Amount Of Human Labor Research Articles

An economic study of wheat crop production using improved wheat varieties and Laser Leveling Technology in Egypt

The main objective of the paper was to conduct an econometric analysis of the technologies used in wheat production, whether it was in individual form or in technological packages, with a statement and clarification of the effect of using the technology of modern varieties of seeds and the use of lasers on increasing wheat productivity. Descriptive and quantitative analysis was used, where production functions were estimated, which showed, that the most important factors affecting wheat production were the amount of municipal fertilizer, the number of seeds, the amount of human labor and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, as increasing the previous elements by one unit leads to an increase in wheat production by about 0.078, 0.014, 0.029, 0.075, ardeb respectively. There was an extravagance in the use of phosphate. This study suggests increasing interest to provide good extension service, providing agricultural requirements to associations in the appropriate time and place, providing agricultural associations with mechanical technology from modern agricultural machines, and working to increase supply prices to encourage producers to increase their wheat production.

An Econometric Study of Indicators of Productive Efficiency in the Various Types of Private Fish Hatcheries at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

The research was based on the descriptive and quantitative economic analysis of a stratified random sample of 80 hatcheries, representing about 10% of the total number of hatcheries in Kafr El-Sheikh governoratethe result found that the general average of investment value was 258 thousand pound, and the average number of mothers is about 4,926 mothers, for the number of production cycles amounted to about 9.6 cycles / year for an area estimated at about 3.9 feddans per hatchery during (2018-2019) production season. The most important factor affecting the production of fish fry is )number of mothers, the amount of human labour, the amount of brood stock, and finally the amount of fuel and oils) And The results indicated that the production takes place in the non-economic stage, which means that there is a good opportunity to increase the production of seed, by re-mixing the used production elements. The results confirmed the presence of an excess in the amount of brood stock in concrete ponds, and the mixed pattern, as well as the presence of excessive use of Human employment of these two patterns. While the cost functions indicated that the optimum volume of production was about 13.6, 11.6, 12.1 million seed units, while the bulk of the profits amounted to about 14.9, 13.1, 13.3 million seed units for concrete pond types, habat and mixed type, respectively. Reaching the optimum size of production.

الکفاءة الإنتاجیة والاقتصادیة للکتان بمحافظة الغربیة

The research problem addressed by this research is the decline in the area cultivated with flax in Egypt from about 24,146 thousand feddan in the average period (2000-2004) to about 8.905 thousand feddan in the average period (2013-2018), or about 63%, which resulted in the existence of A large gap, ranging between 50-60%, between the domestic production of flax oil and the domestic consumption of it is being filled by imports from abroad in hard currency, as well as the decline in Egyptian exports of flax fibers. The research aimed mainly at the economic analysis of the efficiency of the use of resources used in the production of flax in the study sample in Gharbia Governorate and to identify the most important production and marketing obstacles that the study sample farmers were exposed to in order to develop a perception of how to achieve the horizontal expansion of this crop. The results of the study indicate a decline in the cultivated area and the feddan productivity of flax straw and the feddan productivity of its seed during the period (2000 - 2018) by 6.1%, 1.2% and 1.2% for each, respectively. As revealed from the results of the study sample in Gharbia Governorate in 2018, the net yield per feddan of flax at the level of the study sample amounted to 5858.78 pounds, and in the first holding category reached about 4426.5 pounds, in the second category about 5689.76 pounds, and in the third holding category about 7460.09 pounds, which reflects the effect of holding capacity on Increase the net revenue per feddan, as it was found that the rate of return for costs in each of the holding categories was about 0.366, 0.469, and 0.620 each of them, respectively. The estimation of the flax production functions of the study sample in the first holding capacity showed that the most important factors affecting the feddan yield of flax are the amount of seeds, the amount of phosphate fertilizer, and the amount of human labor, where the productive elasticity of each of them reached about 0.673, 0.283, and 0.206, respectively, as it reached The total productive elasticity of that capacity is about 1,162, which indicates an increase in the return to capacity, meaning that production in that capacity is in the first stage of production, which is the non-economic stage, and it requires an increase in the size of the stages to reach the second economic stage. The effect on productivity per feddan is the amount of human labor, the amount of automatic work, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of seeds, where the productive elasticity of each of them was about 0.462, 0.313, 0.103, and 0.764 respectively, the total productive elasticity of the estimated function reached about 0.016, which indicates the increasing yield Capacity, which also indicates that the production process for that capacity has approached the second stage, which is the economic stage of production. As it appears from the production functions of the third holding capacity that the most influencing factors on the feddan productivity are the amount of seed, the amount of automated work, the amount of human labor and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, where the productive elasticity for each of them reached about 0.771, 0.263, 0.243, and 0.99, respectively, The total elasticity of the estimated function is about 0.891, which indicates diminishing returns to capacity in that holding capacity, indicating that production in that stage takes place in the second stage, which is the economic stage of production.

