Amount Of Innovation Research Articles

Price connectedness in U.S. ethanol terminal markets

This article shows, for the first time, the degree of price volatility connectedness across the major regional ethanol markets in the U.S. Connectedness measures are based on forecast error variance decompositions that inform which prices drive system dynamics. We pay special attention to volatility spillovers to and from Chicago, as it is equipped with one of the largest terminals in the U.S. and is widely regarded as the center of ethanol price discovery in the country. Ethanol prices in the Chicago terminal electronic trading platform are also suspected of being manipulated over the 2017‐2019 period. We use Diebold and Yilmaz (2012 and 2014) and a rolling window approach to study the dynamics of price volatility connectedness over time. Using daily data from 2013 to the beginning of 2021, we find that Chicago is the market that generates the most innovations to other market prices. In contrast, Chicago receives the least amount of innovations from all other markets, placing Chicago at the center of price dynamics. We find that price connectedness measures are correlated with market fundamentals, policy, and concentration in the Chicago terminal electronic trading platform, with the latter being associated to an increase in the relevance of Chicago as a central market.

Learning mechanisms and technological innovation performance: a study of China’s mobile phone manufacturing firms

ABSTRACT This article analyses the relationship between learning mechanisms and technological innovation performance in less developed countries’ (LDCs) firms participating in global value chains (GVCs). For this purpose, patent production functions of China’s mobile phone manufactures were estimated using an original dataset. In estimating the functions, we analysed how firms’ learning mechanisms through global suppliers, customers in China and other LDCs, and research institutes correlate with the number of patent applications. The main findings are: along with firms’ in-house R&D efforts, learnings from LDC customers and research institutions positively correlate with the amount of innovation, even in firms with less absorptive capacity. There is no positive correlation between learning from global suppliers and patent applications, although positive correlation may emerge as local firms accumulate sufficient absorptive capacity. The results highlight the importance of learning via broadly defined local innovation systems in enhancing technological innovation in LDC firms participating in GVCs.

Exploring differences in level of construction innovation: an empirical analysis in China.

Innovations can overcome constraints posed by resource depletion, increasing environmental and ecological protection concerns. There is considerable amount of innovation that occurs in the construction industry. Accordingly, construction innovation is receiving increasing attention in China. However, the provincial development level of construction innovation remains unclear. To address this gap, the present study employs data-driven measurement for the level of construction innovation. A total of 25 alternative indexes were selected based on the innovation ecosystem theory. Then, text preprocessing, statistical methods, and search statistics were employed to acquire index data. The indexes weights were determined through expert scoring and a cloud model. The quantitative measurement of the level of construction innovation was finally performed. Additionally, the exploratory results were revealed with the analyses of the overall, regional, and cluster. The results revealed that overall level of construction innovation in China is not high and regional distribution is uneven. Simultaneously, the level of construction innovation is consistent with local economic strength, and it is most sensitive to innovation output in regional level. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the level of construction innovation in China was showed, which has similarity with the characteristics of geographical location. The measurement system this study represents breakthroughs over traditional methods that rely on statistics, cases, or questionnaires, which can be applied to other research fields.

A Study on the Economic Resilience of Industrial Parks

The development of globalization has brought about obvious differences in the resilience of different regions against economic crises. Regional economic resilience refers to the ability of a region’s economy to resist shocks when faced with external disturbances or to break away from its existing growth model in favor of a better path, Resilience represents the region’s adaptability, innovation, and sustainability. This paper describes an empirical analysis on the 60 designated industrial park developments under the Industrial Development Bureau in Taiwan. Over a period of short-term disturbances, the industrial parks are analyzed from four aspects: industrial structure, regional development foundation, enterprise competitiveness and labor conditions, and government governance and policy systems. Through discriminant analysis, we analyze the characteristics of factors that mainly affect the economic resilience of 60 industrial parks faced with shocks such as the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the five-day work week in 2016, and the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019. We found that industrial structure, specifically diversified industrial structure, is the major factor behind enhanced regional economic resilience. If the scale of specialized industries is large enough, they can form sufficient capacity to resist external changes and also be economically resilient. Under the negative impact, the amount of innovation can be an important part of post-disaster recovery, and stable innovation input will become a main factor for the sustainable development of industrial parks. The pressure of the uncertainty of global economic development and the transformation and upgrading of the domestic economy underscore that enterprises urgently need automation and digital transformation to enhance their competitiveness. In order to enhance economic resilience to adapt to changes in the overall environment, the industrial parks need to adjust adaptively, improve their industrial structure, and promote innovation, hoping that the regional economy will move towards a more stable and sustainable development path.

