this paper, we draw attention to a syntactic challenge for this account of QDPs, viz.that in certain cases it requires two interpreted occurrences of an entity noun like nuts even though only one is pronounced. We argue, however, that this challenge mustbe met and cannot be avoided by abandoning the structural approach. We make this case by arguing against an alternative analysis of the selectional flexibility of QDPs developed in Scontras 2017. On this alternative, quantity predication and entity predication with QDPs are derived from a uniform syntax, and entity predication with QDPs parallels entity predication with DPs with kind, like that kind of nuts, under the classic Carlsonian account (Carlson 1977) as developed in Chierchia 1998. We argue that Scontras’ analysis is mistaken, both in positing a unified syntax for the two types of predication with QDPs, and in unifying the analysis of QDPs withthe Carlsonian analysis of kind-DPs.

VARIABILITY OF QUANTITATIVE CARPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DOG-ROSE (ROSA CANINA L.) IN THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION

This article presents data about variability of morphological features of Rosa canina L. fruits. The dog-rose (R. canina) is a useful medical and ornamental plant. It is ecologically flexible and grows in a wide diapason of ecological conditions, more specifically, in forest, forest steppe and steppe environmental areas. Morphological parameters of a dog-rose fruits are pretty changeable depending on environmental conditions, that is why there is a question of current interest in studying the variability of carpological parameters and the diapason of modifiability of a dog-rose. The objective of the research is the peculiar properties of reproductive sphere of R. canina. The subject of the research is variability of morphological features of R. canina fruits in the environment of 3 types of ecotopes in theNorthern Black Sea region. The work materials are herbarium and the results of measurements of fruits of 20 R. canina individuals on 20 test areas in urbanized ecotopes (the parks of Mykolaiv city), in ecotopes as a part of agricultural landscapes (in the vicinity of Shevchenkove village, Mykolaiv region), and in ecotopes with small anthropogenic transformation of flora (Pryingulskyi regional landscape park). The following carpological parameters of R. canina were investigated: 1) fruit’s length and width 2) nut’s length and width 3) mass of 1000 nuts 4) amount of nuts in a fruit 5) mass of 1000 fruits. The received data allowed to define criteria of variability and ecological flexibility of morphological features. As a result of our investigation, we found the following carpological feature of R. canina. In the environment of Northern Black Sea region R. canina shapes the fruits with the dimension of length from 0,8 to 3,0 cm (the mean is 1,5±0,01 cm) and with the dimension of width from 0,5 to 2,0 (the mean is 1,08±0,01 cm). The mass of fruits over a wide range varies from 0,2 to 3,2 g. The nuts’ dimension of length is from 0,3 to 0,5 cm (the mean is 0,4±0,01 cm) and the dimension of width is from 0,1 to 0,5 cm (the mean is 0,3±0,01 cm). The average amount of nuts in a fruit is 25 pieces. The mass of 1000 nuts is 18 g. The defined carpological feature of R. canina meets norms. The most constant carpological features of R. canina is the width of a fruit and the length of a nut with the 13-17% mean of variability. The length of a fruit, the amount of nuts in aggregate fruit and the width of a nut varies on the higher level (21-29%). The most variable feature is the mass of a fruit with a high level of variability (33%). The interesting results gives a comparison of variability of the aggregate fruit morphological features in different populations of a dog-rose in 3 investigated types of ecotopes. The highest parameters variability of the investigated features is observed in a dog-rose population in the Pryingulskyi regional landscape park. This can be explained by heterogeneous local terrain and the appropriate moisture conditions (ground water). Approximately high variability is observed in the Mykolaiv parks, which can be explained by more different conditions of city ecotopes and increased recreational activity. Approximately low variability of features was found in plants in the vicinity of Shevchenkove village, which can be explained by the homogeneity of conditions in plants growth. The high flexibility of morphological parameters is noted for the mass of a nut and the amount of nuts in a fruit (0,8-0,9), the average figures of a fruit length and width (0,6-0,7), the low for the length of a nut (0,2). This indicates the type of wide amplitude adjustment to growth conditions in the investigated ecotopes of different types.

