Amount Of Government Spending Research Articles

Healthcare Expenditure, Health Outcomes and Economic Growth: A Study of BRICS Countries

This study examines the relation of health spending, health indicators and macroeconomic variables of the BRICS economies with economic growth by using panel data that span the years 2000–2019. According to the panel data analysis, the amount of government spending on healthcare has a positive effect on the gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income per capita of the BRICS countries. Indicators of healthcare are positively related to GDP and GDP/capita. The exceptions are neonatal mortality and life expectancy at birth, both of which do not exhibit a statistically significant positive relation. The two dependent variables, GDP and GDP/capita, have a positive relation with the rate of population growth; however, GDP has a negative relation with inflation. When GDP and GDP/capita are used as dependent variables, the Hausman test indicates that the cross-section random-effect model is more significant than other models. Due to the positive relationship between GHE, GDP and GDP/capita, the government should play a major role in ensuring high-quality healthcare. Out-of-pocket expense increases in BRICS indicate a reduction in healthcare funds, limiting medical services for all citizens. There is a need to focus on healthcare infrastructure.

Analysis of approaches to measuring the efficiency of public finance in part of government expenditures

The article presents reasoned evidence of the growth of public spending in the world over the past twenty years. Using the example of the government performance index, economic growth (GDP growth rate) and GDP per capita, the absence of a rigid relationship between the amount of government spending and management efficiency is shown. The category of efficiency in public finance is analyzed. The complexity and dubitability of this category is noted. Various approaches to efficiency analysis in economics are outlined. Cost-based, targeted and effective approaches to measuring and analyzing efficiency in public finance in terms of government spending are analyzed. The author's view on approaches to increasing the efficiency of government spending is presented.

The Laffer curve and the growth maximizing tax rate analysis in achieving optimal economic growth

The Laffer curve and the growth maximizing tax rate (GMTR) can create optimal economic growth, which is very important in preparing the state revenue and expenditure budget and economic development. The implementation of economic development requires financing so that government expenditure growth often exceeds gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The size of the government is a measure of the ratio of total government spending to GDP. The amount of government spending is something that often happens in almost all countries in the world, especially in countries that are in the process of development. The problem is how the government can finance these increasing expenditures. There are two options available, namely on receipts from abroad in the form of foreign loans or on receipts from within the country. The tax sector is the determining sector that provides the largest contribution to domestic revenues. The size of this contribution requires that tax revenues continue to be increased, which can be seen from the tax ratio. The tax ratio is the ratio of total tax revenue to GDP. Several international multilevel studies have obtained in-depth analysis of this problem from the Laffer curve and GMTR approaches. This study convinces that the Laffer curve and GMTR can be applied to create the optimal economic growth.

Faktor-Faktor Penentu Pariwisata yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Tinjauan Sistematis

The tourism sector is one of the development sectors that affect economic growth. Where this tourism activity can create a multiplier effect for the community, especially around tourist destinations, in the form of economic activities, such as the emergence of new businesses, trade and other business activities. This systematic review aims to determine the determinants of tourism demand that affect regional and national economic growth. This review is methodologically limited to descriptive methods rather than statistical methods in the analysis of results by carrying out 3 stages of analysis. The data used are 40 journals. The results of this systematic review show that the tourism factors that affect economic growth are the number of tourist visits, income, networks and attractions, the amount of government spending in the tourism sector, capital investment, the number of workers, the number of restaurants/restaurants, and the availability of the number of hotel rooms. and quality of infrastructure

Systematic Review of Factors Affecting Economic Growth from the Tourism Aspect

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the factors that influence regional and national economic growth in terms of tourism demand. Method: In the three rounds of analysis used in this review, descriptive approaches rather than statistical ones are restricted in terms of methodology. For the data, 40 journals were used. Result: The findings of this systematic review indicate that the number of tourist visits, income, networks, and attractions, as well as the amount of government spending on the tourism industry, capital investments, the number of workers, the number of restaurants/restaurants, and the availability of hotel rooms, are all factors that have an impact on economic growth and the caliber of the infrastructure. Contribution: This article offers a thorough analysis of the variables affecting the key economic growth from the tourist sector.