Operationalizing the definition of “Commercial Space”

This paper operationalizes (i.e., collects data to test the validity of) propositions based on the evolution change motor applied to market level organizations. At these inter-organizational levels of analysis, Space Race Era activities are characterized as teleologically driven (directed by a centralized agent) and more recent space activities (such as suborbital tourism) as evolution driven (subject to forces of variation, selection, and retention). This definition assumes a continuous (non-dichotomous) definition along three dimensions, depicted as a Cartesian coordinate system, with each orthogonal axis corresponding to the three evolution motor forces. Force components include levels (total amounts from all contributing actors) and robustness (sensitivity to increase or decrease in number of contributing actors) of each. Proxies for the three forces include number and amounts of innovation (for the variation force), funding (for the selection force), and demand (for the retention force). A causal diagram shows the relationship of the proxy variables to market “commercialness” based on two extreme samples cases.

Health Technology Assessment for COVID19: an approach for the Horizon Scanning of health innovations

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic definitely changed the approach to technologies evaluation, firstly in terms of timeliness. In order to answer to this need, a new methodology was proposed, joining the elements of horizon scanning with the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). In this work we describe the results of 2 case studies of application.MethodsBy means of an assessment matrix, a multidisciplinary expert panel gave a score based on a Likert scale and related to potential value and perceived risk for each technology. Economic, clinical and ethical criteria were considered as a summary of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) main domains. The final scores were then weighted by the MCDA and a scatter plot defined 4 positioning scenarios according to the balance of values and risks resulted, each conducting to an appropriate recommendation (full HTA report or reject). A Monte Carlo simulation was also carried out for the assessment of variability of results.ResultsAn individual protection device for COVID-19 and a contact tracing app were assessed. The first technology was placed in the “Danger Zone” of the graph, because of its high costs and organizational complexity. The second one was placed in the “Comfort Zone” of the graph, due to low costs and easiness of implementation and management. For this innovation a recommendation for a full HTA and a pilot testing was given. In both cases, the Monte Carlo simulation confirmed the results of previous analyses.ConclusionsThe implementation of this new tool presented for the large amount of innovations created in response to COVID-19 could be supportive for decision makers, especially in pandemic times when a rapid answer is necessary. Improvements in the subjective judgement process, by introducing an objective approach, is now ongoing as it could enhance the strength of the final decision.Key messages In a pandemic time as the current, HTA should be as rapid as possible without losing scientific robustness.The methodology described could be an answer in support to the decision-making process, allowing an adequate and quick priority setting.

Eddy Current Testing Basics and Innovation

Eddy current testing is considered a theoretically challenging technique. Out of all the different nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, the electromagnetic testing (ET) method (of which eddy current testing is a technique) is probably the most difficult for understanding theory. This is perhaps why the last Materials Evaluation Back to Basics paper on eddy current testing is from 2006, which is a long time ago given the amount of innovation in the technique that has taken place since then (Hansen and Peoples 2006). In this paper we will show what has changed due to recent innovations. We first will present the physics, and then explain how modern equipment assists the user in distinguishing between different physical phenomena. Although this paper is on conventional eddy current testing, we will also mention some other ET techniques along with their advantages and disadvantages.

How to Value Digital Health Interventions? A Systematic Literature Review.