THE EFFECT OF PLANT PROTEINS ON THE FORMATION OF STRUCTURAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NOUGAT

This paper considers the problem of increasing the nutritional value of whipped confectionery such as nougat by using hemp- based and soya-based protein-containing ingredients. The main tendencies of obtaining new types of food based on plant proteins with complete amino acid composition are described. The paper presents information on cultivating and using hemp and soya both in Ukraine and in the world, and suggests how products of their processing can be applied to improve the quality and increase the biological value of confectionery. It has been investigated what effect protein-containing ingredients obtained from hemp and soya have on the structural properties of foam in the technology of whipped confectionery such as nougat. It has been established that increasing the amount of plant protein additives leads to a decrease in the foaming ability, but the stability of protein foams increases. Adding 10% of protein-containing hemp additives increases the foam stability by 6%, while protein-containing soya additives increase it by 5%. The paper presents the results of studying the structural and rheological properties of nougat mass with protein-containing plant additives in the amount 2.5–10% of the weight of sugar. It has been determined that adding protein-containing hemp and soya ingredients increases the viscosity and plastic strength of the products and stabilises their structure. The effect of different amounts of nuts on the kinetics of nougat crystallisation has been studied. It is recommended to add 5% of hemp and 7.5% of soya protein-containing additives instead of sugar during the whipping of nougat mass, because it reduces the whipping time and has a positive effect on structure formation. The recommended amount of roasted pistachio kernels in the samples suggested is 25–35% of the total weight of nougat, with the resting time 30–60 minutes and the moulding temperature 50–55°C. The nutritional value of the new products with protein-containing hemp and soya ingredients and nuts has been calculated. It has been noted that nougat has been enriched with protein, unsaturated fatty acids, and minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus).

Development of a database for estimation of the nut content of Australian single-ingredient and multi-ingredient foods

Databases specifying the amount of core foods present in multi-ingredient foods are required to accurately explore the effect of food consumption on health outcomes. Habitual consumption of nuts, a core food, has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, in Australia, a lack of information on the amount of nuts in different foods including multi-ingredient foods means that estimations of population nut intake may be misrepresented. The aim of this study was to develop a database for the estimation of nut content in Australian single-ingredient and multi-ingredient foods. A nut-specific database based on AUSNUT 2011-13 was developed via a systematic approach, which defined nut content and type for Australian foods and beverages. The nut database identified 236 nuts and nut-containing foods and beverages. Foods were identified in 14 of the 24 major AUSNUT 2011-13 food groups, including ‘Cereal based products and dishes’ and ‘Confectionery and cereal/nut/fruit/seed bars’. Nuts were found in a wide range of foods, highlighting the importance of developing specific databases to facilitate estimation of core food intake. This database can be used to estimate nut intake in the Australian population and explore associations between nut intake and health outcomes.

Diet quality on meatless days: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2012.

To compare diet quality scores between adult non-meat eaters and meat eaters, and to compare the consumption of diet components across quintiles of diet quality. Cross-sectional analysis. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) were used to assess mean diet quality. Differences in consumption of diet components between quintiles of diet quality were tested using post hoc Wald tests and z tests. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2012. The sample consisted of 16810 respondents aged≥18 years, including 280 individuals who reported not consuming meat, poultry, game birds or seafood on two non-consecutive days of dietary recall. Dietary data were obtained from one dietary recall per individual. Non-meat eaters had substantially greater HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores than meat eaters (P<0·05). Among non-meat eaters, mean consumption across HEI-2010 quintiles demonstrated different (P<0·05) amounts of empty calories and unsaturated:saturated fatty acids. Mean consumption across AHEI-2010 quintiles demonstrated different (P<0·05) amounts of nuts and legumes, vegetables and PUFA. Public health messages targeted at vegetarians and others who may choose to eat meat-free on certain days should emphasize decreased consumption of empty calories, and increased consumption of nuts and legumes, PUFA and vegetables, as a way to improve overall dietary quality.

Competition and habitat quality influence age and sex distribution in wintering rusty blackbirds.

Bird habitat quality is often inferred from species abundance measures during the breeding and non-breeding season and used for conservation management decisions. However, during the non-breeding season age and sex classes often occupy different habitats which suggest a need for more habitat-specific data. Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) is a forested wetland specialist wintering in bottomland hardwood forests in the south-eastern U. S. and belongs to the most steeply declining songbirds in the U.S. Little information is available to support priority birds such as the Rusty Blackbird wintering in this threatened habitat. We assessed age and sex distribution and body condition of Rusty Blackbirds among the three major habitats used by this species in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and also measured food availability. Overall, pecan groves had the highest biomass mainly driven by the amount of nuts. Invertebrate biomass was highest in forests but contributed only a small percentage to overall biomass. Age and sex classes were unevenly distributed among habitats with adult males primarily occupying pecan groves containing the highest nut biomass, females being found in forests which had the lowest nut biomass and young males primarily staying in forest fragments along creeks which had intermediate nut biomass. Males were in better body condition than females and were in slightly better condition in pecan groves. The results suggest that adult males occupy the highest quality habitat and may competitively exclude the other age and sex classes.