Learning Sequences of Approximations for Hierarchical Motion Planning

The process of designing hierarchical motion planners typically involves problem-specific intuition and implementations. This process is sub-optimal both in terms of solution space (amount of possibilities for search-space approximations, choice of planner parameters, etc) and amount of human labour. In this paper we show that the design of hierarchical motion planners does not have to be manual. We present a method for parameterizing and then optimizing sequences of problem approximations used in hierarchical motion planning. We define these as a specific kind of graph with intermediate state-spaces and solutions as nodes, and costs and planner parameters as edge properties. These properties become a continuous optimization variable that changes the sequence and parameters of sub-planners in the hierarchy. Using Pareto-front estimation, our method automatically discovers multiple designs of optimal computation-time/motion-cost trade-offs. We evaluate the method on a set of legged robot motion planning problems where hand-designed hierarchies are abundant. Our method discovers sequences of problem approximations which achieve similar—though slightly higher—performance than the best human-designed hierarchies. The performance gain significantly increases on new problems, yielding 12x faster computation times and 10% higher success rates.

Water quality parameters contributing to the invasion of water hyacinth (<em>Eichhornia crassipes</em>) in the Anawilundawa reservoir in Sri Lanka

Eichhornia crassipes has been found to invade the Anawilundawa reservoir located within Ramsar wetland in the northwestern region of Sri Lanka. Present study was carried out to determine the water quality parameters that could contribute to its invasion and identify an effective control measure. During the study period of March-November 2017, mean values for Secchi depth, water depth and nitrate content in areas where E. crassipes was present (7.9 cm, 12.4 cm and 475 µg L-1 respectively) were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) than in areas where it was absent (9.0 cm, 14.0 cm and 726 µg L-1 respectively). In areas where E. crassipes was present, low nitrate content may be due to its absorption and low Secchi depth may be due to trapping of detritus. Principal Component Analysis showed that during the monsoon period, high pH combined with low levels of conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids and total phosphorus contributed for its invasion. From March to July, coverage of E. crassipes gradually decreased and in August the reservoir was completely dry and E. crassipes was present only as sparsely distributed individual plants rooted to the exposed reservoir bed. In September, with incoming water of inter-monsoonal rains and surface runoff, these plants got uprooted and started floating and by October they were flowering. In June, E. crassipes was confined to an area of about 0.5 ha with a mean depth of 13.3 cm. During this month it can be easily removed manually with a little amount of human labour which can be obtained from the riparian community who use this reservoir for irrigation and domestic purposes. However, if it is to be removed, a suitable indigenous plant species that interact with aquatic avifauna has to be introduced to ensure the continuity of some environmental services provided by this reservoir.

MEASURING RETURNSS TO SCALE, DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY AND ESTIMATING WHEAT PRODUCTION FUNCTION IN DHI QAR PROVINCE

The aim of this research was to estimate the production function to measure returns to scale and distribution efficiency of resources used in the production of wheat. Cross sectional data used of a random sample of 130 farmers in Dhi Qar Province. The results of the quantitative analysis of estimating production function showed that the double logarithmic form was the best estimated model based on economic and statistical indicators. However, that form suffered from heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, so the robust regression technique was chosen. Value of returns to scale was 0.89 and this indicates decreasing returns to scale. This means that production function is in the second stage of the function. The results of the distributional efficiency study showed that the resources used in the production of the crop were not optimized as they amounted to 1.28 for the human labor resource and 20.6 for the capital. There was a shortage in the use of labor resource and capital for the optimal use that achieves economic efficiency and this caused low efficiency of crop production. Therefore, the research recommends the need to increase the amount of human labor in the wheat crop farms in Dhi Qar province, which would move the production function curve to a higher level in order to achieve the economic efficiency of the crop cultivation in the province on the one hand and return the farmers to production in the rational stage. Also, it is important to have the proper allocation of resources available by farmers, which has the effect of increasing the economic efficiency of those resources, which will in turn reflects on the efficiency of crop production.