In Europe, there were almost twice as many patents granted for medical technology (13,795) compared to pharmaceuticals (7441) in 2018. It is important to ask how to integrate such an amount of innovations into routine clinical practice and how to measure the value it brings to the healthcare system. Given the novelty of digital health interventions (DHI), one can even question whether the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) approach developed for pharmaceuticals can be used or whether we need to develop a new DHI’s value assessment framework. We conducted a systematic literature review of published DHIs’ assessment guidelines. Each publication was analyzed with a 12-items checklist based on a EUnetHTA core model enriched with additional criteria such as usability, interoperability, and data security. In total, 11 value assessment guidelines were identified. The review revealed that safety, clinical effectiveness, usability, economic aspects, and interoperability were most often discussed (seven out of 11). More than half of the guidelines addressed organizational impact, data security, choice of comparator, and technical considerations (six out of 11). The unmet medical needs (three out of 11), along with the ethical (two out of 11) and legal aspects (one out of 11), were given the least attention. No author provided an analytical framework for the calculation of clinical and economic outcomes. We elicited five recommendations for the choice of DHI’s value criteria and a methodological suggestion for the pricing and reimbursement framework. Our conclusions lead to the need for a new DHI’s value assessment framework instead of a QALY approach.

Modeling of the optimum level of financial provision of Ukrainian enterprises' innovative activities

The purpose of the article is the establishment of the tightness of the connection between the various sources of financing and the introduction of innovations at enterprises. In the process of research such scientific methods have been used: modeling – to determine the influence of the source of funding for innovation activities, on the number of new technological processes introduced and the introduction of new types of products; economic-statistical – to evaluate the dynamics of the amount of realized innovative products and the index of the efficiency of innovation costs; correlation-regression analysis – to determine the relationship density and the relationship between factors of influence and performance indicators; abstract-logical – for the implementation of theoretical and methodological generalizations. The results of the research – analyzed the connection of the indexes of dynamics of sources of financing of innovation activity and the amount of implemented new technological processes and development of new types of products for 2011-2017. The influence of the most significant sources of financing on the amount of innovations is described. Further development of methodological and practical aspects of the dependence of the amount of implemented innovative products and the index of the efficiency of innovation costs, using multiple regression models, has been found for the establishment of the influence of system-based economic indexes. The practical significance of the obtained results is to determine the optimal level of financial support for innovation activity of enterprises, which will allow predicting the growth of innovative processes in the country in the short and medium term.

Logging Contractors’ Growth in the Southern Cone: An Analysis of Contractor Business Strategies, Innovation, and Mechanization

Forest plantations have increased in South America for several decades. Harvesting is performed mainly through contractor companies. Our hypothesis is that logging contractors that innovate, grow more than others. We analyzed logging contractors through production and innovation, working in Argentina (22), Brazil (35) and Uruguay (10), through surveys between 2008 and 2012. Factors that affected firm growth were analyzed with linear mixed effect models. In all three countries there was a preponderance of logging contractors with cellulose companies. Our results show that logging firms that had mutualistic supply chain relations with the contracting organizations had better production indicators and lower cost per ton than other independent harvesting contractors. In the last 10 years, mechanization increased significantly, reducing the number of employees. Innovation was the most significant variable in enhanced logging production. For the period from 10 to 5 years before the survey period, the number of employees and type of contracting company were most significant on loggers’ growth. During the last 5-year period before the survey period, the number of employees and innovation were significant. Thus, during the last 10 years, logging companies shifted from growth based on type of the firm to the amount of innovation by firms, and contracting companies.

Technological Un/employment

The conventional wisdom is that intellectual property (IP) is good for jobs. Indeed, according to legislators and the U.S. patent office, IP “creates jobs.” But this is not quite right. The purpose of IP is to increase the amount of innovation in the economy. Yet a significant subset of the innovations protected by IP, from self-service kiosks to self-driving cars, are in fact labor-saving. They reduce the amount of human labor required to complete a task. Therefore, to the extent IP is successful at incentivizing innovation, IP actually contributes to job loss. More precisely, IP contributes to what this article terms technological un/employment: job loss, and job creation, resulting from technological change. Commentators concerned about the “end of work” have suggested using taxation to slow down the pace of automation and provide aid to displaced workers. But this article yields another surprising insight: IP law itself could be designed to effectuate similar goals, either alone or in coordination with the tax system. For example, rather than taxing businesses that employ robots, legislators could deny patents on robots, or tax IP owners and use the proceeds to fund social programs like a universal basic income. IP’s relationship to technological un/employment, and the implications for public policy, seem obvious in hindsight. Yet the connection has been overlooked. Lawyers and academics who study IP must pay more attention.