Microwave backscatter response of pecan tree canopy samples for estimation of pecan yield in situ using terrestrial radar

Accurate estimates of pecan yield prior to harvest are critically important for marketing and production management decisions such as nut thinning, irrigating and nutrition supplementing. Current methods of estimating pecan yield in situ are not sufficiently accurate and are time consuming. Research using satellite based microwave imaging has enabled scientists to identify trends in orchard crop condition but precision is inadequate for yield sensing. Ground based radar schemes using antenna within the orchard resolve many of the power, resolution and sensitivity limitations of satellite radar imagery. The objective of this research is to determine if pecan nuts can be quantified in situ using backscattered microwaves from antenna located in the orchard. Pecan tree canopy samples (leaves and secondary branches) and nuts were collected at five growth stages and placed in a polystyrene foam test fixture located between horn antennae spaced 1m apart. Reflection and transmission measurements were recorded with a vector network analyzer at frequencies from 1 to 18GHz while the amount of nuts were varied from 0% to approximately 30% of the canopy mass. Regression analysis revealed no specific frequencies to quantify nut mass however response to total canopy water and dry mass over a wide range of frequencies had R2>0.63 and 0.78 respectively. This relationship combined with range finding and appropriate crop model algorithms may ultimately be the basis for developing pecan yield monitoring technology.

Priority Areas for Research on the Intake, Composition, and Health Effects of Tree Nuts and Peanuts1,

This article summarizes the main conclusions drawn from a conference on the health effects of nut consumption and identifies priority areas for future research. Individuals with higher intakes of nuts generally have higher intakes of many beneficial dietary constituents. More information is needed on nut composition, the bioavailability of nutrients, and other bioactive constituents. Better methods are needed to assess usual nut intake, including biomarkers, and the types, physical form, and amounts of nuts that are consumed. The feasibility of including nuts and seeds as a separate food group in the Dietary Guidelines should be tested, as should ways to increase nut intake. A moderate intake of nuts can be included in a weight loss regimen and further information is needed on whether nuts improve satiety as well as adherence to and efficacy of diets designed for weight reduction. There is substantial evidence that nut consumption reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Future research should investigate their benefits for prevention of congestive heart failure, including clinical studies in patients with this condition, to evaluate the effects of nuts on markers of heart disease risk. Higher nut consumption is associated with lower risk of diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease. More remains to be learned about the effects of nuts on postprandial glycemic and insulin response, glycemic control, and improvement of disease risk factors in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes. Information is needed on nut-induced allergic reactions, including their prevalence and consequences, causes of sensitization, biomarkers of severe reactions, and cross-reactivity to different types of nuts.

Studies on the use of power ultrasound in solid–liquid myrobalan extraction process

Focus on eco-friendly processing techniques makes vegetable tanning a viable option in leather processing and establishes the subsequent need for the more efficient methods of extraction in tannin manufacture. Application of ultrasound has been tried in the extraction of tannins from myrobalan nuts in order to improve the extraction efficiency, to perform the extraction under milder process conditions and to reduce the process time. The influence of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power, time and temperature has been studied. Scale-up trials and the use of ultrasound in pulse mode have also been attempted. The results show that a three- to fivefold improvement is possible with ultrasonic output from 20 to 100 W. Extraction efficiency has been calculated from the maximum extractable materials from myrobalan nuts. Extraction efficiency is found to be 90% for ultrasound, 100 W without external heating as compared to 77% for control process at 70 °C for 4 h. Therefore, ultrasound could be employed even dispensing with provision for temperature controls. The use of ultrasound in pulse mode offered 70% extraction efficiency of continuous mode. Scale-up trials indicate that there exists an optimum ultrasonic output power depending on the amount of nuts used, to achieve better extraction efficiency. The effectiveness of ultrasonically extracted tannin solution has also been tested in the tanning process for its applicability. The degree of tanning efficacy has been assessed by shrinkage temperature measurement. The results indicate that ultrasonically extracted tannin solution is suitable for tanning process. Therefore, application of ultrasound in tannin extract manufacture is a viable option with added advantages.

