Amount Of Menstrual Bleeding Research Articles

Meclizine improves endometrial repair and reduces simulated menstrual bleeding in mice with induced adenomyosis

BackgroundAdenomyosis is one of the structural causes of abnormal uterine bleeding, which often presents as heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Mostly due to poor understanding of its pathophysiology, medical management of adenomyosis-induced HMB is still a challenge. We have previously reported that glycolysis is crucial to endometrial repair following menstruation and that suppressed glycolysis can cause HMB. Objective(s)To test the hypothesis that meclizine, a drug with excellent safety profile, alleviates HMB in mice with induced adenomyosis using a simulated menstruation model. Study DesignAdenomyosis was induced in 36 female C57BL/6 mice using endometrial-myometrial interface disruption. Three months after induction, the mice were randomly divided into three groups: low- and high-dose meclizine, and controls. Treatment with meclizine or vehicle started shortly before the simulated menstruation procedure and ended before progesterone withdrawal. The amount of blood loss was quantitated and uterine tissue was harvested for histological evaluation of the grade of endometrial repair. We performed immunohistochemistry analysis of 4 proteins critically involved in glycolysis, namely glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), hexokinase 2 (Hk2), 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (Pfkfb3) and pyruvate kinase 2 (Pkm2). The extent of tissue fibrosis in both ectopic and eutopic endometrium was evaluated using Masson trichrome staining. ResultsIn mice with induced adenomyosis, meclizine accelerated endometrial repair in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the amount of menstrual bleeding. Meclizine administration raised endometrial immunoexpression of Hk2 and Pfkfb3 but not of Glut1 or Pkm2.The extent of endometrial fibrosis was reduced following the meclizine administration. Remarkably, these favorable changes were accompanied with suppression of lesional progression, as evidenced by the dose-dependent reduction in the extent of fibrosis (a surrogate for lesional progression). Conclusion(s)These encouraging results, taken together, suggest that glycolysis may be a promising therapeutic target and that meclizine may hold a therapeutic potential as a non-hormonal treatment for adenomyosis-induced HMB without exacerbating the disease.

Efficacy of GnRH-α combined with Mirena in the treatment of adenomyosis and its impact on ovarian function

Objective : To discuss and analyze the clinical effects and changes of ovarian function after GnRH-α combined with Mirena treatment in patients with adenomyosis. Methods: The research subjects in this study were all adenomyosis patients (60 cases) who were admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022. They were randomly divided into control group (30 cases, receiving Mirena treatment) and observation group (30 cases, receiving GnRH-α combined with Mirena treatment). Compare the relevant indicators of the two groups. Results: After treatment, the uterine volume of the observation group and the control group were smaller than before treatment, the thickness of endometrium was thinner than before treatment, the VAS score, PBAC score, serum FSH, LH, E2 levels were all lower than before treatment, the serum AMH level, and various FSFI scores were higher than before treatment, and the trend of the former was more obvious. The comparison of the total incidence of adverse reactions between the observation group and the control group showed that the former was lower (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: The application of GnRH-α combined with Mirena in patients with adenomyosis can reduce the amount of menstrual bleeding, reduce the volume of the uterus, relieve pain, promote the recovery of ovarian function, improve the quality of sexual life, and have high safety. It is worthy of extensive follow-up application.

Association between self-reported menstrual disorders and occupational exposures in female healthcare workers: a university hospital experience from Turkey

