Amount Of Insolation Research Articles

A Comparative Investigation of Hybrid MPPT Methods for Enhancing Solar Power Generation in Renewable Energy Systems

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are among the types of renewable energy that are frequently employed. Since the characteristics of the solar cell depend on the amount of insolation and temperature, it is necessary to use MPPT “Maximum Power Point Tracking” to move the operating voltage close to the maximum power point under changing weather conditions. This article aims to design a photovoltaic energy system based on boost converter control to obtain maximum power using a hybrid algorithm based on artificial neurons (ANN). Additionally included is a proportional-integral (PI) controller, which improves the performance of the ANN-MPPT controller; this method is quick and precise for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) in the face of variations in temperature and solar radiation. The efficiency of the tracking algorithm was calculated and compared to one of the traditional methods, the incremental conductance (INC) method, in addition to comparing it to other hybrid methods and by simulating the system using MATLAB/Simulation and analyzing the results. This study unequivocally proves the superiority of the hybrid ANN+PI strategy; the efficiency reached 99.91%. This approach excels at tracking maximum power accuracy by leveraging the adaptive learning capabilities of neural networks, ensuring maximum power even in the face of changing environmental conditions.

On a variant of Flory model

We consider a one-dimensional variant of a recently introduced settlement planning problem in which houses can be built on finite portions of the rectangular integer lattice subject to certain requirements on the amount of insolation they receive. In our model, each house occupies a unit square on a 1×n strip, with the restriction that at least one of the neighboring squares must be free. We are interested mostly in situations in which no further building is possible, i.e. in maximal configurations of houses in the strip. We reinterpret the problem as a problem of restricted packing of vertices in a path graph and then apply the transfer matrix method in order to compute the bivariate generating functions for the sequences enumerating all maximal configurations of a given length with respect to the number of houses. This allows us to determine the asymptotic behavior of the enumerating sequences and to compute some interesting statistics. Along the way, we establish close connections between our maximal configurations and several other types of combinatorial objects, including restricted permutations and walks on certain small oriented graphs. We then generalize our results in several directions by considering multi-story houses, by varying the insolation restrictions, and, finally, by considering strips of width 2 and 3. At the end we comment on several possible directions of future research.

Forest Stand Growth Forecasting in the Context of Changes in the Insolation of Building Roofs

This article analyzed the long-term impact of tree growth on the decrease in sunlight of a planned photovoltaic installation. As trees grow, they can obstruct sunlight and reduce the amount of insolation reaching the PV panels, and knowledge about the degree of this reduction is crucial when assessing the long-term economic effects of the investment. Currently, when planning PV installation, the roof facing, latitude, topography, and neighboring buildings are taken into account. However, there is no tool to assess the impact of tree growth over time on changes in the level of sunlight on the roof surface. The authors propose a tool for performing such an assessment using geospatial analysis techniques. The data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and unmanned aerial vehicles with laser scanning (ULS) were used to model trees in two epochs. The authors used two epochs of data to evaluate mathematical models of tree growth. The evaluated tree growth model was then used to predict forest stand growth over a 30-year period and to assess the change in sunlight due to the modeled growth. For the case study, two test sites have been taken into account. At site 1 and site 2, respectively, 25 and 12 points representing the centers of potential photovoltaic panels were designed, for which the annual sum of minutes during which the point remained exposed to sunlight was calculated. The results showed that the use of ALS and ULS provided valuable data for determining current and predicted shading of trees. Moreover, the presented studies showed that the changes in forest stand growth had a significant impact on decreasing the insolation of building construction. In the case of both test sites, the change in tree height after 30 years resulted in a reduction in the number of minutes of sunlight by more than 50%. The authors suggest that the developed technique should be incorporated into PV installation planning tools to ensure reliable prediction of the long-term profitability of designed PV installations.

