Amount Of Money Research Articles

Helping others in real life and in the laboratory: pride and prosocial behavior

BackgroundProsocial behavior may depend on the emotions experienced, and positive emotions such as pride may promote helping, offering support, donating, and other prosocial activities. Two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between pride and prosocial behavior.Participants and procedureA correlational study, Study 1 (N = 365), was conducted during the second week of the 2022 war in Ukraine. In Study 2, a laboratory experiment (N = 82) was conducted to test the effect of pride (recalling an event in which a person felt proud) on prosocial behavior. A pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation. Prosocial behavior was operationalized as the amount of money donated to charity in support of people in need and the number of leaflets taken in support of recruitment for the study.ResultsStudy 1 results showed a positive but weak correlation between pride and involvement in helping, as well as the number of hours spent helping Ukrainian refugees. Study 2 results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the amount of money donated to charity and in the number of leaflets taken.ConclusionsOur studies have provided new evidence for the role of pride in stimulating prosocial behavior. The inconsistent results of our research suggest that further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between pride and prosocial behavior.

Analysis of Current Drink Consumption Behavior on Blood Sugar Levels in Adolescents

Adolescents are becoming increasingly familiar with drinks that are currently popular. Things that are “current” at a certain time are things that are trending or popular. Teenagers are increasingly consuming modern drinks for various reasons. Drinking modern beverages has raised some concerns, primarily due to their potentially excessive levels of sugar, caffeine, and calories. Numerous studies have revealed that excessive consumption of sugary drinks is associated with several health problems, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other problems. This research contributes to understanding current drink consumption behavior among teenagers and its impact on blood sugar levels. The research method used was quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size was 182 respondents. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Research instrument with a questionnaire. Bivariate analysis results: age with current drinking frequency 0.85 (>0.05), amount of pocket money with current drinking frequency 0.01 (<0.05), central obesity with current drinking frequency 0.78 (>0.05), transportation with current drinking frequency 0.03 (<0.05), taste and brand with current drinking frequency 0.00 (<0.05), Blood Sugar Levels with drinking frequency current drink p Value 0.47 (>0.05). Conclusions that influence current drink consumption by students: the amount of pocket money, type of transportation, interest in the taste and brand of current drinks and there is no relationship between current blood sugar levels and the frequency of drinking current drinks.

Press Subsidies and Business Performance of Newspaper Publishing in Three Nordic Media Welfare States

The Nordic countries have been regarded as so-called “media welfare states.” Despite the large amount of public money used on press subsidies over the decades in the Nordic countries, there is not much academic research on the financial performance of the newspaper publishing industry in these countries. This study examines the “media welfare state” approach to public support for newspapers and the financial performance of newspaper companies in three Nordic countries: Finland, Sweden, and Norway. Our data consists of the key financial figures of newspaper publishing companies in the aforementioned countries from 2005 to 2019. Based on our analysis, we argue that direct press subsidies in Sweden and Norway have not been able to prevent a decrease in the number of titles and, importantly, have resulted in a number of subsidy-dependent news outlets unable to survive on their own income. By contrast, the Finnish newspaper publishing industry has been in a better financial situation in terms of almost all indicators and throughout the review period, despite Finland abandoning direct press subsidies in the 1990s.

Differential effects of prior outcomes and pauses on the speed and quality of risky choices

AbstractFailures to obtain rewards influence what people choose to do next and how quickly they execute a chosen action, which are two components of motivated behavior. For instance, in risky decisions, losses can induce faster responses and sometimes increase risk‐taking, which may lead to detrimental consequences in some situations (such as gambling). Pauses might reduce these motivational influences of prior outcomes. To examine this question, participants alternated between a guess game, in which they won or lost money, and a choice game, in which they chose between a high probability of winning a small amount of money and a low probability of winning a large amount of money. The pause between a guess and a choice game was made either short (0 or 300 ms) or long (3000 ms). In four experiments, prior outcomes consistently influenced decision speed, such that people chose faster after a loss than after a win. However, prior outcomes did not consistently influence people's choices. In contrast, pauses increased decision quality, such that participants chose the option with a higher expected value more often, without substantially reducing decision speed. Pauses may improve decision quality by influencing predecisional attention allocation to relevant information, as its effect was absent when the overall task attention was high (Experiment 3). These findings have implications for both safer gambling and risky decision research. Future work can examine the underlying computational and cognitive processes and the generalizability of these findings to other contexts and populations.

