Amount Of Inflow Research Articles

Understanding the hydrological performance of green and grey roofs during winter in cold climate regions

Green and grey roofs have emerged as promising and sustainable measures for effectively managing stormwater in urban catchments. However, there is a gap in the literature in understanding and modelling the hydrological performance of these roofs during winter and snow-covered periods in cold climate regions. The present study attempted to address this gap by validating the use of a snow module in simulating the dynamics of snow accumulation and melting of green and grey roofs. Then, the validated model was used to identify and separate the different events that occur in winter (melt only, rainfall only, rain-on-snow) to assess the hydrological performance of six different configurations of green and grey roofs in Trondheim, Norway. The snow module accurately simulated snow accumulation and melting of green and grey roofs. The results showed that rain-on-snow events in winter have longer duration compared to other events including rainfall events in summer. Consequently, rain-on-snow events yield a higher amount of inflow to the roofs compared to rainfall events in summer, despite summer events having higher intensities. The retention and detention performances of green and grey roofs were found to be lowest for rain-on-snow events compared to other types of events, but still yielding significantly lower peak runoffs when compared to standard black roofs. The decrease in retention and detention performances in winter were attributed to the long duration of events, accumulation effect of snow, freezing of roof surface layers, and reduction of evapotranspiration. The study highlights the importance of considering winter conditions in the design of green and grey roofs in cold climates to enhance stormwater management.

Decomposition and Holt-Winters Enhanced by the Whale Optimization Algorithm for Forecasting the Amount of Water Inflow into the Large Dam Reservoirs in Southern Thailand

This study introduces hybrid forecasting models integrating the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) with Holt-Winters (HW) and decomposition methods, applied in both additive and multiplicative models, for time series forecasting. Focusing on monthly water inflow into four dam reservoirs in Southern Thailand, the study compares these hybrid models against classical statistical models, Grid Search for Holt-Winters (Grid-HW) and Classical Decomposition (Classic-D). The analysis comprises two phases: the training dataset phase and the testing dataset phase. In the training phase, WOA demonstrates superior parameter optimization, enhancing both HW and decomposition methods, resulting in lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values compared to classical models. In the testing phase, performance metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), MAE, and Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (sMAPE) are employed. The findings reveal that the Whale Optimization Algorithm with Holt-Winters (WOA-HW) and Decomposition (WOA-D) models surpass classical approaches in long-term forecasting accuracy for three dam reservoirs. Over 24 data points, the WOA with Multiplicative Holt-Winters (WOA-HWx) is optimal for Pran Buri dam, the WOA with Additive Decomposition (WOA-D+) for Bang Lang dam, and the WOA with Multiplicative Decomposition (WOA-Dx) for Kaeng Krachan dam. The Box-Jenkins approach, further refined through a Box-Cox transformation employing a natural logarithm, emerged as the superior forecasting model for Rajjaprabha dam. This model satisfied all critical statistical criteria, including normality of residuals (Anderson-Darling: 0.359, p-value: 0.433), homoscedasticity (Levene's test: 1.24, p-value: 0.274), independence (Ljung-Box test: 14.10, p-value: 0.169), and zero mean (t-test: -0.39, p-value: 0.702), establishing its robustness and reliability for forecast analysis.

Responses of streamflow to forest expansion in a typical subhumid watershed under future climate conditions

Water availability in the subhumid region is highly vulnerable to frequent droughts. Water scarcity in this region has become a limiting factor for ecosystem health, human livelihood, and regional economic development. A notable pattern of land cover change in the subhumid region of the United States is the increasing forest area due to afforestation/reforestation and woody plant encroachment (WPE). Given the distinct hydrological processes and runoff generation between forests and grasslands, it is important to evaluate the impacts of forest expansion on water resources, especially under future climate conditions. In this study, we focused on a typical subhumid watershed in the United States – the Little River Watershed (LRW). Utilizing SWAT + simulations, we projected streamflow dynamics at the end of the 21st century in two climate scenarios (RCP45 and RCP85) and eleven forest expansion scenarios. In comparison to the period of 2000–2019, future climate change during 2080–2099 will increase streamflow in the Little River by 5.1% in the RCP45 but reduce streamflow significantly by 30.1% in the RCP85. Additionally, our simulations revealed a linear decline in streamflow with increasing forest coverage. If all grasslands in LRW were converted into forests, it would lead to an additional 41% reduction in streamflow. Of significant concern is Lake Thunderbird, the primary reservoir supplying drinking water to the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Our simulation showed that if all grasslands were replaced by forests, Lake Thunderbird during 2080–2099 would experience an average of 8.6 years in the RCP45 and 9.4 years in the RCP85 with water inflow amount lower than that during the extreme drought event in 2011/2012. These findings hold crucial implications for the formulation of policies related to afforestation/reforestation and WPE management in subhumid regions, which is essential to ensuring the sustainability of water resources.

