Amount Of Leisure Research Articles

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Quality of Life among University Students.

The aim of our study was to explore the relation between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the subjective and objective indicators of quality of life as well as life satisfaction among university students, whose education is related to different dimensions on health. Participants (N = 595) were invited to fill in a set of suitable questionnaires. The path analysis and linear regression were used to establish a relationship between the examined constructs. Only some types of physical activity have shown a positive relation with the quality of life; the study also revealed some age and gender regularities. Physical activity in the household was most positively correlated to the quality of life. The amount of leisure and transport physical activity decreased with age, and there were also gender differences regarding the intensity and type of physical activity. Sedentary behavior during the week related positively with the subjective quality of life and its intimacy dimension, but sedentary behavior at the weekends was negatively related to objective and subjective quality of life as well as dimensions including intimacy, safety, and communicative aspect of the quality of life. Neither physical activity nor sedentary behavior demonstrated a significant relation with the level of life satisfaction. The type of physical activity undertaken and its matching to the needs of the young person affected their objective and subjective quality of life. Those findings may have important implications for institutions responsible for promoting active lifestyle.

Wpływ czasu wolnego na dobrobyt

Purpose – The goal of this study is to assess leisure relevance for the well-being indexes and to examine the importance of leisure for subjective well-being.Research method – A critical analysis of literature and deductive reasoning were conducted. From among the quantitative methods, tools of descriptive statistics and econometric models were used, the aim of which was to construct two original indexes and compare them with existing indicators of wellbeing.Results – On the basis of the literature, it was concluded that an adequate amount of leisure is a prerequisite for the existence of many well-being elements. Quantitative research has shown that well-being indexes are poorly correlated with the indicator of subjective well-being – World Happiness Index. Aggregating the amount of leisure with GDP per capita PPP, the most popular measure of wellbeing, increased its correlation with the same subjective indicator. These results are in line with theoretical conclusions.Originality / value – Two original well-being indexes were constructed based on microeconomic utility models and their adjustment to the subjective well-being was examined.

FORE! An Analysis of CEO Shirking

Using golf play as a measure of leisure, we document that there is significant variation in the amount of leisure that CEOs consume. We find that they consume more leisure when they have lower equity-based incentives. CEOs that golf frequently (i.e., those in the top quartile of golf play, who play at least 22 rounds per year) are associated with firms that have lower operating performance and firm values. Numerous tests accounting for the possible endogenous nature of these relations support a conclusion that CEO shirking causes lower firm performance. We find that boards are more likely to replace CEOs who shirk, but CEOs with longer tenures or weaker governance environments appear to avoid disciplinary consequences.

Keeping in touch - A benefit of public holidays using time use diary data

This paper argues that public holidays facilitate the co-ordination of leisure time but do not constrain the annual amount of leisure. Public holidays therefore have benefits both in the utility of leisure on holidays and (by enabling people to maintain social contacts more easily) in increasing the utility of leisure on normal weekdays and weekends. The paper uses the variation in public holidays across German Lander based on more than 37.000 individual diary data of the actual German Time Use Survey of 2001-02 to illustrate the positive association between more public holidays and social life on normal weekdays and weekends. These benefits are additional to the other, direct benefits of public holidays.

Use of Time for Outdoor Recreation in the United States, 1965–2007

This study examines time-use for outdoor recreation during 1965 to 2007. Using data on over 47,000 individuals from six nationally representative time-use surveys, we first document time-use trends between 1965 and 2007. We then develop a two-part instrumental variable censored regression model (a hurdle model) to predict individual-level time-use. Our results show that per capita time-use in outdoor recreation has more than doubled since 1965. This long-term increase was driven largely by increased participation rate. However, in the last decade or two, per capita time-use in outdoor recreation has stayed constant or slightly decreased. This change was driven mostly by reduced time-use by active participants; participation rate has not changed considerably. Demographics, amount of leisure, and other factors all have contributed to changes over time, but their effects and relative importance vary between participation, time-use per active participant, and time periods.