Determinants Indonesia Composite Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aimed to determine and analyze the movement of the composite stock price index by observing the variables of inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, and the amount of money circulating in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study is all monthly time series data, including the Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI) for the period January 2019 to December 2020, with as many as 24 months of observation for each variable. The sample selection method uses a saturated sample because the Composite Stock Price Index includes the average stock price of all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data were processed by quantitative descriptive techniques using multiple linear regression statistical tests. The results of this study indicate that inflation and interest rates positively affect the Composite Stock Price Index. Meanwhile, the Exchange Rate and the Money Supply have no effect on the Composite Stock Price Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In the Covid-19 pandemic, economic growth slowed, causing the Indonesian economy to decline.

Effects of Government Price Policies on Major Agricultural Commodities in Andhra Pradesh, India

This study was concerned with analysis of export competitiveness and quantification of impact of price policies in Andhra Pradesh on net social loss in production and consumption, and welfare gain of farmers and consumers and change in Government revenue with respect to major food grains and commercial crops. Policy Analysis Matrix and Partial Equilibrium Model in the Marshallian economic surplus framework are employed in this study. The findings from Policy Analysis Matrix revealed that, on the input side, the farmers are more subsidized for rice and maize, as Nominal Protection coefficient on Tradable Inputs are less than one across all the major importing countries (unlike for chickpea, cotton lint and chilies (dry)). However, from the output side (Nominal Protection coefficient on Tradable output), the farmers producing rice, maize and chilies (dry) are more protective compared to social prices. Considering both input and output policies together, the farmers are simultaneously protective (Effective Protection Coefficient) for rice and maize and hence, the overall transfer from society to farmers is positive (Subsidy Ratio to Producers). The findings from Partial Equilibrium Model showed that total net social loss was found to be positive implying protectionism favoured the farmers across all the selected commodities. Further, the net social loss in production turned out to be positive confirming the main postulate of this study—a price greater than the equilibrium price will reduce the quantity demanded. The protectionist policies further led to a positive effect of trade liberalization on the welfare in the State and an increase in foreign exchange earnings, except for chickpea (in view of its net-importer status). Unlike farmers, consumers in Andhra Pradesh suffered welfare loss due to higher domestic prices over border prices for rice, maize and chilies (dry), However, there is a considerable increase in Government revenue due to pricing policies formulated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The welfare gains to farmers are negative for chickpeas and cotton in view of higher domestic prices compared to border prices. So, the key point evident is that due to protectionism, the magnitude of net loss to consumers’ welfare compared to welfare gain of farmers is higher between Rs. 21916 lakh to Rs. 23768 during TE 2020-21 implying welfare transfers from consumers to farmers. Thus, the Government of Andhra Pradesh is spending an enormous amount of money to keep the protection policies going for the benefit of farmers. However, considering the net importer status of chickpeas, the Government should further escalate the subsidy both in production and marketing programs.

Let Us Build a MQTT Pub-Sub Client In C# For IoT Research

Purpose: MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a lightweight protocol specifically designed for IoT applications. Nowadays, most IoT projects exchange sensor data over the MQTT protocol. It is simple to integrate and can run on low hardware resources. To test MQTT, the researcher needs MQTT publisher subscriber client software. There are several free and paid software available on the web. But sometimes, researchers need some custom interface or functionality not available in the free version. The paid version demands vast amounts of money for customization. Occasionally, they want to avoid customization for specific projects. Here, we provide a procedure to create our MQTT pub-sub client software interface, which the researcher can easily customize. The project is available to download. Methodology/Approach: We installed Microsoft Visual Studio in our working system. Using C# language, we create a GUI (graphical user interface). Inside the GUI, we segregate the info into two. The left is for publishing clients, and the right is for subscribing clients. We installed the M2MQTT package using the NuGet package manager to communicate with the MQTT broker. Findings/Result: Using our built application, we test to exchange the sensor data between two clients. We found the data exchanged in almost real-time. In a couple of scenarios, we observed that the data propagation could have been faster when we set the update interval below 500 milliseconds. There may be a network delay, or the MQTT broker we used is a free service. It may be the limited capacity of the accessible mode of the server we used. If the application is not time-critical, we can utilize this communication route to exchange the sensor data. Originality/Value: Every day, new researchers are introduced to the IoT field and integrate MQTT into their projects. They feel one customizable software they can use according to their project requirements. So, using this project, the researcher can fulfill their need. The code is freely available on the web. And scope to customize. This project provides value to them. Type of Paper: Experimental-based Research.