Prediction of water inflow and analysis of surrounding rock stability in unfavorable geological mountain tunnel

During the construction of a mountain tunnel, water inflow and rock instability are common occurrences due to unfavorable geological conditions, posing serious threats to construction safety. This study focuses on a proposed mountain tunnel and employs multiple formulas to predict potential water inflow during excavation. Based on the amount of water inflow and deformation of surrounding rocks, comprehensive determinations are made for the thickness of grouting rings and permeability coefficients. The results demonstrate that: 1) Different formulas yield slightly varied outcomes but overall trends remain consistent; considering various calculations, the normal water inflow for this tunnel is approximately 115.5908×103 m3/d with a maximum at 210.9100×103 m3/d 2) Increasing grouting ring thickness or decreasing permeability coefficient can effectively reduce water inflow, but the reduction range is gradually narrowed. 3) Pre-grouting curtains have an evident effect in enhancing stability; however, their effectiveness decreases with increased thickness. 4) Taking into account both safety and economic factors, it is recommended that the grouting ring thickness be set at 8 m with a permeability coefficient equaling one 100th that of surrounding rocks for this tunnel project.

Risk prediction of water inrush in karst tunnels and analysis of surrounding rock stability

Karst tunnel construction has always been an important and difficult point in tunnel engineering. Based on the Yilai Expressway Wantan Tunnel Project, this paper analyzes the water-bearing lithofacies of the surrounding rock of the Wantan Tunnel and the karst hydrogeological conditions of the tunnel site area, and predicts the risk of tunnel water inrush disaster. Through monitoring and measurement, the existing construction technology was analyzed and the following conclusions were drawn: The surrounding rock of the Wantan Tunnel is a typical carbonate phase stratum, with a large amount of water inflow during the rainy season. There are local caves and karst pipes, and the comprehensive water inrush assessment level is III (medium risk); According to the monitoring, the displacement and deformation of each monitoring section in the tunnel changes normally, and the cumulative deformation value is less than 1/3 of the limit value. The stability of the surrounding rock is good, and the construction safety is high.

Comprehensive evaluation of soil characteristics and carbon stocks variability in different urban land use types

The terrestrial environment generally serves as an important carbon pool. This study mainly assessed the properties and carbon storage capabilities of soils from different urban land uses. Soil samples from roads/highways, parks, institutional areas, and constructed wetlands were collected to assess the effects of soil sealing on the characteristics and carbon content of urban soils. Soil sealing and compaction greatly influenced urban soil properties by altering the mass-balance, thereby resulting in a disproportionate amount of inflow and outflow of compounds in the soil strata. Using the Walkley-Black and loss-on-ignition (LOI) methods of soil organic carbon (SOC) analysis demonstrated that LOI-based analysis yielded up to 26 times higher SOC values than the wet-oxidation method due to the high weight losses prompted by the volatilization of hygroscopic and structural water and thermal decomposition of carbonate-containing minerals. Further analyses indicated that open soils contain 5% to 78% higher percentage of organic carbon as compared with their sealed counterparts and top soil layers tend to have higher amounts of SOC due to the continuous deposition of carbon-containing compounds from external sources. Generally, the results of this inquiry can serve as a baseline for formulating strategies to augment pedologic carbon stocks in urban environments.