On the welfare theoretic foundation of cost-effectiveness analysis—the case when survival is not affected

This paper develops a welfare theoretic foundation for cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) when survival is not affected. With this foundation, all costs and their corresponding utility-terms should be included. A key question, though, is whether these utility-terms are consistent with quality-adjusted life year (QALY) (utility) theory or not. The results show that health care costs and changes in the utility of health should be included. However, as QALYs do not capture the utility of changes in consumption (as this utility must be independent of health, according to QALY theory), the corresponding changes in consumption costs should be excluded. Regarding the costs for changes in absence from work, these should only be included if the utility of changes in the amount of leisure is included. As no QALY theory has been developed that includes this utility, it is unclear how to handle these costs (even if there are arguments for excluding them). For changes in productivity at work, though, there are robust arguments for the inclusion of these costs. Overall, it seems difficult to provide a clear basis for CEA in economic welfare theory when also including non-medical goods such as consumption and leisure.

Analysis of domain satisfactions: Evidence from a panel of Greek women

We explore the causes and correlates of satisfaction valuations, provided by a panel of Greek women on three domains: main activity, financial situation and amount of leisure. We utilize a sample of 1796 women, observed every year in the period 1994–2001 and a correlated random effects ordered probit model for estimation purposes. The estimated results show that (a) the established correlates exert an impact that is far from being homogeneous across domain satisfactions, (b) both components of income (permanent and transitory) exercise a positive and significant effect on satisfaction responses and (c) Greek women take into consideration experiences and expectations of life-events when they form their satisfaction responses.

The life cycle, ecological, and economic determinants of spousal leisure sharing: Panel estimations from Tawahka Amerindians, Honduras

Researchers have used the amount of leisure as a yardstick to proxy for quality of life, but so far they have paid scant attention to the quality of leisure. Here I use spousal leisure sharing to proxy for quality of leisure and, by implication, for quality of life. I draw on life-cycle perspective, price theory, and on human ecology to frame hypotheses about the determinants of spousal leisure sharing. Drawing on longitudinal information collected over 2 years from 32 households in two villages of Tawahka Amerindians, a horticultural and foraging society in the tropical rain forest of eastern Honduras, I estimate the simultaneous effects of age and age squared, cash income, and climatic/seasonal variables on the amount of time spouses spend together in leisure. Analysis using different random and fixed-effect multivariate logit models suggests that (1) life-cycle determinants play a strong role in spousal leisure sharing and (2) neither climate/seasonal variables nor income correlate with spousal leisure sharing. As is true among couples in the United States, among Tawahka couples a change in the income of either spouse has a small effect on the amount of leisure shared by spouses. I find no evidence that economic development erodes spousal leisure sharing or that couples exhibit fissure in their pursuit of a common goal of leisure sharing.

Chronic Use of Opioids for Nonmalignant pain: A Prospective Study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of long term opioid therapy on pain, mood, and social and leisure activities in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain.METHODS: Fourteen patients (eight males and six females) were treated with opioid medications for chronic nonmalignant pain not improved by previous treatments. Baseline measures of pain intensity were obtained before introducing opioids. Patients were monitored throughout the study, with outcome measured four to 32 months after opioids were started. The final measures examined drug dose, side effects, pain level, pain relief, emotional status, and involvement in social and leisure activities.RESULTS: A total of 64.3% of patients reported good to excellent pain relief with opioid medication, and 64.3% reported reduced pain intensity, the decrease ranging from 25% to 100% (from baseline measures) on a scale rated from 0 to 10. As well, 64.3% scored their emotional state as 5 or better on the 0 to 10 scale (0 indicating greatest distress), and 64.3% reported at least moderate (at least 5 on the 0 to 10 scale) involvement in leisure and social activities. There was a significant negative correlation between pain intensity and amount of leisure and social activity; 88.9% of patients who reported moderate to full involvement in leisure and social activities also noted decreased pain on the 0 to 10 scale. Other than one patient who developed tolerance, there were no notable problems with dose escalation or with any other form of substance abuse.CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with chronic nonmalignant pain benefit from long term opioid therapy without developing unmanageable side effects, tolerance or substance abuse problems. These results, together with previous findings, show that opioids can be a safe and useful long term treatment for chronic nonmalignant pain.

Consumer Shopping and Equilibrium Market Areas in the Presence of Demands for Nonshopping Goods and for Leisure

The standard model of the equilibrium spatial market area and price for a single shopping good is extended to the case where the consumer devotes some income to a nonshopping (outside) good or to obtaining leisure. The presence of an outside good, which does not incur transport or inventory costs, is shown to affect the market area and price of the shopping good according to the relative preference between the goods. The price of the outside good has no effect on the market area and equilibrium price of the shopping good when the utility function is of a simple Bergson type. The generalization to a model where leisure is a source of utility, and where shopping time and working time reduce the amount of leisure, yields richer results. In particular, not only do relative preferences affect the price and market area for the shopping good, but also the wage rate affects demands and prices. Variations in the time required to travel to the shop and the time needed to do the shopping are shown to have opposite effects on the equilibrium market area and prices. Numerical calculations of elasticities of market areas and prices show that variations in all time-related parameters have an important impact and hence should not be ignored in modelling the factors which determine the size of a spatial market.