Maintaining the Mandailing Mengalap Boru Custom in the Current Era of Modernization in Pematang Simalungun Village, Siantar District, Simalungun Regency

This research examines the tradition of eating boru in the Pematang Simalungun Village, Siantar District, Simalungun Regency. This tradition of menggalap boru is a tradition that has existed for a long time, where this tradition is that the husband is obliged to give a certain amount of money and cloth to his wife's namboru children at the time of walimatul'urs (the wife's departure party for her husband's place) as a request for permission for the wife's namboru children. This tradition of processing boru is a condition for the marriage to be considered valid by Mandailing customs. This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. Data collection techniques in this research are observation, interviews and documentation. The aim of this research is to explore and examine the new melap tradition in the Mandailing custom in Pematang Simalungun Village. The results of this research are to find out how Mandailing customs are used in traditional Mandailing wedding ceremonies in Pematang Simalungun Village.

Women Empowerment through Non-Governmental Organization: A Study of Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand

The aim of this study is to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) towards women empowerment in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. The study is carried out to accomplish three objectives. First, to explore the cases of women empowerment through NGOs in context to dairy products, second is to explore the cases of women empowerment through NGOs in context to traditional products, and the last one is to analyse the experience of women after getting associated with the NGOs. The study has used both quantitative and qualitative research with descriptive research design. The study has used survey data collection technique for objective 1 & 2 and conversation data collection technique for objective 3. Convenience sampling method is used in this study. Sample size for objective 1 and 2 is 20 women each from different villages and for objective 3, sample size of 5 women associated with the NGOs is taken. The data collected through survey method was analysed with univariate analysis and the data collected through conversation was analysed through content analysis method. The analysis concluded 11 cases of women empowerment in context to dairy products and 11 cases of women empowerment in context to traditional products. In analysing the experience of women after getting associated with the NGOs, it was observed that with the help of NGO some women were motivating other women to empower themselves and to complete their education and some of the women were able to earn good amount of money. The findings of this study would help other NGOs working in other districts of Uttarakhand and other states of India in designing their training activities in a new way so that those training activities could be more effective in empowering women.

Drug Promotions Between Ethics, Regulations, and Financial Interests.

The promotion of the latest medicines produced by the pharmaceutical industry is an important issue both from an ethical point of view (the level of accessibility, the way research is carried out) and from the point of view of marketing and especially from the lobbying issues raised. The ethical dilemmas raised by the promotion of new drugs revolve between the need to discover new molecules important for treating a wide range of diseases and the need to establish a battery of ethical rules, absolutely necessary for regulations in the field to be compliant with all ethical principles. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE, Plus, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2023) using combinations of keywords, including drugs, medical publicity, and pharma marketing plus ethical dilemma. The promotion of medicines is governed by advertising laws and regulations in many countries, including at EU level, based on the need for countries to ensure that the promotion and advertising of medicines is truthful, based on information understood by consumers. The ethical analysis of the issues raised is more necessary and complex as the channels used for promotion are more accessible to the population, and the information, easier to obtain, can be the cause of increased self-medication and overeating. Large amounts of money invested in the development of new molecules, but also the risk of scientific fraud through manipulation of data during clinical trials, selective or biased publication of information can have repercussions on the health of the population. The development of new pharmaceutical molecules is necessary to intervene and treat as many conditions as possible, but marketing must not neglect the observance of ethical principles. The promotion of medicines should be the attribute especially of the medical staff, which should also be a mandatory part of the mechanism for approving the marketing methods and means used by the pharmaceutical companies.

Financial Ratio Analysis of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Year 2018-2022

The aim of this research is to determine the liquidity, solvency and profitability ratios at PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2018-2022 period. This research uses quantitative methods with a descriptive approach. The results of the discussion in this research are that with liquidity ratios consisting of Quick Ratio, Banking Ratio, Loan to Assets Ratio, and Loan to Deposit Ratio, it can be seen that financial conditions change each period, namely the amount of loans given is less than the amount of money saved by customers. Based on an analysis of the solvency ratio at PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2018-2022 period, it shows that the primary ratio and capital adequacy ratio tend to increase, making it easier for the bank to manage losses that occur in each period. PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk's profitability ratio tends to vary due to declines and increases. However, in the 2020 period the level of health tends to be poor based on the ROA and ROE values ??because it has not been able to generate profits from the capital it has. It can be concluded that from all the liquidity, solvency and profitability ratio analyzes that have been carried out, it can be seen that the financial performance of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2018-2022 period has increased quite significantly.