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between menstrual disorders and occupational exposures in female healthcare workers, and to contribute to the regulation and improvement of working conditions of female healthcare workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 503 female healthcare workers at university hospital in Turkey was conducted during December 2020-April 2021. The questionnaire prepared using the Google Forms program was sent electronically. Results: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 59%, abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding 48.7%, abnormal menstrual duration 32%, and abnormal menstrual cycle length 154 30.6% in 503 participants. Dysmenorrhea risk was 0.79-fold (95% CI = 0.64-0.83) lower in those with advanced age and 1.56-fold (95% CI = 1.02-2.37) higher in smokers; risk of abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding was 3.91-fold (95% CI = 1.24-12.30) higher in those with total employment time of ≥ 20 years and 1.56-fold (95% CI = 1.07-2.26) higher in those who worked with display screens for > 20 hours a week; risk of abnormal menstrual cycle length was 3.46-fold (95% CI = 1.41-8.43) higher in technicians, 2.86-fold (95% CI = 1.24-6.61) higher in nurses, 2.63-fold (95% CI = 1.19-5.79) higher in other healthcare workers, and 2.14-fold (95% CI = 1.42-3.21) higher in those who were unsatisfied with their job. Conclusions: It was found that occupational exposures may increase the risk of menstrual disorders. A plan of action is needed to reduce the frequency of menstrual disorders by preventing occupational exposures experienced by healthcare workers.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Adverse Reactions of Mirena Combined with Hysteroscopic Surgery When Treating AUB: Based on a Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective A case-control study was performed to explore the efficacy and adverse reactions of Mirena combined with hysteroscopy when treating AUB. Methods 108 patients with perimenopausal AUB treated in our hospital from June 2019 to December 2021 were enrolled, and their clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. According to the mode of treatment, the patients were assigned into control group (54 cases) and study group (54 cases). The therapeutic effects were compared. Visual analog score (VAS) was adopted to evaluate the degree of incision pain, Barthel index score was adopted to evaluate the ability of daily living, quality of life scale was adopted to investigate the quality of life before and after treatment, and the changes of sex hormone levels, endometrial thickness, and menstruation were detected before and after treatment. The incidence of adverse reactions was calculated. Results In terms of the therapeutic effects, 46 cases were cured, 6 cases were effective, and 2 cases were ineffective in the study group, and the effective rate was 96.30%; in the control group, 32 cases were cured, 10 cases were effective, and 12 cases were ineffective, and the effective rate was 77.78%; the effective rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of VAS score, the VAS score decreased after treatment, and the VAS score in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment. With regard to the Barthel index scores after treatment, the Barthel index scores increased, and the Barthel index scores of the study group at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment were higher compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of the Barthel index scores after treatment, the Barthel index scores increased, and the Barthel index scores of the study group at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment were higher compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with those before treatment, the levels of FSH, LH, and E2 in both groups decreased remarkably (all P < 0.05). In terms of the changes of endometrium and menstruation, the endometrial thickness, menstrual time, and menstrual volume were significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.05). After treatment, the endometrial thickness, menstrual time, and menstrual volume in the study group were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). With regard to the scores of qualities of life, the scores of qualities of life decreased after treatment. Compared between the two groups, the scores of physiological function, psychological function, social function, and health self-cognition in the study group were lower compared to the control group. Regarding the incidence of adverse reactions, in the study group, there were 1 case of breast pain, 2 cases of vaginal bleeding, and no dizziness and nausea, and the incidence of adverse reaction was 5.56%; In the control group, there were 1 case of dizziness, 2 cases of breast pain, 4 cases of nausea, and 3 cases of vaginal bleeding, and the incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was 18.52%. The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Hysteroscopy combined with Mirena when treating perimenopausal AUB can remarkably enhance the related symptoms, regulate the level of sex hormones, and remarkably reduce the amount of menstrual bleeding. The curative effect is better than hysteroscopy combined with dydrogesterone tablets, which is worth popularizing in clinic.

The effect of transcervical resection of submucous fibroids on menstrual blood loss: A prospective cohort study

ObjectivesTranscervical resection of myoma (TCRM) is a widely implemented treatment for submucous fibroids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of TCRM on menstrual bleeding, fibroid related symptoms and quality of life and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Study designA prospective cohort study was conducted in three teaching hospitals and two academic hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients with HMB (PBAC score > 150) and submucous fibroids (type 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and hybrid type 2–5) scheduled for TCRM were eligible. At baseline and 3 months after TCRM a Trans Vaginal Ultrasound (TVU) was performed and a Hb sample was taken. Patients filled out the Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart (PBAC) and the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life (UFS-QOL) questionnaire at baseline and up to 6 months after surgery. Primary outcome was improvement in PBAC score 6 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes were improvement in PBAC score and Hb level 3 months after surgery and UFS-QOL scores 3 and 6 months after surgery. Results126 patients were included and 104 were operated. PBAC were obtained from 98 patients. Six months after surgery, 56.6% of patients went from HMB to normal menstrual bleeding (PBAC < 150). A significant reduction in median PBAC scores of 427 (IQR 198 – 1392) (p <.0001) was found (86% improvement). UFS-QOL scores were obtained from 91 patients. Symptom severity improved from a median of 54 on a scale of 100 (IQR 44–66) at baseline to 22 (IQR 9–41) after 6 months (p <.0001) (59% improvement). Health related quality of life (HRQOL) improved from a median score of 44 on a scale of 100 (IQR 33–62) to 89 (IQR 67–97) 6 months after surgery (p <.0001) (102% improvement). ConclusionTCRM significantly reduces the amount of menstrual bleeding, severity of fibroid related symptoms and improves HRQOL in patients with submucous fibroids.