The academic ethos

University teachers hold an intermediary position between those who are self-employed and those who are employed. Like doctors or lawyers they can determine their own working hours. Nobody cares whether they work six or 60 hours. But unlike doctors or lawyers they do not earn their income proportionately to the time they devote to their work. They are employed by the university or the state, but enjoy the freedom of a leisured class. Because of this intermediate position, they have always been watched by the layman with a strange mixture of respect, envy and mistrust. Even today the opinion is widespread that a professor has to teach only six classes a week, can take a three-month holiday in summer, may hold and is paid for his position until he is 70 years of age, andas not only children put it does not work but just sits at his desk. Should the professor finally be taken in hand like other employeeshave shorter holidays and account for his activities hour by hour and day by day? University teachers are practically unique in the amount of time at their disposal, free from specific prescriptions as to how they should use it. What arrangements or conditions could ensure that this leisure is not misused, but is used for study and research which contributes effectively to the education and training of students and to the advancement of knowledge? In 1965, in my inaugural address as the newly appointed rector of the University of Frankfurt, I apostrophised the social role of a university teacher as that of a permanently appointed man of leisure.1 Aristotle attributed the highest value to leisure; it was leisure which made possible the bios theoretikos } Probably as a consequence of his study of Aristotle, Karl Marx in Deutsche Ideologie 3 took up this concept of leisure in his famous vision of the future which pictured man as relieved from alienated work. In the current discussions about reduced working hours, an increased amount of leisure, and the simultaneous assurance of the individual's future by the social-welfare state, visions of the future develop in which not only the university teacher is a permanently appointed idler.4 Leisure, as a necessary rest on the march to certain goals, contributes to the overcoming of

Optimal Redundancy Compensation

The potential welfare gain arising from a redundancy is the increase in the value of output as the worker is compelled to change jobs. The Redundancy Payments Act scheme is an example of a compensation mechanism whereby the gainers compensate the losers. The evidence of Daniel (1974) suggests that the scheme is inadequate, and Pengilly (1975) proposed an alternative income-maintenance scheme. Both schemes, like the one considered below, consist of a lump-sum payment, plus a time-path of earnings-related unemployment pay. We define an optimal compensation scheme as one that maintains the expected lifetime utility of a worker at the level he would have enjoyed without redundancy, at the lowest expected cost. A worker's expected lifetime utility may fall when he loses his job because of an increase in risk as well as a lower present value of future earnings. Offset against this may be change in the expected amount of leisure. The cost of the scheme equals the lump-sum payment, plus the expected value of unemployment pay over his working lifetime, less the expected value of income-tax payments by the worker. These expectations depend on the probability that a worker will be employed at each subsequent time, and the expected value of his wage at each time. These in turn depend on the frequency distribution of wage offers open to the worker, and the time-path of his acceptance wage. Unemployment pay may be a cheaper method of maintaining expected lifetime utility because it will be paid as, and when, his income without compensation is lower. A lump-sum payment, by increasing the probability that the worker will be in a job at each subsequent time, may reduce the expected value of unemployment pay and increase the expected value of tax receipts. We find that unemployment pay should be positive, but fall over time. A lump-sum payment in addition will be optimal if the wage currently earned by the worker is so high that the probability of his obtaining a job at a very much higher wage is low, and if the income-tax rate is high.