Impact of new, navigable canal through the Vistula spit on the hydrologic balance of the Vistula lagoon (Baltic Sea)

The object of research - the Vistula Lagoon is one of the two lagoons on the Polish coast, which is of great importance not only from an economic point of view, but also an environmental one. The purpose of the paper is to provide calculations on the current water balance for the Vistula Lagoon, before and after construction of a canal through the Vistula Spit. This is important because the construction of a new connection between the Vistula Lagoon and the Baltic Sea can result in changes in the lagoon's water balance, which in turn cause changes in the Vistula Lagoon biotic and abiotic environment. In addition, we wish to update the estimate of the water exchange between the Vistula Lagoon and the Baltic Sea through the Strait of Baltiysk and to estimate the exchange through the Vistula Spit canal after it is fully open. The main works consisted of researching source materials from various state institutions, which allowed to calculate the water balance of the Vistula Lagoon and perform mathematical modeling. These data include the amount of precipitation and evaporation, the amount of inflow from the catchment, the amount of inflow from polders, underground supply, the amount of inflow and outflow through the Strait of Baltiysk. The largest portion of the water received by a coastal lagoon comes from the adjacent ocean. In this case, it is about 75%. In addition, an array of catchment sources yields 20% of the studied lagoon's water. The Strait of Baltiysk constitutes the main outflow pathway for water exiting the Vistula Lagoon – close to 98% of outflow. Simulations have shown that the construction of the Nowy Swiat ship canal will not alter the water balance in the Vistula Lagoon to a meaningful extent. The problems that may emerge include those related to changes in the local biotic and abiotic environment due at the construction stage or in the period that follows resulting from the disturbance of highly polluted lagoon floor deposits. Thus it may be argued that the new canal is desirable from an economic or flood control point of view, but not from an environmental point of view.

Water Inflow Amount Prediction for Karst Tunnel with Steady Seepage Conditions

Tunnel engineering is an important aspect of developing and utilizing underground spaces. Tunnel water inrush became a common problem that restricts the safe and efficient construction of tunnels. This paper focuses on a karst water-rich tunnel in Chongqing and establishes a seepage field distribution model around the tunnel, analyzing the evolution law of the seepage field. The water balance method and underground runoff modulus method are used to predict tunnel water inflow. The prediction method for tunnel water inflow in water-rich karst areas is combined with long-term on-site tunnel hydrology observations. The distribution of groundwater in front of the tunnel face is drawn using the software, successfully predicting the larger karst area in front of the face. The prediction of water inrush risk level for karst tunnels is carried out using the SVR model. An expression formula for the water head around the tunnel is established by using the conformal mapping relationship, and the distribution status of the seepage field around the tunnel is ultimately determined. The overall prediction accuracy of the underground runoff modulus method is better than that of the water balance method in predicting the water inrush volume of the tunnel. The prediction of the large karst area ahead of the heading is successfully achieved by using the SVR model. This prediction method can provide reference and guidance for the construction of other karst-rich water tunnels in the region.

Stability of mass oscillations in hydropower plants with brook intakes

The need for more energy storage in the transition to a renewable energy system leads to increasing interest in upgrading existing hydropower plants to pumped storage plants. Such upgrades result in stronger hydraulic transients in the tunnel system, including increased mass oscillation amplitudes. In this study, a generalized tunnel system with multiple brook intakes/surge tanks is analysed to assess the influence of the brook intakes on the mass oscillation stability. The variables that are assessed are the number of brook intakes, cross section area, the amount of inflow, and throttling of the brook intakes/surge tanks. The study is carried out using frequency-response analysis, where the excitation is the oscillation of the guide vane position, and the response is the product of the measured head and discharge (equivalent to the hydraulic power). The results show that brook intakes are generally beneficial for the stability of the mass oscillations. Existing hydropower plants with brook intakes may have sufficient stability margins to allow upgrade and reconstruction without the need for upgrading of the surge tank with regard to mass oscillation stability.