Ultrasound guided microwave ablation compared to uterine artery embolization treatment for uterine fibroids – a randomized controlled trial

Objective To evaluate the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of microwave ablation (MWA) compared to uterine artery embolization (UAE) as treatment for uterine fibroids. Method A randomized controlled superiority trial, including premenopausal women 30–55 years, with symptomatic uterine fibroids without any single fibroid exceeding mean diameter of eight centimeters. Patients were randomized to receive microwave ablation, performed abdominally or vaginally, or to uterine artery embolization. The primary outcome was volume difference of the three largest fibroids at 6 months post treatment evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by a blinded radiologist analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test. Secondary outcomes included symptom severity score (SSS), health related quality of life (HR-QoL), amount of menstrual bleeding, postoperative pain, length of hospitalization, need for additional treatment, adverse events and if patients would recommend the treatment to a friend. Results Patients were recruited from 30 January 2017 to 12 September 2019, with a total of 17 patients treated in each group from May 2017 to December 2019. Superiority of MWA could not be established. The volume reduction was 41.8% (Interquartile range, IQR, 14–63) in the MWA group compared to 62.2% (IQR 34.9–80.1) in the UAE group (p = 0.29). Effects on symptoms, HR-QoL and acceptability did not differ between groups. Days of hospitalization and sick leave were significantly fewer in the MWA group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001). Conclusions Although superiority of MWA could not be established, it is a promising technique for treating uterine fibroids. It was well tolerated and associated with lower use of health care resources. Trial registration: NCT02942537, www.clincialtrials.gov

Awareness about Gynecologic Cancers and Related Factors among Healthy Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT The risk of cancer-related mortality and morbidity decreases when women are aware of the risk factors for gynecologic cancers and implement strategies such as attending relevant early screening programs. This cross-sectional study conducted between August 2017 and August 2018 at a public hospital in Turkey aimed to determine the awareness about gynecologic cancers among healthy women by utilized the Krieger’s ecosocial theory as a framework for the study. The study included 554 Turkish women aged 18–65 years. Data were collected using the Gynecological Cancer Awareness Scale (GCAS) and a questionnaire designed in this study. Significant differences were noted between the average GCAS score and variables such as the amount of menstrual bleeding, entering menopause, a history of reproductive system disease, regular gynecological examination (including Pap test), regular vaginal self-examination, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), genital hygiene behavior, the fear of having cancer, having knowledge about cancer, and requiring information about cancer (p < .05). Despite the high level of awareness about gynecologic cancer among these women, the lack of proper knowledge and preventive measures was high. Having knowledge about gynecologic cancers results in increased awareness; however, the level of knowledge is not sufficient to prevent gynecologic cancers, which shows the need for sufficient and effective cancer screening and education programs.

Prevalence of the Menstrual disorders and its related factors among students of Kurdistan University Of Medical Science in 2018

Background and Aim: Menstrual disorders are one of the most common complaints of women, they have a wide range including delayed periods to painful periods. They are common and benign and can lead to decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its related factors in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Material and Method: This was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population included students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. We used cluster sampling and selected 300 students. Research tools included a questionnaire consisted of 10 demographic questions, 26 main questions and a chart for measurement of the amount of menstrual bleeding in a period. Data were introduced into STATA 12 and SPSS 22 softwares and analyzed by independent t-test, χ2 and Fisher's test. Results: The prevalence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 15.3%. The most and least common disorders were dysmenorrhea and hypomenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea had significant relationships with, body mass index (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.021). There was also a significant relationship between marital status and mastalgia (P = 0.015). We found a significant relationship between menorrhagia and age (P = 0.026), and also between hypermenorrhea and age (P = 0.045). Conclusion: The results of this study showed presence of at least one type of menstrual disorder among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences as an example of society, which is a threat to the individual and social life of women and girls.