AN ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTEGRATED CONTROL PROGRAM OF COTTON CROPS IN GHARBIA GOVERNORATE

The Agricultural production in Egypt is considered one of the most important productive sectors in national production, where most of its products of importance for food security in Egypt, the value of pesticides used in Egyptian agriculture is about 347.2, 287.2, 346.4 million pounds at a rate estimated at 35.4%, 29.3%, 35.3% for each of the pesticides and indigenous and grass on respectively of the total value of agricultural pesticides amounting to 980.8 million pounds in 201.6 The problem of the study focuses on the evaluation of economic and environmental impact on integrated pest management which afflict the cotton crops in Gharbia Governorate. The study aims to measure the economic and environmental impact of the use of integrated pest control of the production of cotton crops in Gharbia Governorate. The study showed that the most important factors affecting the production of the cotton crop in the first category, with the study sample in Gharbia governorate 2016 are: the amount of human labor, the quantity of seeds, the value of biological resistance the total productive elasticity amounted to about 0.867 that means the declining productive relationship, and the value of the marginal product of those elements of about 87.0, 249.3, 873.5 pound / kantar respectively, while the unit price of the element reached about 42.19, 5.39, 50.0 pound/unit respectively. In the second category and it was discovered that the most important factors affecting the cotton production are: the mechanical caber (irrigation) , the quantity of seeds, chemical resistance Value and the productive elasticity total amounted to about 0.923, while the value of marginal product of those elements toward 317.4, 423.2, 270.65 pound/ kantar respectively, while the unit price of the element toward 24.53, 5.43, 100.07 pounds / respectively, which refers to the efficiency of those elements in the equation of cotton production in the second category of study. The Study showed that: the nominal protection coefficient of production requirement, outputs, biological resistance, and effective protection coefficient of the cotton crop in the study sample year 2016 reached about 0.88, 0.75, 0.83, 0.88, whereas the domestic relative competitive coefficient (DRC) reached about 0.62, this means there is relative competitive in cotton production in Egypt. The results of productive policy martin analysis for cotton crop year 2016, there is a negative impacts on the total feddan return, and added value. The study explained that the environmental impact of important pesticides used by farmers of cotton and potato crop in sampling study of traditional insecticides in Gharbia governorate, came in the first rank sbedoo and mankozub pesticide with the quantity of 0.29, 0.58 kg/ feddan with safety period of 20, 7 days respectively. As the pesticides developed comes in the first rank : marshal and police .m.f with the quantity of 0.84, 0.5 kg /feddan with safety period 7 , 3 days respectively, the two pesticides non-pollution to the environment, we conclude that the pesticides developed less harm to the environment than traditional insecticides. The recommendations 1- It is necessary to educate the farmers with pesticide damage to human, animal and plant health and the environment. 2- The expansion in the use of the biological resistance in order to increase the quality of cotton, on one hand, and reducing the cost of chemical resistance on the other hand, for keeping the general health. 3- It should be setting a program for training cotton farmers on optimum using for pesticides in the allowable limits worldwide for keeping the health of the human, plant and the environment. 4- The imposition of a tax on users of highly toxic pesticides, which contributes to the transformation of the farmers to use clean agriculture, or setting a low to crime the using no useful. 5- It should stimulate cotton farmers using pesticide at least scale and following the method of integrated control. 6- It is necessary to devise new cotton strains of high productivity and resistance to pests and supply the farmers with it and saved it for farmers to encourage them to increase the captivated area of cotton in Egypt.

Technological Un/employment

The conventional wisdom is that intellectual property (IP) is good for jobs. Indeed, according to legislators and the U.S. patent office, IP “creates jobs.” But this is not quite right. The purpose of IP is to increase the amount of innovation in the economy. Yet a significant subset of the innovations protected by IP, from self-service kiosks to self-driving cars, are in fact labor-saving. They reduce the amount of human labor required to complete a task. Therefore, to the extent IP is successful at incentivizing innovation, IP actually contributes to job loss. More precisely, IP contributes to what this article terms technological un/employment: job loss, and job creation, resulting from technological change. Commentators concerned about the “end of work” have suggested using taxation to slow down the pace of automation and provide aid to displaced workers. But this article yields another surprising insight: IP law itself could be designed to effectuate similar goals, either alone or in coordination with the tax system. For example, rather than taxing businesses that employ robots, legislators could deny patents on robots, or tax IP owners and use the proceeds to fund social programs like a universal basic income. IP’s relationship to technological un/employment, and the implications for public policy, seem obvious in hindsight. Yet the connection has been overlooked. Lawyers and academics who study IP must pay more attention.