BARRIERS TO NEW TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Despite the common belief, there is a considerable amount of innovation that occurs in the construction industry. However, the construction industry has been relatively slow to embrace the full potential of many new technologies. Evidence suggests that there is a lag in the uptake and effective implementation of several new technologies such as mechanical rebar splicing system. The objective of this study is to identify the impediments or barriers to the implementation of innovative technologies such as mechanical rebar splicing systems in the construction industry. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to identify and classify the barriers to new technologies dissemination. The findings of this literature review are validated using interviews with the construction industry experts. This study contributes to the state of knowledge by identifying and classifying the barriers that generally hinder the dissemination of new technologies in the construction industry. The practitioners can utilize the findings of this study to design appropriate strategies to overcome the barriers for implementation of new construction technologies. As part of this study, the extent to which the identified barriers have hindered the adoption of rebar splices, a technology that has not been adapted to its full potential. A questionnaire was designed, which was categorized the identified barrier in five major categories of cost, society and regulation, knowledge, marketing, and technical matters. The findings of the survey it was concluded that the lack of knowledge has the highest level of impact.

Generic Heurorithm of Innovation Management from Generating Ideas to Commercialization

Introduction In today's economy the competitiveness level of the country is mainly determined by the efficiency of the national innovation system--the amount of innovation and volume of competitive high-tech products produced. In recent decades, Russia is working on the creation of such system, forming various kinds of support for innovation, intensively developing infrastructure--technology parks, innovation and technology centers, innovative-industrial complexes and clusters, centers of technology transfer and commercialization, coaching centers, business incubators, and even science cities. However, efforts to create a national innovation system yet have a little impact on the growth of the quantity and quality of innovations. In the world rankings of competitiveness Russia does not rise above 50s positions. One of the reasons for this situation lies in the fact that many innovators practically don't have the effective tools (methods, techniques and means) for knowledge management of the creative process at all stages of innovative activity--from generating competitive ideas to their commercialization. 1. Disadvantages of the traditional approach to innovation support The dominating approach to the construction of national innovation system focuses on the process of commercialization of scientific and technical activities results, i.e. bringing innovations to the market. It is assumed that the very innovations (concept technical solutions of varying degrees of maturity) either already exist, or successfully created within processes, the support of which is not a priority of the innovation system. As a result, the most important inalienable stages of the innovation cycle, providing the formation of innovation (the definition and specification of technically implementable needs, formulation of the problem of creating a novelty, consistent solution of this problem by the methods of scientific and technical creativity), are on the periphery of the innovation management [1-3]. The support of these stages by the current innovation infrastructure is minimal and is reduced only to formal issues (for example, planning and accounting of jobs by means of the project management technology). All intentional problems of conceptual design are solved without the use of system-wide resources of scientific and methodological support, provided by the innovation infrastructure. Several researchers justify this distribution of priorities between the areas of responsibility of the innovation system by the creative nature of designing a novelties, complicating their formalization. Also, there is a point of view that the problem of creating novelties is not actual (there is a sea of ideas), and the effectiveness of the innovation process is determined by the marketing of the results of scientific and technical activities and the search for sources of funding for their commercialization. In our opinion these arguments cannot be accepted, because it is not about formalizing the process of scientific and technical creativity and knowledge of the subject areas in which it is under way, but about ensuring their advanced scientific, methodical and information support. Research of engineering creativity process, cognitive technologies and heuristic methods of conceptual design indicate the existence of objective laws and regularities of the technology and engineering development, and invariant to the domain methods of the directed search and synthesis of new technical solutions [4-6]. Ideally, every specialist involved in the innovation process should possess the appropriate methodology and have access to the cross-industry facilities of heuristics that support it [7]. Creating such environment for innovation is the task of the national innovation infrastructure, which should include scientific, methodical and information support means, covering all stages of the innovation cycle, including creative ones. …