Case Study and Risk Assessment of Water Inrush Disaster in Qingdao Metro Line 4

Water inrush is one of the most frequent and catastrophic hazards in tunnel engineering, and poses serious threats to the safety of engineering and personnel. This paper presents a case study of a water inrush and ground collapse in the Qingdao Metro Line 4, which caused a cave-in with the diameter and depth of about 30 m and 6 m, respectively. Based on the field data and numerical modelling, the causes of the disaster were analyzed. A numerical model was used to analyze the changes of surface settlement, vault settlement and water pressure during the tunnel excavation. The results of the study indicate that the cause of this disaster was the failure of the tunnel vault surrounding rock caused by the weakening of the tunnel surrounding rock and water pressure, which in turn triggered the water inrush in the tunnel and caused a large volume of surface collapse. As the tunnel was excavated from the slightly weathered area to the strongly weathered area, the vault settlement increased, and the influence zone expanded towards the surface due to the continuous decrease in the strength of the surrounding rock. In particular, a negative pore water pressure zone was formed in a certain area around the tunnel during the water inrush. The negative pressure zone caused the surrounding groundwater to converge here, leading to an increase in the amount of water inflow, which also increased the scope and scale of the impact of this disaster. A risk assessment method for water inrush in tunnels is proposed. According to the geological and engineering characteristics of Qingdao area, the evaluation index system of tunnel water inrush risk was established. An RBF neural network was improved by gray correlation analysis and a PAM clustering algorithm to establish the tunnel water inrush risk assessment model. Comparing the evaluation data with the actual data, the prediction data of a traditional RBF neural network and a BP neural network, the accuracy and reliability of the model were verified. This study has value in reducing the occurrence of water inrush in a composite formation tunnel.

The D-A-R approach: a method for determining ecological flow based on the component structure of ecological protection objects and dynamic hierarchical adjustment to the annual flow process

Abstract Although regional and seasonal water scarcity occurs frequently in China, and the contradiction among domestic, production and ecological water is prominent in some watersheds, the Chinese government still attaches great importance to the determination and implementation of ecological flow of rivers or lakes. Practitioners have been seeking methods to determine the ecological flow of rivers or lakes and how to ensure its implementation. Taking the Dingnan River watershed as a case, drawing on the experience of ‘Hedging rule’, the ‘Determination-Assessment-Reduction’ for the ecological flow nexus approach (the D-A-R approach) is introduced, which includes the determination of the annual ecological flow process through the river section, the assessment of water scarcity degree of the watershed and various water reduction strategies, respectively, and respond to the three scenarios of ‘general type, saving type and constrained type’ during the gap period. The results show that it is possible to use the D-A-R approach to proactively and dynamically adjust the ecological flow according to the probability estimate of that amount of water inflow per month, which the adjusted ecological flow threshold can better adapt to water scarcity at different levels and alleviate the contradiction among domestic, production and ecological water in the watershed during the dry period.

Machine Learning and Regularization Technique to Determine Foreign Direct Investment in Hungarian Counties

Abstract Recent studies show regional factors play an important role to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and, the performance of these factors varies within the country. Therefore, it is important to develop a measurement system to analyse the insight of these FDI factors. In this study, we used the regularization method with machine learning to get insight into the FDI determinants at the regional level. We used 18-years post-socialist period data at the county level from Hungary and applied a machine learning algorithm on different methods of regressions such as a linear, ridge, lasso, and elastic net. We analyse the relation of two dependent variables, the total amount of FDI inflow in a county and disparity of FDI inflow in companies within the county, and used urbanization, GDP per capita, labour productivity, market share of the companies, agglomeration of industries, and growth rate of the companies as predictors. Our results show that the elastic net is the best method to determine the predictive performance of FDI at the regional level.

How should river embankments be spatially developed, from the upstream section or the downstream section?

AbstractUsing an economic model of how river embankments affect local residents, we explore the efficiency of embankment construction from two viewpoints: (1) which section of a river should be constructed first, the upstream or downstream section, and (2) how tall the embankments should be constructed depending on the section. For this purpose, we first develop a model to determine efficient construction of embankments using a hydraulic model. Then, we perform numerical simulations, which are calibrated with recorded ground data for the Kitakami and Abukuma Rivers. The results reveal that the construction from the upstream section can be efficient if the upstream section has a much larger population than the downstream section. We show that constructing higher embankments in the upstream section generates negative externalities in the downstream section because it increases the possibility of flooding in the downstream section. In addition, when the amount of inflow from tributaries into the downstream section is sufficiently large compared to that into the upstream section, embankments with efficient heights bring about Pareto improvements, giving benefit to residents in the downstream section as well as the upstream section. Moreover, we show that the efficient embankment heights depend on which section the construction starts from.