Анализ тепловой производительности радиационной системы жизнеобеспечения на основе экспериментальных данных

Solar energy is considered a renewable, most environmentally friendly and carbon-free form of energy. Solar collectors are one of the implementations of radiation life support systems. Their development requires a fairly large amount of initial data, such as the parameters of the premises, the required temperature, volume, thermal insulation of walls, floors and ceilings, the design of windows and doors, orientation to the cardinal points, the angles of inclination of the roof slopes, etc. The next group of factors is related to the location object, latitude, altitude above sea level, distance to large bodies of water, wind rose, etc. The third group is related to the weather itself: precipitation, cloudiness, outside air temperature, etc., a significant part of them, such as fog, haze, dew, shadow from each cloud affects the amount of insolation and all this cannot be taken into account in advance. The use of weather archives does not allow us to fully determine the specific thermal performance of solar collectors, since neither the average nor the current insolation is reflected in the archives. Without knowing the amount of real insolation and heat losses on the solar collector, it is impossible to determine the thermal performance of the radiation life support system per day, month, season or year. This paper discusses experimental and computational studies of the radiation life support system carried out in 2018–2022.

Declining Geoengineering Efficacy Caused by Cloud Feedbacks in Transient Solar Dimming Experiments

Abstract Solar radiation management (SRM) with injections of aerosols into the stratosphere has emerged as a research area of focus with the potential to cool the planet. However, the amount of SRM required to achieve a given level of cooling, and how this relationship evolves in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, remains uncertain. Here, we explore the evolution of solar dimming efficacy over time by defining and quantifying a new SRM feedback term, which is analogous to conventional radiative feedbacks. Using Earth system model simulations that dynamically adjust the amount of insolation to offset global mean warming from increasing CO2, we find that positive SRM feedbacks decrease global planetary albedo and diminish the efficacy of solar dimming. Physically, the decrease in albedo is primarily due to reductions in optically thick tropical cloud fraction in the boundary layer and midtroposphere, which is driven by a drying and destabilization of the tropical mid- to lower troposphere. These results offer an energetic explanation for reduced cloud fraction commonly observed in idealized SRM experiments, as well as reaffirm the need to understand the troposphere response, particularly from clouds, in realizable geoengineering experiments and their potential to feed back onto SRM efficacy. Significance Statement The goal of this study is to understand how the effectiveness of solar geoengineering may evolve over time. Using a climate model with the ability to directly tune the amount of incoming sunlight, we explore the potential for feedback loops in the climate system to diminish or amplify the desired effect of solar tuning, which is to offset greenhouse gas–induced warming. For this climate model and this solar geoengineering proxy, in particular, we find that feedback loops reduce Earth’s albedo and therefore diminish the desired effect of turning down the sun over time. This study lays the groundwork for understanding potential feedback loops in climate model simulations that represent solar geoengineering in a more realistic way.

Deep-future climate change scenarios for site selection of nuclear waste disposal in Germany

Abstract. Glacial cycles are primarily attributed to Earth's evolving orbital parameters, which change the amount of insolation received by the high latitudes in summer. Another significant aspect is how much of this solar energy is retained. Recent research (Ganopolski et al., 2016) has shown a connection between the maximum summer insolation at 65∘ N and CO2 concentration needed for glacial inception. As available fossil fuel reserves have the capacity to impact the climate hundreds of thousands of years into the future (Archer and Ganopolski, 2005), there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding when (and how) glacial cycles will resume under different emission scenarios. Using the newly developed Earth system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-X (Willeit et al., 2022), in conjunction to a reduced complexity model of glacial cycles (Talento and Ganopolski, 2021), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) will provide a set of deep-future climate change scenarios for Germany for the next 100 000 years (more detailed scenarios) and for the next 1 million years. These experiments will be evaluated in collaboration with other project partners and seek to quantify the degree of uncertainty in Earth's climate for the site selection planning of a deep geological repository. The tuning of CLIMBER-X to current glacial conditions is displayed with regards to paleoclimatic data. Variables in the climate, such as temperature, precipitation, and sea level, are showcased for different emission scenarios. Conditions of the European ice sheet complex during future glacial cycles are presented. We argue that these results should be considered when discussing processes which effect the safety of a nuclear waste repository, including subterranean stress, permafrost, groundwater changes, chemical reactions, erosion, and subrosion. A detailed analysis and sensitivity study of the model simulations will be performed to assess the overall uncertainty associated with the climate response due to different cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions and model parameters.