Cyber Security and Compliance Management through a Single Integrated Platform

Abstract: These days, any information security product or service used in an organization is a stand-alone solution. Examples include information risk management, data security, auditing, and incident management. Since different organizations use different services from different providers, there is currently no single platform or architecture that can address all of an organization's fundamental information security procedures in one easy step. Because of this, businesses must spend a significant amount of money on separate services in order to meet the information security standards that are necessary for their businesses. These dispersed services lead to an increase in physical and manual labor, disorganized processes, and a lack of clarity regarding all information security-related business issues. To solve these issues, the approach covered in this article combines information security as a service with end-to-end platform/framework to give organizations a single framework for all information security-related organizational aspects. A single service that can handle every information security-related work for the company, including risk assessment, mitigation, vulnerability assessment, incident management, threat analytics, risk response management, and auditing. This will assist the company in spending less money on a wider range of security-related services.

Elements of the Theory of Cycle of Money without Enforcement Savings

The theory of the CM (Cycle of Money) without escaping savings is about the distribution of money and the case that there are not any enforcement savings. Then, mentioned the importance of the appropriate tax policy. Thereupon, are determined the tax policies in connection with the savings of the companies of controlled and uncontrolled transactions. The purpose of this paper is to show the negative impact on the economy of having few enforcement savings. Booster savings are those that have a positive effect on an economy as opposed to escape savings. For the purposes of this analysis is used the Q.E. (Quantification of Everything) method and its econometric approach. Also, it uses the E.Q.E. (Econometric Quantification of Everything) method. The results confirm the initial hypothesis that booster savings show the amount of money available in an economy, as they allow money to be reused and better dispersed, resulting in greater consumption and investment. If money is concentrated in companies that substitute smaller domestic companies, then their super profits are impossible to consume and are usually stored in tax havens and international banks, with the result that this amount of money is lost from the economy.

Jaminan Goverment Guarantee Dalam Kredit Sindikasi (Sebagai Alternatif Pembiayaan Infrastruktur Jalan Tol)

The development of an area that has an impact on the community's economy and the fulfillment of the community's basic needs requires the development of road infrastructure that supports the distribution process to run quickly and efficiently. This development is to fulfill the mobility of the community so that they become mutually connected with other regions in order to create acceleration of regional development. The state in meeting the infrastructure needs for the development of the region is expected to be able to improve the surrounding economy and other areas that are connected to the construction of the road infrastructure. Based on the provisions of Law Number 38 of 2004 concerning Roads in Article 43 it states that toll roads are built to facilitate traffic in developing areas, to increase mobility and distribution of basic needs and industrial commodities. Toll roads are one of the infrastructures that are considered effective in meeting the mobility needs of the community. The construction of the toll road is a development project that requires a large amount of money. The government provides funding concessions for Business Entities appointed to carry out the construction of toll roads. One of the financing instruments that can be used by Business Entities in meeting the funding needs for Toll Road development is syndicated bank loans. Syndicated bank loans can be used with a guarantee, one of which is a Government Guarantee or Government Guarantee. The aim of this research is to know and understand the legal standing of government guarantees in syndicated bank loans. The legal theory used is Normative Law Theory to find the truth based on the applicable positive law. This legal research method is empirical juridical based on the school of sociological jurisprudence based on normative law by observing laws and regulations. The results of the study found that syndicated loans are different from single loans in circulation in general. Syndicated credit begins with the stages of offering credit to syndicated participants (participants), giving mandates, memorandum information, meeting prospective debtors to obtain syndicated credit approval, signing the credit agreement and ending with publication. Guarantees on syndicated loans are preferred creditors who have the right to pay off credit first.