The Effect of Neural Therapy on Long-Term Postoperative Discomforts after Bilateral Tubal Ligation

In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of neural therapy in the prevention of post-tubal syndrome, which is the combination of dysmenorrhea, bloating, dyspareunia, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic vaginitis, and cystitis, after elective bilateral tubal ligation with modified Pomeroy technique. In total, 113 patients who have undergone bilateral tubal ligation with modified Pomeroy technique between January 2016 and December 2018 in our clinic have been included. Postoperatively, patients were divided into two groups. One group received neural therapy (n = 52), and the other group did not receive neural therapy (control group, n = 61). Both groups were evaluated in terms of preoperative and postoperative symptoms. One year after surgery, patients' pain levels were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS). When both groups were compared in terms of symptoms, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, bloating, frequency of vaginitis, and cystitis per year and pain perception using VAS, the symptoms were significantly less in the neural therapy group. However, there was no difference between the groups in terms of the amount of menstrual bleeding. Patients who received neural therapy showed less pain symptoms (dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia), and their VAS scores were lower when compared to the control group. Thus, we concluded that neural therapy is effective in the treatment of post-tubal syndrome.

Do Chamomile effect on duration, amount of bleeding, and interval of menstrual cycles?

ObjectivesHeavy menstrual bleeding has a significant effect on women’s daily life and health consequences for theirs. Attention to women’s and girls’ menstrual health is critical for their health. This study presents the results of a novel research on the effect of chamomile capsule on the amount of bleeding, and the duration and interval of menstrual cycles.MethodsThe current study was a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, which was carried out on 118 female students living in dorms of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The participants were divided into two groups of 59, each receiving either chamomile capsule 250 mg or placebo three times a day, for an interval beginning from 7 days before the starting menstruation till the next onset. Higham chart is the pictorial blood loss assessment to determine the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Alpha was set at 0.05 for all analyses.ResultsThe average amount of bleeding in the chamomile group decreased after taking the capsule (p = 0.001). However, statistical tests did not show any significant difference in terms of duration and interval between two bleeding in both the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe present study showed that the chamomile capsule decreases the amount of menstrual bleeding and can be used as a therapeutic method.

The effect of Mullein capsule on uterine leiomyomas volume and the amount of menstrual bleeding: A randomized controlled trial

Myomas are the most common benign tumors of the uterus. The role of inflammatory processes in myoma growth has led to the selection of Mullein (Verbascum Songaricum) for the treatment of myoma due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral Mullein capsule on asymptomatic uterine leiomyomas volume and the amount of menstrual bleeding. In this two-parallel arm triple-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 50 women were selected among women referred to the clinics affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences aged 18–50 years old, having at least one asymptomatic myoma greater than 2.5-cm, in Iran over 2017–2018. The participants were randomized into two groups. The first group (n = 25) received 400 mg of Mullein powder capsules and the second group (n = 25) received placebo capsules twice a day for 8 weeks. The mean volume of the largest myoma indicated no statistically significant difference (adjusted mean difference (aMD) = −7.6 ml, 95 % CI: −22.0–6.6). Within-group analysis of the largest myoma volume showed a significant reduction in the Mullein group (MD = −6.8 ml, 95 % CI: −13.0 to −6.3). There was no significant difference in the first (aMD = 1.3, 95 % CI: −24.3–27.0) and second (aMD = 7.3, 95 % CI: −12.6–27 0.2) cycles regarding the amount of menstrual bleeding. The results of this study showed that treatment with 800 mg of oral Mullein capsules per day for 2 months did not influence the myoma size, and amount of menstrual bleeding, although there was a significant reduction in the size of myoma in the Mullein group.