Radiology of the Chest: Its Evaluation in the Prevention of Tuberculosis

The Disease Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which, for its transmission, necessitates contact by a susceptible patient with infectious material. Some persons appear to be naturally susceptible; in certain cases susceptibility appears as a familial tendency: the children of infectious persons, being constantly exposed to infection, frequently fall victims to it. There is evidence that we in Great Britain have acquired considerable resistance to the disease but that this resistance can be broken down by debilitating influences such as lack of necessary foodstuffs, sunshine, and open air, by constant fatigue, overcrowding and bad ventilation, by damp and cold, and by illnesses, particularly those associated with respiratory infections or fibrosis. Public health measures aimed at isolating and educating the infected and remedying the defects mentioned above resulted in a steady decline in the incidence of tuberculosis, and there is every reason to believe that more enthusiastic and consistent work along these lines would cause a considerable further reduction. In the early years of the war, when its restrictions, impositions, and black-out conditions forced the population to share these debilitating influences with a large number of infectious persons (estimated as at least 50,000) who were deprived of medical aid because of the shortage of doctors, we saw a definite increase in the number of cases of tuberculosis. Like all other infectious diseases, tuberculosis has an incubation period which is followed by an onset with definite clinical signs and symptoms. These vary according to the susceptibility of the patient and the virulence of the infection. In some cases the gravity of the disease becomes apparent soon after the onset; at the other end of the scale are those patients who exhibit signs and symptoms of a relatively mild respiratory disorder which are mistaken at first for those of a cold, or influenza, and, if they continue, of bronchitis. The majority of these milder cases terminate in complete recovery; we only know of their existence because we find evidence of old healed lesions. Some cases, however, show but temporary recovery, lasting for a variable time, from a few months to ten or more years, after which a recurrence of activity of the disease develops; the symptoms of such recurrences vary in severity and call for treatment accordingly. The gradual development of a chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs with its bouts of quiescence and activity may not attract attention to the gravity of the disorder. During quiescence the patient may feel quite able to work and enjoy a certain amount of leisure over a period of twenty to thirty years or more, and neither he nor his doctor may suspect the true nature of the disease.

Effects of Weighting and of Distributive Price Controls upon Retail Food Price Comparisons

stretched to include all of these, we must take full account of them in appraising the plane of living. There are various elements in the plane of living which are not present, at least as such, in consumption levels. One is the net length of the working day and week, or the effective amount of leisure per week or year. True, shortening of working hours and enlargement of leisure time materially affect the workers' forms of consumption; but this is not a mere duplication of the change in the proportions of time devoted to work and leisure. Another such element is the degree to which the individual enjoys freedom of choice-as to occupation, hours of work, residence location, housing, food, recreation, thinking, and voting. Still another is the degree of security of life, health, income, and social position. I am disposed to consider all these four concepts useful and important; to welcome attempts to devise measures or indicators of consumption levels, planes of living, and differences between these and their respective standards; and to believe that research on these problems will eventually provide a common ground for cultivation by the economist, sociologist, ethical philosopher, and social reformer. I feel that, in this general realm, our immense outlays on collecting and digesting data on family income and expenditures have .been in part wasted because too little had previously been done on what are fundamental issues of concept and technique.

Gardens—Indoor and Out

E VERY now and again, hearing a talk on plants and gardens, one becomes enthusiastic, starts a little work, and perhaps fails of success. This lack of success is usually the result of lack of knowledge of conditions, and perhaps is partly due to the fact that most all of us expect immediate results and fail to realize that gardening is a matter of experimentation and the application of certain facts and principles laid down by those who know something about their subject. After a nurse has graduated from her training she is really only started on a bit of knowledge concerning disease and care of patients. Apprenticeship with experience leaves one humble about attainment. And so it is with gardening. Now let us suppose we are filled with enthusiasm by meeting someone who has tapped our interest. What then are we going to do to put this bubbling spirit of desire right to work? What we may do in gardening is dependent upon the amount of leisure we have and the conditions under which we are living.

Education for Democratic Leadership

Previous articleNext article FreeEducation for Democratic LeadershipCarl H. GraboCarl H. Grabo Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 23, Number 6May, 1918 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/212823 Views: 64Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Nature of Interest and the Causes of Its Fluctuations

I. Capital defined as wealth produced by labor and destined to satisfy wants in the future, 547. — The possibility of interest due to the fact that capital saves labor, 550. — Concrete illustration of the saving, 551. — II. Illustration of the circumstances which may affect the rate of interest under hypothetical conditions, the main conclusions of the present essay being suggested. — Capital quantitatively expressed in terms of labor multiplied by the time intervening between labor and enjoyment, 553. — III. Circumstances affecting the demand for capital: (a) The opening of new lands, 557. — (b) Inventions, 560. — Under certain conditions the ultimate effect of these circumstances is opposite to their immediate effect, 561. — (c) Variations in the aggregate consumption of society, 563. — Effect of such variations on the supply of capital, 564. — Supply of capital also affected by the quantity of labor expended, 567; which for a given population depends on the amount of leisure enjoyed and on the efficiency of labor, 568. — Conclusion on ultimate causes permanently affecting the rate of interest. — Why capital has always been able to earn interest, 569.