Balancing Gene Diversity and Nut Production in Corylus avellana Collections

A theory on the balance between gene diversity and level of nut collection was developed and applied to Danish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) populations. By controlling female fertility based on the power function F(x)=x a, a trade-off between equalizing maternal contribution and obtaining an acceptable amount of nuts was achieved, and gene diversity during the initial phase of mobilizing the natural gene pool could be managed. Constraints on nut production could be made on maternal proportion as both lower and upper bounds. For a case involving the collection of hazelnuts from 264 individuals, the status number (N s) was estimated to be 149 based on female contribution if all nuts were collected and used. Higher status numbers could be obtained by balancing the number of nuts collected per tree, but such an increase in the status number would result in a substantial loss of nut production. It was decided to truncate the progeny size at 50 nuts, which required restriction of the nut contribution equally from the 14% most fertile individuals to a maximum contribution of 0.74%. This increased the N s from 149 to 201, while 85% of all nuts were included.

Nuts to you—Walnuts, that is

Mention walnuts to an equine veterinarian and the first thoughts are likely to be about laminitis caused by the use of black walnut shavings as bedding. Recent studies, however, suggest that walnuts may indirectly increase the health of horses by decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in equine veterinarians. Of course, no studies were conducted in which equine veterinarians were fed walnuts, nor am I aware of any studies that show that a decrease in the incidence of CHD in veterinarians would improve the health of horses. But it seems logical to me that a healthy veterinarian would be of more help to a sick horse than a deceased veterinarian would. Such convoluted reasoning provides justification to present a column on the benefits of veterinarians eating walnuts in a journal devoted to improving the health of a horse. The impetus for this column was reading several articles in the popular press and on the Internet. It was claimed that walnuts could decrease the incidence of CHD in a lengthy review (38 pages) in the May issue of the Journal of Nutrition about the potential health benefits of walnuts.1 There are several types of walnuts. The 2 most common in the United States are Black and English. Black walnut trees (Juglans nigra), the source of toxic shavings, provide valuable wood and nuts that are used for baking.2 The English walnut (Juglans regia) is used for snacks and for flavoring foods. Thus, it is the walnut consumed in greatest amounts and the one that has been used in studies on the potential health benefits of walnuts. English walnuts perhaps should be called Persian walnuts because that name more nearly indicates the area from which the species came.3 The English walnut tree does not thrive in England because the summers are too cool. The name may have resulted from the fact that the walnuts were transported by English ships.4 Walnuts have long been used in folk medicines.2 The Romans thought walnuts had medicinal value in addition to being a delicious food.3 The renewed interest in potential health benefits of walnuts may be related to their rich content of n-6 (linoleate) and n-3 (linolinate) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Other nuts are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids that are similar to vegetable oils and margarine. A team of 5 experts evaluated in detail the scientific evidence of potential health benefits from walnuts.1 Their conclusions included the following: (1) walnuts, as part of a heart-healthy diet, lowers blood cholesterol concentrations in humans and animals; (2) walnuts are unique compared with other nuts because they are predominant in n-6 (linoleate) and n-3 (linolinate) polyunsaturated fatty acids; and (3) walnuts contain multiple health-beneficial components that have a low lysine:arginine ratio and high levels of vitamin E, arginine, folate, fiber, tannins, and polyphenols. It was reported that the clinical dietary intervention studies show that consuming walnuts does not cause a net gain in body weight when they are eaten as a replacement food. The conclusions about the value of walnuts for prevention of CHD were not as definite. Although it was acknowledged clinical studies suggest a reduced risk of CHD, it was suggested that the results must be considered inconclusive because there have only been 5 controlled, peer-reviewed studies and the total number of subjects was not great. But it was also pointed out that a large number of human prospective observational studies showed an inverse association of the relative risk of CHD and coronary vascular disease with the frequent daily consumption of small amounts of nuts, including walnuts. In any case, walnuts appear to reduce cholesterol. The optimal intake of walnuts has not been established. Consumption of 5 oz (140 g) per week has been reported to be useful. Almario et al found a significant decrease in cholesterol but no increase in weight gain with daily intakes of 1.7 oz (48 g) of walnuts per 2,020 calories. The lack of increase in weight is unusual because 1.7 oz are about 15 to 20 walnut halves or over 1 cup.