The effects of Vitex agnus-castus on menstrual bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction Vitex agnus-castus, also called Vitex, is a plant with many medicinal properties. This systematic study examined the evidence of the effectiveness and safety of Vitex on menstrual bleeding (primary outcome) and its side effects (secondary outcomes). Materials and methods This systematic review study examined all papers that were a randomized controlled trial, quasi-experimental, and cross-over conducted on the effect of Vitex on menstrual bleeding, following the PICO (population, intervention, control, and outcomes) criteria without any time limits in December 2017. The participants were women of reproductive age with no gynecologic disorders. The intervention included the use of Vitex in form of tablets, capsule, or oral drops with different doses. The control group included the placebo or mefenamic acid group. The search strategy in this study was in accordance with MeSH terms. The keywords used separately or in combination with other words were Menstrual bleeding OR Menstruation OR Menorrhagia AND Vitexcastus OR Vitex OR Chasteberry AND randomized controlled trial OR randomized trial OR randomized clinical trial OR randomized controlled. All papers, including Persian or English, were searched for in the databases; Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, Embase (through Ovid), Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, and Iranmedex, without any time limits. Two authors independently reviewed the quality of the papers and assessed the risk of bias based on Cochrane handbook, and the disputes were resolved through discussion and consensus with a third person. The meta-analysis was done on continuous data (mean of menstrual bleeding). In meta-analysis, subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of comparison group. Results Out of the 8,905 searched papers in the databases, 8,905 titles, 720 abstracts, 85 full texts, and 20 references of the papers were reviewed, of which 5 papers entered this study. Based on the subgroup analysis, the consumption of Vitex did not have a significant effect on the amount of menstrual bleeding compared to the placebo group in the first (mean difference [MD]: 3.08; 95% CI: -3.11-9.26; p=0.33; I2=0%) and second menstrual cycles (MD: 0.00; 95% CI: -5.75-5.75; p=1.00; I2=0%). Also, the Higham mean score was statistically more in the Vitex group compared to the mefenamic acid group in the first menstrual cycle (MD: 7.17; 95% CI: 0.33-14.01; p=0.04; I2=0%) but there was no statistical significant difference between Vitex and mefenamic acid groups in the second menstrual cycle (MD: 12.18; 95% CI: -5.57-29.94; p=0.18; I2=75%). Only nausea and abdominal pain were reported as side effects of Vitex in the included studies. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the consumption of Vitex in the intervention group did not have a significant effect on menstrual bleeding in comparison with the placebo group. However, due to the relatively low quality of the papers, it is essential to perform clinical trials with an appropriate design to determine the effect of Vitex on menstrual bleeding.

The effect of frankincense (Boswellia serrata, oleoresin) and ginger (Zingiber officinale, rhizoma) on heavy menstrual bleeding: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of frankincense (Boswellia serrata, oleoresin) and ginger (Zingiber officinale, rhizoma) as complementary treatments for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among women of reproductive age. DesignRandomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. SettingGynecology outpatient clinics. InterventionsPatients with HMB (n = 102) were randomly assigned to three groups. All patients received ibuprofen (200 mg) and either frankincense (300 mg), ginger (300 mg), or a placebo, which contains 200 mg anhydrous lactose as the filling agent and was similar in appearance to the two other drugs. Patients received the medications three times a day for seven days of the menstrual cycle, starting from the first bleeding day and this was repeated for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Main outcome measuresAmount and duration of menstrual bleeding and quality of life (QOL). ResultsDuration of menstrual bleeding was decreased in the frankincense (−1.77 ± 2.47 days, P = 0.003) and ginger (−1.8 ± 1.79 days, P = 0.001) groups, but not in the placebo group (−0.52 ± 1.86 days, P = 0.42). Amount of menstrual bleeding was decreased in all (P < 0.05), with no difference among the study groups (P > 0.05). More improvement in QOL was observed in the frankincense (−25.7 ± 3.1; P < 0.001) and ginger (−29.2 ± 3.7: P < 0.001) groups compared to the placebo group (−15.07 ± 3.52; P < 0.001) and between the groups, differences were statistically significant (P = 0.02). ConclusionsGinger and frankincense seem to be effective complementary treatments for HMB. Further studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are warranted in this regard.

Perbedaan Intensitas Nyeri Haid Sebelum dan Sesudah Diberikan Kompres Hangat pada Remaja Putri di Universitas Dharmas Indonesia

Adolesence or adolescence comes from the Latin adolescere (the difference is adolecentia, which means teenager) which means "body" or grow into adulthood. In englishmurabaqoh is adolecence which means at-tadaruj (gradual). So the meaning is gradually towards physical, resourceful, psychological, and social and emotional maturity. Dysmenorrhoea is pain during menstruation, usually with cramping and is concentrated in the lower abdomen. Complaints of menstrual pain can occur ranging from mild to severe. The severity of dysminorrhoea is directly related to the length and amount of menstrual bleeding. As is known menstruation almost always followed by a feeling of heartburn / pain.