Phasing real estate projects considering profitability and customer satisfaction

PurposeThe aggressive competition in the real estate market forces real estate developers to tackle the challenge of selecting the best project construction phasing alternative. The real estate industry is characterized by high costs, high profit and high risks. The schedules of real estate projects are also characterized by having large number of repetitive activities that are executed over a long duration. The repetitiveness, long duration of execution, the high amounts of money involved and the high risk made it desirable to leverage the impact of changes in phasing plans on net present value of amounts incurred and received over the long execution and selling duration. This also changes the project progress, and delivery time as well as their respective impact on customer degree of satisfaction. This research addresses the problem of selecting the best phasing alternative for real estate development projects while maximizing customer satisfaction and project profit.Design/methodology/approachThe research proposes a model that generates all construction phasing alternatives and performs decision-making to rank all possible phasing alternatives. The proposed model consists of five modules: (1) Phasing Sequencing module, (2) Customer Satisfaction module, (3) Cash-In calculation module, (4) Cost Estimation module and (5) Decision-making module. A case study was presented to demonstrate the practicality of the model.FindingsThe proposed model satisfies the real estate market's need for proper construction phasing plans evaluation and selection against the project's main success criteria, customer satisfaction and project profit. The proposed model generates all construction phasing alternatives and performs multi-criteria decision making to rank all possible phasing alternatives. It quantifies the score of the two previously mentioned criteria and ranks all solutions according to their overall score.Research limitations/implicationsThe research proposes a model that assist real estate market's need for proper construction phasing plans evaluation and selection against the project's main success criteria, customer satisfaction and project profit. The proposed model can be used to conclude general guidelines and common successful practices to be used by real estate developers when deciding the construction phasing plan. In this study the model is based on business models where all the project units are sold, rental cases are not considered. Also, the budget limitations that might exist when phasing is not considered in the model computations.Originality/valueThe model can be used as a complete platform that can hold all real estate project data, process revenues and cost information for estimating profit, plotting cash flow profiles, quantifying the degree of customer satisfaction attributable to each phasing alternative and providing recommendation showing the best one. The model can be used to conclude general guidelines and common successful practices to be used by real estate developers when tackling the challenge of selecting construction phasing plans.

Pengaruh Pemasaran Produk Gadai Emas Di Bank Syariah Indonesia Terhadap Minat Nasabah Kantor Cabang Pembantu Medan Imam Bonjol

Pawning gold is one of the products offered by Bank Syariah Indonesia Medan Imam Bonjol Sub-Branch Office which seeks to help the community in terms of funding. Marketing is still weak in terms of selling gold pawned goods as a result, no one really knows or understands what gold pawning is. This research was developed using qualitative research methods such as conducting interviews, data observation, and literature review. Based on research findings, gold pawn income continues to increase every year. To attract customers, Bank Syariah Indonesia Medan Imam Bonjol Sub-Branch Office is holding a promotion in the form of distributing prizes or knick-knacks if a certain amount of money has been withdrawn.

Nypa juice collection as an alternative income-generating activity: Does it make any difference between collectors and non-collectors among coastal communities of Bangladesh?

This study aimed to explore whether Nypa juice collection as an alternative income-generating activity (AIGA) influenced the life and livelihood of the coastal communities of Bangladesh. Following a cross-sectional survey method, this study was conducted in four unions of Kalapara and Taltoli Upazila (sub-district) of Patuakhali and Barguna districts, where data were collected using a multistage stratified random sampling from 208 participants, including both Nypa juice collectors and no-collectors by administering a semi-structured interview schedule (SSIS). Findings indicated that Nypa juice collectors were older (p = 0.032) and mostly Hindu (p < 0.001) compared to their non-collector counterparts. Although a significant percentage of the Nypa juice collectors were primarily involved in farming or agricultural activities (p < 0.001), yet they earned a substantial amount of money from Nypa juice and molasses (p < 0.019) and spent much higher (p < 0.037) during a season. Regarding household loans, it is apparent that around 20% of the households had loans, while Nypa juice collectors were less likely to borrow money (p < 0.001), and the amount of the loan was much lower than that of the non-collectors (p < 0.001). Besides, Nypa juice collectors were more aware of the frequency of natural disasters (p = 0.039), and they took more protective measures during disasters (p < 0.001) than the non-collectors. Additionally, Nypa juice collectors exhibited better capacity to deal with natural disasters (p = 0.016). Although there was no significant difference observed regarding social wellbeing, it is evident that Nypa juice collectors enjoyed better food diversity (p < 0.001) than their non-collector contemporaries. There is, however, no denying the fact that despite some positive changes brought about by the Nypa juice collection, more institutional support, both financial and infrastructural, is required for further development in the life and livelihood of the coastal communities to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) assuring less poverty with equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.

How Important Is Word of Mouth? Development, Validation, and Application of a Scale

Companies spend large amounts of money to induce word of mouth (WOM) and spread it among consumers. This research introduces the concept of “WOM relevance,” which measures the importance of WOM for consumers’ purchase-decision process in a specific category. It uses three studies to develop and validate a parsimonious scale to measure WOM relevance at the consumer level across various product categories and different types of WOM, and applies the scale in an additional set of five studies. Specifically, this research disentangles the consumer-level and category components of WOM relevance; shows that the consumer-level variation is (much) larger than the category-level variation; and provides insights into differences in WOM relevance across categories, consumers, and WOM types. It also empirically shows that electronic WOM relevance relates to consumers’ search behavior and consideration-set formation in an online-shopping environment. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the proposed scale predicts choices as well as a more sophisticated choice model does. Finally, this research shows that WOM relevance influences not only consumers’ own purchase-decision process but also their intentions to retransmit others’ WOM messages.