Critical Role of Groundwater Inflow in Sustaining Lake Water Balance on the Western Tibetan Plateau

AbstractIt is difficult to quantify the amount of groundwater inflow on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), yet it can be critically important for sustaining lake water balance. Here we show that most endorheic lakes on the western TP exhibited considerable water level increase during the ice‐covered period, which contrasts with lakes in other regions of the TP. An analysis of lake water balance attributes this water surplus to significant groundwater inflow, which is estimated to be about 59%–66% of total inflow into lakes. The groundwater inflow occurred after the 2000s, which is consistent with the rapid lake expansion and significant increase in precipitation. We suggest that the groundwater inflow is mainly related to large‐scale active faults in the limestone bedrock and sufficient meltwater from high elevations. Our results imply that groundwater may be deeply involved in the water cycle and modify the seasonal and inter‐annual lake variations on the western TP.

Closed-form solution for determination of pore pressure field around horizontal wellbore

Wellbores are usually located in saturated geological layers. The determination of pore water pressure field around the wellbore is necessary during the design calculation and drilling stages. This paper presents analytical approach to determine the pore water pressure field around a horizontal wellbore at deep geological layer that exhibits heterogeneous, isotropic or transversely isotropic behavior. Thus, the wellbore is considered to be in an infinite medium. The pore water pressure at the well wall, equal to the drilling mud pressure, together with the pore water pressure at infinity is assumed to be constant. The closed-form solutions are based on the theory of fluid transport in porous medium and the conformal mapping technique of the complex variable method. The closed-form solutions are established with the condition of transient fluid flow for the case of isotropic medium and with the condition of steady state fluid flow for the case of transversely isotropic medium. The accuracy of the closed-form solutions is validated by numerical solutions based on the finite element method. The obtained solutions can be used as tools to determine quickly and accurately the pore pressure field around the horizontal wellbore, which serves to evaluate the stability of the well wall in preliminary design of the wellbore, as well as the amount of water inflow into it. Furthermore, the closed-form solutions are also considered as reference solutions to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of numerical models.

Numerical Investigation on Comparison of Electromagnetic Forming and Drawing for Electromagnetic Forming Characterization

Due to environmental regulations, vehicle weight reduction technology has recently emerged as a key factor influencing market competitiveness in the automobile industry. Although the demand for aluminum alloy for vehicle weight reduction is increasing, its application in the automobile industry is limited due to its low formability. Electromagnetic forming (EMF) technology has been proposed as a method to improve the low formability of aluminum alloys. EMF is a technology of forming a metal workpiece at high speed without physical contact by applying a strong electromagnetic field to the workpiece to be formed. In this study, we performed an analytical study on the characteristics of electromagnetic forming. Finite element analysis was performed with the same model as in the general drawing process, and the results of the forming process, formability, and finite element analysis were compared. Through the results of finite element analysis, it was confirmed that the EMF process showed significant deformation at the die shoulder and center. Furthermore, EMF has an advantage in formability due to having a smaller amount of sheet inflow than the drawing process; however, its forming accuracy is low.

Comparison of the Amount of Used and the Ease of Oral Care between Liquid and Gel-Type Oral Moisturizers Used with an Oral Care Simulators.

Oral care involving the removal of dry sputum is effective for older patients who require nursing care or hospitalization. However, safe and efficient oral care methods for such patients remain unclear. We aimed to simulate the oral cavity of older adults with dry mouth and elucidate the differences between two moisturization agents, water and gel-like oral moisturizer, and investigate the effect of occupation and experience on the amount of use and the ease of oral care. Using an oral care simulator (MANABOT®, Nissin Dental Products Inc., Kyoto, Japan), 42 students and 48 dental professionals (13 dentists and 35 dental hygienists) performed oral care using moisturization agents to facilitate dry sputum removal. The time required for oral care, amount of water or gel used, amount of pharyngeal inflow, and ease of oral care when using water or gel were compared. The simulations revealed that the amount of use and pharyngeal inflow for gel (2.9 ± 1.6 and 0.3 ± 0.3, respectively) were significantly lower than those for water (6.8 ± 4.1 and 1.2 ± 1.5, respectively) in all participants. Using a gel-like moisturizer might reduce the aspiration risk in older patients requiring nursing care or hospitalization, regardless of occupation and experience.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Foreign Remittance Beneficiaries in Bangladesh