Building Energy Savings by Developing Complex Smart Windows and Their Controllers

The interest in zero-energy buildings has increased in Korea recently. Following the significant increases in cooling and lighting energy consumption in offices, various studies have been conducted to implement energy-saving measures. The purpose of this study is to reduce lighting and cooling energy consumption in the summer through the dimming control of a complex smart window system. To achieve this, the optimal dimming control algorithm has been derived and applied in simulations to analyze the energy consumption for lighting and cooling. A smart window incorporates suspended particle display glass that actively responds to changes in indoor and outdoor environments and controls light transmittance. It also includes a light-guiding glass that can actively control solar reflectance. Simulations of office buildings were conducted to develop optimal control algorithms and controllers based on solar radiation. Subsequently, we installed this complex smart window in a test room along with the developed control algorithm and controller, which responded to the amount of insolation and time. To ensure the accuracy of the experiment, we constructed separate test and reference rooms. The experimental results obtained under the same conditions showed a reduction of approximately 36.9% in cooling energy consumption in the test room compared with the reference room and a 54.5% reduction in lighting energy consumption. Furthermore, based on additional simulations and experiments, we confirmed that the application of complex smart window systems in office buildings could reduce considerably the energy consumption for cooling and lighting.

A Study of Neural Network Framework for Power Generation Prediction of a Solar Power Plant

In the process of creating a prediction model using artificial intelligence by utilizing a deep neural network, it is of utmost significance to know the amount of insolation that has an absolute effect on the quantity of power generation of a solar cell. To predict the power generation quantity of a solar power plant, a deep neural network requires previously accumulated power generation data of a power plant. However, if there is no equipment to measure solar radiation in the internal facilities of the power plant and if there is no record of the existence of solar radiation in the past data, it is inevitable to obtain the solar radiation information of the nearest point in an effort to accurately predict the quantity of power generation. The site conditions of the power plant are affected by the geographical topography which acts as a stumbling block while anticipating favorable weather conditions. In this paper, we introduce a method to solve these problems and predict the quantity of power generation by modeling the power generation characteristics of a power plant using a neural network. he average of the error between the actual quantity and the predicted quantity for the same period was 1.99, that represents the predictive model is efficient to be used in real-time.

36-5-5] 태양광 시스템에서의 Arc Fault Detector 개발을 위한 DC 모의 아크 주입 기법

UL 1699B (1<SUP>st</SUP> version, Underwriters Laboratories, U.S.A.) was issued with the title of “Standards for Safety: Photovoltaic DC Arc Fault Circuit Protection” in 2018. Complying the standard, we need to go through the long and rigorous work to prove the reliability of AFD, whether it satisfies the test standard. Definitely, one of the key issues has been the unwanted trip caused by harmonic frequencies from a site dependent photovoltaic inverter. Avoiding the intense work dedicated to DC arc fault production, the generation process of simulated DC arc signal has been developed as one simple method to help the research staffs working in the laboratories of arc fault detection. In order to produce the load current of the photovoltaic system that changes according to the amount of insolation, the DC arc is generated at 4.5A, 5.5A, 6.5A, and 7.5A in the laboratory according to UL1699B. The DC arc signal datas are each compare with real DC arc signal from the DWT and FFT process, were injected to the photovoltaic circuit through the D/A process. In this paper, the test result obtained from the 50 kW photovoltaic system explains the validity of simulated DC arc signal that is compatible with a real DC arc fault event.