The practice of applying the squeeze-out procedure and its impact on the introduction of escrow accounts as a new type of bank accounts in Ukraine

The article deals with the peculiarities of the squeeze-out procedure in Ukraine within the framework of European integration and implementation of European corporate governance standards. The author analyzes the positions of European courts on the legality and constitutionality of the squeeze-out procedure in the context of violation of minority shareholders’ property rights. The author ivestigates the grounds for declaring squeeze-out unconstitutional in Georgia, in particular, the procedure for determining the price of shares, that resulted in an imbalance of interests of the participants in the procedure. Taking into account the Court’s position, a new entity was involved in the process of share buyback – a court which, upon the application of the majority shareholder, appoints an independent expert or a brokerage company to price the shares and fixes the price of shares and the date of their compulsory buyback in its decision. It is found out that the main interests of a majority shareholder in the squeeze-out procedure are to reduce administrative costs of holding a general meeting, to get rid of passive shareholders and to minimise opposition from minority shareholders, and to avoid free-ridering. At the same time, the interests of minority shareholders in the implementation of this mechanism are to obtain favourable terms from the sale of the shareholding. It is found out that most of the lawsuits of minority shareholders in Ukraine were related to the underpricing of alienated shares. The method of determining the price of shares was to establish the market value of the company’s shares by a valuation entity. However, due to the lack of effective regulatory framework for this procedure, such a price often did not meet the fairness criterion. The author examines the position of the Commercial Court of Cassation as part of the Supreme Court of 2022 regarding the understanding of the fair price of shares, which means not a specific amount of money (value), but compliance by the issuer (supervisory board) with the procedure for determining the market value of shares provided for by law. The author analyzes the implementation of an escrow account contract into the legislation of Ukraine. The author clarifies the procedure for paying the price of shares to minority shareholders by transferring funds to the bank where the claimant has opened an escrow account in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Joint Stock Companies”.

Mumps treatment by quacks in Pakistan: A neglected danger to public health.

Dear Editor, In this letter, we aim to draw attention to mumps treatment through pseudo therapies by quacks in Pakistan. Our goal is to raise awareness and promote the prevention of mistreatment. Pakistan has seen an unprecedented rise in mumps outbreaks after the COVID-19 pandemic. From 1 January to 31 December 2022, a total of 19,444 mumps cases had been recorded from all provinces of the country. [1] Mumps is a common childhood respiratory infection caused by a paramyxovirus. It can be transmitted through direct contact and droplet spread. Symptoms include swelling of the parotid gland, which occurs in 60-70% of infections and 95% of patients with symptoms. [2] The swelling progresses over 2-3 days and persists for about a week. Sometimes mumps can lead to later complications such as epididymal-orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, thyroiditis, unilateral deafness, spontaneous abortion, pancreatitis or infertility. Mumps is benign, resolving on its own, requiring only symptomatic relief by proven medical therapies. [3] Unfortunately, in Pakistan, especially in rural areas, people seek pseudo therapies for various diseases including Mumps from quacks which are found in a significant number of over 600,000 in the country. [4] The harmful effects of such malpractices include abandonment and delays in effective medical treatment, emergence of complications, psychological-physical traumas, and financial burden. [5] For treating Mumps, these mal practitioners offer the "massage" of the parotid gland, which involves rotating the index finger from the centre of the gland towards the outside while blowing on the patient's face. [6] These methods are not scientifically proven and may even be harmful. According to a study, non-medical interventions like acupuncture have also proved to be futile and of no advantage. [7] People often attribute the recovery to the quack's treatment, increasing their trust in these practitioners and propagation of false beliefs. These quacks often charge significant amounts of money, further exploiting their patients. We urge physicians, public health workers and the general public to prioritise the prevention and control of mumps outbreaks. This will require proactive education to address the misinformation surrounding mumps and quack treatments. Furthermore, research is needed to determine the frequency of mumps complications later in life, which may be associated with these ongoing practices for many years. Finally, the government should take stern action against quack practitioners, and the public needs to be better informed about the harms. ---Continue