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Capsella Bursa-Pastoris on Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is one of the leading causes of low quality of life and iron deficiency anemia in women. This study aimed to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Capsella bursa-pastoris on HMB. This study is a triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted in gynecology clinics affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Our patients affected to a complaint of HMB. After obtaining a complete medical history of the women and filling out the demographic forms, the participants were assigned randomly into the experimental (n = 42) and control groups (n = 42). The eligible participants were given a pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) to confirm HMB during the menstrual cycle. The experimental group received two capsules of mefenamic acid (500 mg) every 8 h and two Capsella bursa-pastoris capsules every 12 h. The intervention started from the first day of menstruation to the end of this period up to 7 days for two consecutive cycles. In the control group, the patients received mefenamic acid and placebo instead of Capsella bursa-pastoris capsules. The PBLAC score and number of bleeding days, incidence of any possible problems, as well as participant satisfaction were measured. The data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, repeated-measures ANOVA, and ANCOVA tests in PASW Statistics ver. 18. After the intervention, there was observed significant decrease in the amount of menstrual bleeding in both groups. However, the mean decrease in the amount of bleeding was significantly more in the Capsella bursa-pastoris group (p < 0/001). Compared with control group, hydroalcoholic extracts of Capsella bursa-pastoris capsule appeared to be effective in reducing menstrual bleeding in this study. Further research regarding the efficacy and safety of Capsella bursa-pastoris is required.

The effects of fennel on menstrual bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Fennel has many medicinal properties and is used in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Given the widespread use of herbal medicine among women for menstrual problems and considering the fact that there has been no study to date about the effect of fennel on menstrual bleeding and duration of menstrual bleeding through systematic review, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of fennel on the amount (primary outcome) and duration of menstrual bleeding and its side-effects (secondary outcomes). Materials All articles, including Persian and English, with no time limit were searched for in the following databases: Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE (through Ovid), Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Clininaltrial.gov, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, and Iranmedex, using MeSH terms, including menstrual bleeding, menstruation, severity of bleeding, hypermenorrhea, menorrhagia, fennel, fennelin, Foeniculum vulgare, dysmenorrhea, and painful menstruation, which were searched separately or in combination. Two authors separately reviewed articles to determine the inclusion criteria, and any disagreement was resolved by reaching consensus with a third person. Results A total of 7993 articles were identified through searching the databases, of which 7327 were excluded as duplicates and 666 were screened for inclusion. Six hundread and forty six were excluded by title and abstract based on not being relevant to the review and being conducted on animals. Eventually, six articles were included in the study and four articles entered into the meta-analysis. The results from meta-analysis showed that using fennel caused a significant increase in mean menstrual bleeding in the first cycle after treatment in the intervention group compared to the control (Std. mean difference: 0.46; 95 % CI: 0.18–0.73; p = 0.001; I2 = 9 %). However, it had no significant effect on menstrual bleeding in the second cycle after treatment (Mean difference: 1.44; 95 % CI:-5.09 to 7.96; p = 0.67; I2 = 0 %). Conclusions The results of meta-analysis of four articles showed that in the first cycle after treatment, use of fennel increased menstrual bleeding in the intervention group compared to the control, but meta-analysis of two articles showed no significant difference between intervention and control groups in the amount of menstrual bleeding in the second cycle after treatment. Given the poor quality of articles, conducting clinical trials to determine the effect of fennel on menstrual bleeding appears necessary.

No association between HPV vaccine and reported post-vaccination symptoms in Japanese young women: Results of the Nagoya study

Nagoya City introduced free HPV vaccination in 2010 and in April 2013 the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare included the HPV vaccine in the National Immunization Program. However, in June 2013, the Ministry suspended proactive recommendation of the vaccine after unconfirmed reports of adverse events. To investigate any potential association between the vaccine and reported symptoms, Nagoya City conducted a questionnaire-based survey.Participants were 71,177 female residents of Nagoya City born between April 2, 1994 and April 1, 2001. The anonymous postal questionnaire investigated the onset of 24 symptoms (primary outcome), associated hospital visits, frequency, and influence on school attendance.Totally, 29,846 residents responded. No significant increase in occurrence of any of the 24 reported post-HPV vaccination symptoms was found. The vaccine was associated with increased age-adjusted odds of hospital visits for “abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding” (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.13–1.82), “irregular menstruation” (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12–1.49), “severe headaches” (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02–1.39), and chronic, persisting “abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding” (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.11–1.79). No symptoms significantly influenced school attendance and no accumulation of symptoms was observed.The results suggest no causal association between the HPV vaccines and reported symptoms.