Analysis of solar cooker with thermal storage for remote hilly areas: determination of heating and cooling characteristic time

Solar cooking finds a major application in rural areas of Uttarakhand, India, yet its utilization is still limited due to certain limitation such as intermittent nature of solar radiations. This drawback limits solar cooker in becoming a viable alternate solution of LPG and other pollution causing resources such as wood. In order to cater this problem a numerical analysis of box type solar cooker with storage is carried out. The energy stored in the storage material will keep the cooker warm up to the time when food is consumed. Charging and discharging time analysis is performed in with an aim to understand the effect of storage on solar cooker. Heating and cooling characteristic time are being evaluated and analysed with storage. Thermal performance of box type solar cooker is measured in terms of figures of merit according to BIS standards. The effect of storage has also been analysed in terms of charging and discharging time and first figure of merit of box type solar cooker.it has been observed that during discharging the heat is stored for more duration as compared to the charging time as discharge time is approx. 4-5 hours while charging time for the same amount of insolation is around 3-4 hours.

Određivanje optimalnih nagibnih uglova fotonaponskih panela uz uvažavanje smanjenja direktne komponente iradijacije usled efekata senki u fotonaponskim sistemima

This paper considers the influence of the tilt angle of photovoltaic (PV) panels on the total amount of insolation on the surface of these panels on a monthly and annual basis, with and without consideration of shading effect. Based on the obtained results, optimal tilt angles of the PV panels in order to achieve maximum insolation, are determined, as well as the optimal tilt angles for achieving maximum generated electrical energy, taking into account the temperature of the panel. Special attention in the paper is paid to the shading effect created by the panel rows within the PV system and its influence on the reduction of direct component of irradiation and optimal tilt angles for different distances between PV panel rows. In the paper two different models for solar insolation calculation were considered and described in detail, clear day model and real cloud condition model. In order to obtain the average daily solar irradiation on the inclined surface, in addition to appropriate extraterrestrial irradiations, available measurements of the irradiation on the horizontal surface during one year period were used.

Comparison between Regenerator Model and the Instantaneous Direct Solar Radiation for Port Harcourt

This paper compares the result generated by the Regenerator technique and the Ideriah’s method for instantaneous solar radiation. It considered the generation of the actual power input from the regenerator. The actual power input to the photovoltaic panel was calculated from a power model derived from the regenerator’s standard power that is nominally provided, regenerator material and reflectivity of the material. The amount of visible radiation absorbable by photovoltaic plates was further derived in the model and a value of 0.386Pi was obtained. The Ideriah’s model was used to calculate global solar radiation from extraterrestrial solar radiation. It utilized the concept of transmittance to arrive at the amount of insolation received locally (i.e. at the point of interest). It also calculated the amount of insolation at optical thicknesses (Air mass values) representing top of the hour from 5.0am to 7.0pm. Comparison &amp; result showed that the regenerator model gave 84% to 97% correctness or an approximated average correctness of 94% when compared to the Ideriah’s model. Chi-square was used to test the relationship between the results. Chi-square results showed a high level of significance in the similarity of the results obtained. Python software was used to simulate the results and graph presentation.

Comparison between Regenerator Model and the Instantaneous Direct Solar Radiation for Port Harcourt

This paper compares the result generated by the Regenerator technique and the Ideriah’s method for instantaneous solar radiation. It considered the generation of the actual power input from the regenerator. The actual power input to the photovoltaic panel was calculated from a power model derived from the regenerator’s standard power that is nominally provided, regenerator material and reflectivity of the material. The amount of visible radiation absorbable by photovoltaic plates was further derived in the model and a value of 0.386Pi was obtained. The Ideriah’s model was used to calculate global solar radiation from extraterrestrial solar radiation. It utilized the concept of transmittance to arrive at the amount of insolation received locally (i.e. at the point of interest). It also calculated the amount of insolation at optical thicknesses (Air mass values) representing top of the hour from 5.0am to 7.0pm. Comparison &amp; result showed that the regenerator model gave 84% to 97% correctness or an approximated average correctness of 94% when compared to the Ideriah’s model. Chi-square was used to test the relationship between the results. Chi-square results showed a high level of significance in the similarity of the results obtained. Python software was used to simulate the results and graph presentation.