The global economy has halted due to the coronavirus pandemic, leaving thousands of migrant Bangladeshi workers jobless and creating pressure on foreign exchange reserves. Remittance is multiple sources to influence the national economy. Additionally, remittances directly affect the lives of the migrants’ families as remittances increase consumption and help investment, education, health, and other productive activities. Remittances have impacted the social status of the families of migrants by improving the lifestyle, sending children to standard educational institutions and helping them to explore new income generating activities. The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign remittance beneficiaries’ buying behavior and living standard in Bangladesh. This study has been used quantitative research method mainly a survey technique. Questionnaire were designed by using Likert scale for collecting data from the respondents. Total 385 sample has taken and sample size were determined by using statistical method. Descriptive statistics, McNamara chi-square test, Economic situation index (ESI), Ordinary least square (OLS) regression was used as a data analysis tools. Conclusion was drawn based on the findings of the study. The study concludes that COVID-19 pandemic has a direct financial, social, and psychological impact on remittance beneficiaries. The result also shows that the amount of remittance inflow was severely reduced during this period of time. As a result, householder’s expenditure is badly affected. Key words : COVID-19, Foreign remittance, Households, Living standard DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-14-09 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

경남혁신도시의 유동인구 통행패턴 및 자족성 분석

Starting in September 2007, 10 Innovation Cities were created across the country. Although there are positive evaluations of them in terms of enhancing balanced national development and vitality of the local cities, there are also criticisms on living or business environment. It is necessary to monitor the phenomena occurring in the Innovation City and find the customized revitalization strategies. This study analyzed the floating population and self-sufficiency of Gyeongnam Innovation City. The floating population between surrounding regions and Innovation City was analyzed by dividing it into the whole country, Gyeongnam, and Jinju. As a result, there was a large amount of inflow from the Seoul metropolitan area and the large cities in the Dongnam area. In Gyeongnam, the outflow was higher than the inflow. In Jinju, to which Gyeongnam Innovation City belongs, accounted for more than 80% of inflow and outflow. The amount of inflow and outflow in Jinju was large in Eup, Myeon, and Dong adjacent to Gyeongnam Innovation City. In addition, it was found that there were more inflows and outflows in the afternoon than in the morning and on weekend than on weekdays. The job-housing ratio was 0.789, the internal employment ratio was 0.836, and the self-sufficiency index was 2.245, indicating high self-sufficiency. As the number of jobs increased due to the creation of the innovation city, the number of economically active population and the number of jobs were balanced. However, in order to further increase the rate of relocation with families, it is necessary to reinforce support measures such as the creation of higher level of education and better living environment, and economic support.

Evaluation of Hydropower Generation and Reservoir Operation under Climate Change from Kesem Reservoir, Ethiopia

Climate changes significantly cause the precipitation deficiency and in turn reduce the inflow amount in reservoir affecting hydroelectric power generation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate hydropower generation and reservoir operation under climate change from Kesem reservoir. Recent Representative Pathway (RCP) scenarios were used to evaluate the impact of climate change on power generation. Power transformation equation and variance scaling approach were amalgamated to adjust the bias correction of precipitation and temperature, respectively. Bias, root mean square error, and coefficient of variation were used to check the accuracy of projected rainfall. The base and future precipitation, temperature, and evaporation trend was analysed using the Mann–Kendall test. The flow calibration and validation were carried out by the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS), and hydropower generation was evaluated with reservoir simulation model (MODSIM 8.1) under climate scenarios. The performance of the model was found good with Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.72 and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.73 for calibration and NSE of 0.74 and R2 of 0.75 for validation. Projected future climate scenarios predicted increasing and decreasing trend of temperature and precipitation, respectively. For RCP4.5 climate scenario, the average energy generation is likely to decrease by 0.64% and 0.82% in both short-term (2021–2050) and long-term (2051–2080), respectively. In case of RCP8.5 climate scenario, the average energy generation will be decreased by 1.06% and 1.35% for short-term and long-term, respectively. Remarkable reduction of energy generation was revealed in RCP8.5 with relation to RCP4.5 scenario. This indicates that there will be high energy fluctuation and decreasing trend in the future energy generation. The research finding is crucial for decision-makers, power authorities, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and watershed management agencies to take care for sustainability in the future hydropower generation in the Kesem reservoir.