Grado de satisfacción, impresión del proceso de inserción y cambios en el patrón de sangrado asociados al uso de Jaydess® 13,5 mg sistema de liberación intrauterino en mujeres de entre 18 y 29 años

IntroductionThe incidence of unintended pregnancies remains high, even among women with the previous use of contraceptives. The choice of the most suitable contraceptive method, which is influenced by the user's satisfaction, may affect the compliance. Material and methodsEpidemiological, observational, cross-sectional and multicentre study in women aged between 18 and 29 years who had used the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system Jaydess® 13.5mg for 6 months and visited their gynaecologist for a regular follow-up. Information was gathered during a single interview, in which four questionnaires were administered: overall satisfaction, perceived benefits, perception on the insertion process, and changes in bleeding characteristics associated with the use of Jaydess®. ResultsThe study included 840 women with a mean age of 25 years (SD: 3), of whom 29% had children, 85% were in a relationship, and 57% wanted to have children in the future. Previous use of contraceptive methods was reported by 98% (in 87% of cases, male condom). The overall satisfaction with Jaydess® was 46.9/50 points (SD 4.7), with no significant differences between women with and without children. Main perceived benefits were comfort (87%), prevention of forgetfulness (67%), long acting (63%), and safety (62%). A reduction in the amounts and duration of bleeding were observed by 58% and 45% of participants, respectively. Around 67% of participants did not report pain or reported mild pain during Jaydess insertion. DiscussionYoung women showed high satisfaction regarding the use of Jaydess®, and deemed it comfortable and safe. The main change observed during the use of Jaydess® was a reduction in the amount of menstrual bleeding.

The interplay of multiple sclerosis and menstrual cycle: Which one affects the other one?

BackgroundMenstruation is suggested to affect multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms, while the effect of MS on menstruation is not studied before. Here, we aimed to compare the pattern of menstrual cycle and its symptoms between MS patients and healthy controls. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study conducted during 2015–2016 in MS clinic of Kashani hospital, Isfahan, Iran. We included female patients > 14 years with diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS, and healthy subjects as the control group. We collected data regarding menarche age, menstrual characteristics, history of premenstrual syndrome, the amount of menstrual bleeding, and the possible perimenstrual symptoms from all subjects. Also, MS patients were asked to report changes in menstrual characteristics after MS occurrence. ResultsThe final study population contained 181 MS patients and 202 healthy subjects. The mean age in MS and control group were 36.04 ± 9.86 and 35.16 ± 11.30, respectively (P-value = 0.426). Menarche age in MS patients and control group were not statistically different (13.59 ± 1.87 and 13.29 ± 1.53, respectively; P-value = 0.087). Changing menstrual characteristics was reported in 70 MS patients (38.7%). Irregular menstrual cycle increased from 21% to 40.3% after occurrence of MS (P-value < 0.001) and was reported 24.7% in the control group. MS patients versus controls reported more symptoms before, during, and after their menstrual period (P-values < 0.001). ConclusionWe found no difference regarding menstrual characteristics in MS patients before onset of the disease and healthy controls. Irregular menstrual cycle was observed more after the disease occurrence while other menstrual characteristics did not change. Moreover, MS patients reported many more perimenstrual symptoms.

Period Prevalence and Perceived Side Effects of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and the Menstrual Cycle in Elite Athletes.

To identify the period prevalence of hormonal contraceptive (HC) use and characterize the perceived side effects associated with the menstrual cycle and HC use. A total of 430 elite female athletes completed a questionnaire to assess the period prevalence of HC use, the reasons for initiation and discontinuation of HCs, and the side effects experienced by HC and non-HC users. Descriptive statistics, between-groups comparisons, and associations between categorical variables were calculated. Of athletes studied, 49.5% were currently using HCs and 69.8% had used HCs at some point. Combined oral contraceptives were most commonly used (68.1%), with 30.0% using progestin-only contraceptives (implant = 13.1%, injection = 3.7%, and intrauterine system = 2.8%). Perceived negative side effects were more common with progestin-only HC use (39.1%) compared with combined-HC use (17.8%; P = .001) and were most prevalent in implant users (53.6%; P = .004). HC users reported perceived positive side effects relating to their ability to predict and/or manipulate the timing, frequency, and amount of menstrual bleeding. Non-HC users had a menstrual cycle length of 29 (5) d and 77.4% reported negative side effects during their menstrual cycle, primarily during days 1-2 of menstruation (81.6%). Approximately half of elite athletes used HCs, and progestin-only contraceptive users reported greater incidences of negative side effects, especially with the implant. Because of the high interindividual variability in reported side effects, athletes and practitioners should maintain an open dialogue to pursue the best interests of the athlete.