Improved control algorithm for grid‐connected cascaded H‐bridge photovoltaic inverters under asymmetric operating conditions

Here, a single-stage cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter is presented for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The CHB inverter has separate DC links and allows individual control of PV arrays. The conversion efficiency is high and the harmonic generation is lower than conventional PV inverters. Although the CHB inverter is a good candidate for injection of solar power into grid, its control issues have not been completely solved. One of the main challenges in the CHB inverter is the harmonic generation when the connected PV arrays to the H-bridge cells have different amounts of insolation. This study deals with the asymmetrical operating conditions of PV arrays (or H-bridge cells) in the CHB inverter and presents an analytical equation for determination of cells' modulation indices based on PV arrays data. Then, a control loop is added to the tracking algorithm of conventional control systems to determine whether an H-bridge cell is in the linear modulation or not. In the case of overmodulation, the corresponding DC link voltage is increased by the controller to bring it back to the linear region. The validity of new method is confirmed by simulations and experiments on a seven-level 1.7 kW CHB inverter.

GA Based Optimization for Configuration and Operation of Emergency Generators in Medical Facility Using Renewable Energy

In this paper, a simultaneous optimization method using GA of configuration and operation of emergency generator s in medical facilities with power source of renewable energy is proposed. The simultaneous optimization of configuration and operation needs search of enormous combinations, which is generally considered to be a difficult problem. Here, PV is assumed as renewable energy, but since its output depends on the weather, fluctuation of the generated power is not small. From the viewpoint of an emergency generator, this is a factor of short-term variations in load, so there is concern that the efficiency will decline. In the proposed method, genes are divided into configuration chromosomes and operation chromosomes, and the operation chromosomes are multiplexed so that they can be switched by the time zones and the loads so as to be robust for short-term variability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined by a case study using amount of insolation and actual data in a hospital.

Determination of the Actual Amount of Insolation Absorbed by a Photovoltaic Panel (125w)

The determination of the ability of the Photovoltaic cell in absorbing radiation was performed, taking into cognizance the fact that photovoltaic panels have the ability to harness solar energy incident on it in the form of radiation. It utilized the hourly production of open circuit voltage for a 125W module Photovoltaic panel made of silicon material. The solar panel was exposed to the open atmosphere from sunrise to sunset, precisely from 5.00am to 7.00am, with no obstruction from heights, high rise buildings and tall trees including towers. The photovoltaic panel was brought to ambient temperature and results were taken in clear sky weather condition in the neighborhood of ±10 minutes to the hour mark. The voltage output was recorded with the aid of a digital multimeter and a Power model was used to determine the actual amount of radiation available and a plot of voltage V hours and Watt V hour when done, showed the same pattern as that of Adnot, Haurwitz and Alboteani et al. results. The hourly variation of voltage graph when assessed, showed an ascendancy as the hour increased to a maximum of 20.65Volts at mid day and then a decrease to 0 volts at twilight (7.00pm) on the 11th day of November, 2017. The same ascendancy and decrease patterns were also displayed by the hourly variation of absorbed power. Thus, photovoltaic panel output varies with the sun hours like solar radiation varies with the sun hours, when results are obtained are obtained under stated conditions. Hence, results stands validated.

Linear Operation of Photovoltaic Array With Directly Connected Lithium-Ion Batteries

This paper proposes linear operation of a photovoltaic array which is directly connected to lithium-ion batteries. The array voltage is fixed at the total battery voltage. When the amount of insolation is given, the array power decreases as the cell temperature rises. The maximum power point (MPP) voltage at the highest temperature of a year is selected as the array voltage. This voltage determines the optimal number of the batteries. The array power is guaranteed to be equal to the MPP power or greater through the year. Some simulation and experiment were executed to verify the effectiveness of the method. The utilization efficiency reaches 96.5%. The loss of power proved to be small compared with the maximum power point tracking, which can be economically recovered by using PV modules of larger capacity. A simple switch can substitute for a dc–dc converter.