Tech Mirages, the Worship of Innovation, the Open Office and Creative Destruction: The End of Value

Claims that an open office plan is the most efficient and can promote the greatest amount of innovation and creativity over all other designs of workspaces have become common place. An examination of the basis of this claim finds little objective or empirical evidence to support it. Most innovations and inventions over the past 2000 years have been reported by single individuals working alone. The modern laboratory is often seen as the evolution of the medieval artist/alchemist’s workshop as is the modern factory. The link here is spurious as the modernity of the workplace replaces the innovator’s presence with the supervisor or overseer. It is the new Panopticon.

Análisis Comparativo de Ajuste en Entrenamiento de Redes Neuronales artificiales a partir de las Librerías Open NN y ALGLIB

<p>En las últimas décadas son muchos los avances que han tenido lugar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones y alcances de las redes neuronales artificiales, y de igual modo el desarrollo tecnológico en el área de la computación. Este tipo de avances han incidido directamente en el número de publicaciones de aplicaciones, en diversas áreas del conocimiento, basadas en este método de inteligencia artificial.</p><p>Ahora bien, hasta el presente sigue siendo tema de discusión la idoneidad y aplicabilidad de herramientas de software libre para facilitar la implementación y la calidad de resultados. En este contexto, este trabajo representa un análisis comparativo de aplicaciones usando las librerías ALGLIB y Open NN (Open Source Neural Networks C++ Library), orientadas al entrenamiento y reproducción de redes neuronales artificiales. De igual modo, se establece una evaluación de los resultados obtenidos a partir de los niveles de correlación entre la salida de valores para redes entrenadas y un conjunto de datos de entrenamiento simulados.</p>

Firm value, spatial knowledge flow, and innovation: evidence from patent citations

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of geographic location of research-intensive firms in the ability to generate new research and products, which consequently affects firm value.Design/methodology/approach– The authors conduct the empirical study following a three-step process. First, if pharmaceutical firms are more likely to cite the patents of other firms and other innovators that are nearby, as opposed to firms and other innovators that are far away, then location (i.e. close proximity) is likely important when it comes to the ability to learn and to use the knowledge being generated by other innovators. The authors employ a “geographic information systems” (GIS) and geo-code each pair of citing and cited patents. In addition, the authors utilize spatial statistics such as Moran’sIto analyze the spatial clustering pattern of patent citations and knowledge flows. Next, the authors measure the pharmaceutical companies’ ability to generate useful patents as a function of the amount of innovation and industrial activity that is occurring close to them. Finally, the authors test whether a firm’s location relates to its firm value. Specifically, the authors model firm value as a function of its patents quality, but the authors also allow the firm’s patents quality to be a function of its location and locational attributes. In this way, the authors establish a link between location and firm value. Using a simultaneous system of equations, the authors find that location explains patent quality, which, in turn, explains firm value. In other words, there is a positive relationship between firm value, innovation and location.Findings– In empirical tests using pharmaceutical firms and their patents, the authors first find that firms more often cite patents of other firms that are geographically closer to them than those firms that are farther away. The authors then find that a patent’s quality is a function of the firm’s near proximity to other knowledge-intensive institutions and activities. Finally, the authors find that because patent quality is a function of a firm’s geographic location, location consequently affects firm value.Research limitations/implications– For knowledge-intensive firms, geographic location matters. More specifically, the authors contend that research-intensive firms are better able to use and to expand on existing knowledge when they are closer to other research-intensive enterprises. The implication is that firm value maximization involves a location factor.Practical implications– The practical implication for investors is that investors should invest in those firms that are situated in a location that is rich in geographic innovation resources because those firms are more likely to generate more and higher quality patents or innovations.Originality/value– The study is the first to establish the linkage among spatial knowledge diffusion, geographic drivers of innovation, and market valuation of the firm. The study is unique in that the authors not only present evidence on spatial knowledge flows by geo-coding the exact longitude and latitude location coordinates of citing and cited patens, but more importantly, the authors also identify geographic drivers of innovation, and examine their impacts on citation-weighted patent counts and knowledge stock. Finally, using a series of simultaneous equations, the authors show how geographic innovation resources positively affect citation-weighted patent stock and knowledge stock and consequently affect market value of the firm. Thus, the novel approach contributes not only to the literature that measures geographic localization of knowledge flow using patent citations, but also to the literature that examines the impact of geographic sources of innovations on patent outputs and patent quality and, thus on firm value for research-intensive firms.