A computer-based approach for analyzing consumer demands in electronic word-of-mouth

Consumer opinions are one of the most valuable assets that enterprises have, and thus questionnaires are often employed to investigate the views of consumers. However, this approach requires a large amount of human labor and time, and, most importantly, it cannot automatically find out consumers’ needs. However, many consumers now share their appraisals of products or services through electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Since these usually reflect consumer needs, and thus their demands, collecting and analyzing eWOM data has become a key task for many businesses. Nonetheless, current eWOM-related research focuses on its transmission, influence, issues, and marketing, and there seem to be very few studies that apply eWOM to develop consumer needs analysis systems. In order to effectively collect and analyze eWOM data, this study proposes a computer-based approach for analyzing consumer demands. The approach utilizes sentiment analysis to develop extraction methods for use with eWOM appraisals. It thus uses eWOM appraisals to find out consumer demands. This work integrates eWOM with information technology to develop an approach to computerize consumer needs analysis. It is expected that the results will help enterprises to improve the quality of their products and market competitiveness.

LOW COST AND EFFICIENT 3D INDOOR MAPPING USING MULTIPLE CONSUMER RGB-D CAMERAS

Driven by the miniaturization, lightweight of positioning and remote sensing sensors as well as the urgent needs for fusing indoor and outdoor maps for next generation navigation, 3D indoor mapping from mobile scanning is a hot research and application topic. The point clouds with auxiliary data such as colour, infrared images derived from 3D indoor mobile mapping suite can be used in a variety of novel applications, including indoor scene visualization, automated floorplan generation, gaming, reverse engineering, navigation, simulation and etc. State-of-the-art 3D indoor mapping systems equipped with multiple laser scanners product accurate point clouds of building interiors containing billions of points. However, these laser scanner based systems are mostly expensive and not portable. Low cost consumer RGB-D Cameras provides an alternative way to solve the core challenge of indoor mapping that is capturing detailed underlying geometry of the building interiors. Nevertheless, RGB-D Cameras have a very limited field of view resulting in low efficiency in the data collecting stage and incomplete dataset that missing major building structures (e.g. ceilings, walls). Endeavour to collect a complete scene without data blanks using single RGB-D Camera is not technic sound because of the large amount of human labour and position parameters need to be solved. To find an efficient and low cost way to solve the 3D indoor mapping, in this paper, we present an indoor mapping suite prototype that is built upon a novel calibration method which calibrates internal parameters and external parameters of multiple RGB-D Cameras. Three Kinect sensors are mounted on a rig with different view direction to form a large field of view. The calibration procedure is three folds: 1, the internal parameters of the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern, respectively; 2, the external parameters between the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern; 3, the external parameters between every Kinect are firstly calculated using a pre-set calibration field and further refined by an iterative closet point algorithm. Experiments are carried out to validate the proposed method upon RGB-D datasets collected by the indoor mapping suite prototype. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the point clouds derived from the prototype with ground truth data collected by commercial terrestrial laser scanner at ultra-high density. The overall analysis of the results shows that the proposed method achieves seamless integration of multiple point clouds form different RGB-D cameras collected at 30 frame per second.

Tushonka: Cultivating Soviet Postwar Taste

Tushonka: Cultivating Soviet Postwar Taste

Active learning process for spoken dialog systems

A large amount of human labor is required to transcribe and annotate a training corpus that is needed to create and update models for automatic speech recognition (ASR) and spoken language understanding (SLU). Active learning enables a reduction in the amount of transcribed and annotated data required to train ASR and SLU models. In one aspect of the present invention, an active learning ASR process and active learning SLU process are coupled, thereby enabling further efficiencies to be gained relative to a process that maintains an isolation of data in both the ASR and SLU domains.

Comparison of two different box styles for mass rearing of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

AbstractThe hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, is the number one threat to hemlock (genus Tsuga Carr.; Pinaceae) forests in eastern North America. Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji et McClure), an introduced coccinellid from Japan, is a promising biological control agent for HWA. In mass rearing of S. tsugae, the main goals are to maximize adult beetle production, reduce the amount of human labor, and minimize production costs. Significantly higher adult S. tsugae production and survivorship from egg to adult were observed in a modified rearing box compared with a conventional rearing box. The 30 modified boxes produced 4400 more beetles than the 30 conventional boxes. Over time, egg to adult survivorship decreased because of larval cannibalism at densities above 1650 larvae per rearing box. Additionally, warmer weather conditions increased the number of insect and spider predators incidentally introduced via HWA-infested hemlock twigs. There was no significant difference in the time required to prepare modified and conventional boxes for initial introduction of eggs, but significantly less time was required to add water, honey, and HWA-infested twigs to the modified boxes. The additional cost and time required to add modifications to each box was compensated for by the increased number of adult S. tsugae produced and the time saved during the 35 days of scheduled maintenance as eggs hatched and larvae developed to adults.