A Mood Prediction System for Preventing Diseases Using Biological Information and Weather Information

SUMMARYPreventive medicine has attracted much attention due to increase of medical expenses in Japan. As a preventive measurement against diseases, this paper presents a system for predicting three types of moods namely, good, normal, and bad using biological and weather information. Specifically, we focus on analyzing factors for the predictions. Evaluation experiments demonstrate that the proposed system predicts the tomorrow's mood with 73% accuracy by learning biological information, weather information, and moods in the past with multiple classifiers. Moreover, we found that body fat, maximal pressure, and amount of insolation are important factors for the prediction. The evaluation experiments indicate that the proposed system is useful for the prevention of bipolar disorder and lifestyle diseases.

Geospatial modeling of solar radiation to explore solar energy potential in Papua New Guinea

Climatology and meteorology are essentially driven by the incoming solar radiation and the latter’s latitudinal distribution. The total amount of incoming solar radiation, duration or day-length and the seasonal distribution of radiation have also the leading implication in researches in agricultural sciences. With the reality of climate change looming large, with its plausible paraphernalia on the humankind, it is obvious that the rising demand for clean energy sources will swing the needle of research towards ‘the optimum harnessing of solar energy’ regime. In a specified latitudinal expanse, topography is a major factor that determines the spatial distribution of insolation. Spatial variability of topographic elevation, slope, aspect and shadows influence the amount of insolation received at different point locations. At a given atmospheric impediment, the amount of solar insolation received at a particular geographical location is a function of ‘time of the day’ and the ‘season’. It determines the variability of microclimate as emanated from different parameters such as soil temperature, soil moisture, near surface air temperature, evapotranspiration, and direct-sun or sky-light available for photosynthesis (absorbed photosynthetically active radiation). The variation that occurs in incoming solar radiation over space and time for power generation using photovoltaic panels also warrants proper feasibility assessment prior to investment. In this scenario the solar radiation modeling is attempted in this paper to map and analyse the effects of the sun over a geographic area for specific time periods. Different parameters that are mandatory, like atmospheric condition, latitudinal position, elevation, slope and aspect, sun angle, and topographic shadows are taken in account for the modeling purpose. Two types of output are generated at the end of the modeling, (1) point layer and (2) raster representation while inputting monthly average of the ‘daily solar insolation’. For the first type of output, interpolation process is applied to complete the insolation map and compared with surface meteorology and solar energy (SSE 6.0) database. In this case spatial variations of shadows are not prominently indicated, while the latter is taken care of in the second type of output.

On the Zonal Near-Constancy of Fractional Solar Absorption in the Atmosphere

Abstract Over Europe, a recent study found the fractional all-sky atmospheric solar absorption to be largely unaffected by variations in latitude, remaining nearly constant at its regional mean of 23% ± 1%, relative to the respective top-of-atmosphere insolation. The satellite-based CERES EBAF dataset (2000–10) confirms the weak latitude dependence within 23% ± 2%, representative of the near-global scale between 60°S and 60°N. Under clear-sky conditions, the fractional absorption follows the spatial imprint of the water vapor path, peaking in the tropics and decreasing toward the poles, accompanied by a slight hemispheric asymmetry. In the northern extratropics, the clear-sky absorption attains zonal near-constancy due to combined water vapor, surface albedo, and aerosol effects that are largely amiss in the Southern Hemisphere. In line with earlier studies, the CERES EBAF suggests an increase in atmospheric solar absorption due to clouds by on average 1.5% (5 W m−2) from 21.5% (78 W m−2) under clear-sky conditions to 23% (83 W m−2) under all-sky conditions (60°S–60°N). The low-level clouds in the extratropics act to enhance the absorption, whereas the high clouds in the tropics exhibit a near-zero effect. Consequently, clouds reduce the latitude dependence of fractional atmospheric solar absorption and yield a near-constant zonal mean pattern under all-sky conditions. In the GEWEX-SRB satellite product and the historical simulations from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5; 1996–2005, multimodel mean) the amount of insolation absorbed by the atmosphere is reduced by around −1.3% (5 W m−2) with respect to the CERES EBAF mean. The zonal variability and magnitude of the atmospheric cloud effect are, however, largely in line.