Construction Innovation: Fifth Generation Perspective

AbstractDespite what many researchers, governments, and commentators say, there is a considerable amount of innovation that occurs in the construction industry. Negative opinions of construction innovation are often misinformed by data and methodologies designed to measure innovation in other sectors and by a misunderstanding of the realities of innovation in the construction industry. A theoretical model of innovation in construction is developed on the basis of fifth-generation innovation research. Through interviews with 58 thought leaders from across the Australian and United Kingdom construction industries, this model is contrasted with what happens in practice to refine a model of innovation that can form the conceptual basis for future research. The findings support but also contrast many aspects of the mainstream innovation literature around fifth-generation innovation. In particular, ideas around systemizing innovation do not sit comfortably with the way that innovation happens in practice in the...

Introduction of Innovations During the 2007-8 Financial Crisis: The Role of Innovator Type

In this paper, we examine the changes in innovation by US companies, non-US companies, and US universities during the 2007-8 financial crisis. Our theoretical framework describes their different solutions to the informational and control problems associated with innovation funding, and how a financial crisis affects their ability to attract funding. We hypothesise that the change in the amount of innovation undertaken during the crisis will be negatively influenced by external funding requirements and innovation uncertainty for companies, but positively influenced by them for universities. Our examination of patenting in the US finds agreement with our theoretical predictions. We also find that for US companies the effect of external funding requirements becomes positive as time since the crisis increases. Counterfactuals investigate the effect of US companies retaining their innovation portfolios but responding to the crisis the same way as non-US companies or US universities, and vice versa. US company responses are associated with larger reductions in patenting.

Protection of Multimedia in Cyberspace

Intellectual property right (IPR) is the type of private right which is formed to protect the intellectual work or property of the right owner. The legal meaning of the intellectual is basically the thing which comes from the intellectual effort i.e. which should be the innovative outcome of the mind or from the creation of the mind. To protect this type of the intellectual outcome from the threats likes copying or misusing the intellectual work of the other. Intellectual property are the property in which there is the minimum modicum or minimum amount of innovation is include, which clearly indicates the intellectual work as compare to the other work which may have some similarity. Intellectual property right is the economic right in which the economic right of the right owner of the particular intellectual work is protected.

Entrepreneurial effort and economic growth

Entrepreneurs allocate resources among different activities that generates a profit; in particular, in this paper entrepreneurs consider at each instant of time both innovation and rent-seeking as alternative sources of profit. The consequences in terms of economic growth are obviously quite different: the higher the amount of innovations in the economy the higher the rate of economic growth and vice versa. What are the determinants of these different entrepreneurial behavior? Is there anything in the nature of entrepreneurs that essentially distinguishes between innovators and rent seekers? A main claim of this paper is that differences among entrepreneurs are not essential but of degree: all of them are in fact profit-seekers and the only difference is to be found in their attitude towards innovation as a source of profit. In this sense entrepreneurial effort is defined and modelled for each entrepreneur according to its propensity to innovate and the corresponding Entrepreneurial Problem (EP) is posed and solved both analytically and via simulation in terms of profit maximization. The individual decisions measured in units of innovation are then aggregated to calculate the innovation quantity for a given population based on the distribution of heterogeneous entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurship rate and the implications for economic growth are also modelled. Consequently, policy makers should focus on reducing the entry barriers and the costs of production in order to stimulate the entrepreneurial activity and maximize the innovation quantity.