الجامعة المستنصرية / كلية الادارة والاقتصاد

The importance of the research and its distinction from the previous research lies not in dealing with the ability of fiscal policy tools, i.e., government spending and taxes, to bridge the output gap, but also in it calculating the required amount of spending and taxes to close the output gap, as long as there is some amount of spending and taxes more or less than that. The required limit may cause damage to the economy, i.e., the outbreak of inflation or recession. Consequently, this research is considered as a guide for policy makers to know the required change in government spending and taxes accurately to avoid economic problems and achieve economic stability. The output gap, whether positive or negative, is a non-positive case, as long as it generates damage to the economy, represented by inflation or recession. Fiscal policy, with its various tools, may be unable to close the output gap due to the deficiency in the performance of these tools, which requires monetary policy assistance. The research problem is also indicated that when there is a recession, an expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and reducing taxes) is necessary. But when there is inflation, a contractionary policy should be followed (reducing spending and raising taxes). However, the problem is that if the exact amount of government spending and taxes changes is not determined, severe damages are generated, such as an inaccurate drug dose. This is not to mention the slowdowns or lags in the transmission of the impact of fiscal policy measures to the targeted variables. The research chose a time frame that extended from 2000 to 2020. As for the spatial aspect, it was represented in a sample from different continents in order to make a successful comparison between them. These countries are the United States, Germany, Japan and Iraq. The research found that in all countries of the research sample, the government spending gap was positive, which means that it is at a level higher than the level required to bridge the output gap, perhaps because there are other items for spending on it other than closing the output gap, as is the case for the tax gap, which exceeded the required limit to eliminate Output gap, excluding Iraq.

КАДРОВЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ СИСТЕМЫ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РФ: ВОПРОСЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ

The problems of staffing the Russian healthcare system, the impact of the general level of financing, the wage reform, and the level of professional training on the employment dynamics of doctors, mid-level and junior healthcare personnel are considered. The purpose of the paper is to identify the main trends in the field of staffing in the industry and to assess the degree of influence on healthcare workers of factors related to the size of government spending and the effectiveness of the remuneration system. The study was conducted using methods of statistical and content analysis of regulatory documents, scientific literature and Internet sources. The novelty of the study consists in observing the cyclical nature of employment in the healthcare sector in the period 1990-2020, which had peaks of employment growth during periods of increased labor costs and peaks of decline during periods of economic crises. According to the results of the study, the influence of employment conditions and the amount of government spending on changes in the level of employment in healthcare has been established. Conclusions are drawn about the relevance of salary increases and standardization of incentive payments and allowances to healthcare workers, the transition to direct budget financing of the industry. In practice, the obtained research results can be used to improve the system of remuneration and management of human resources in healthcare in the context of the current needs of society.

Зв'язок між розміром державних витрат та економічним зростанням в провінції Південна Суматра

In general, many factors, including government spending, influence economic growth. In many theoretical and empirical studies, government spending is seen from the ratio between government spending and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or government size. This research aims to examine the influence of government size on economic growth in districts/cities of South Sumatra Province. The government size to be analyzed is the amount of government spending on public services, housing and public facilities, education, and health. The data used in this study is secondary data for the 2010-2020 and covers 15 regencies/cities. The data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency and the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency. The analytical technique used in this research is descriptive analysis technique and quantitative analysis. Klassen Typology Approach was used to identify the regencies/cities with fast growth and the relatively lagging regencies/cities of South Sumatra Province. The study results show that government spending on public services and health has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, the government spending on housing and public facilities has a positive and insignificant effect. In contrast, the government spending on education has a negative and significant impact on economic growth. This study recommends local governments increase the allocation of regional expenditure to sectors that lead to economic growth, especially in newly created regions.

Evaluation of the debt policy of the southern macroregion subjects in modern conditions

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that debt crises have an extremely negative impact on the national economy, which implies the need for constant attention on the part of the government to issues of public debt management in order to timely, identify possible violations of debt stability. The subject of the research is the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia as the ability of the constituent entities of the federation to timely and fully service the public debt without significant adjustments to the balance of income and expenses. The aim of the research is to assess the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia and develop measures aimed at increasing it in order to prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. An increase in government borrowing rises budget spending on public debt servicing and can provoke an imbalance in the financial system. Diversification of the debt portfolio helps to ensure its balance. The structure of the debt portfolios of the constituent entities of the Federation may include budget loans, government guarantees, government securities, loans from credit institutions and other instruments. The article notes that the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation directly depends on the decisions made at the federal level and the amount of government spending directed to specific regions. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain such a level of debt sustainability, which will prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. This presupposes the application of uniform recommendations for assessing debt sustainability in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the volume and structure of the state debt of the constituent entities of the South of Russia, carried out in the article, made it possible to conclude that the debt policy of the macroregion is fragmented: the structure of debt portfolios is heterogeneous; a change in the level of debt burden can be associated with both an increase in tax and non-tax revenues, a decrease in the amount of public debt, and with reverse processes.

Japan's Education System, And its financing

Abstract The current article provides general features about the Japanese experience in the educational system and the inputs to its financing and spending, as the Department of Education in Japan is characterized by complementary between centralization and decentralization by providing double budgets for the advancement of education, so that the local authorities contribute almost half of the education expenses. Also, the amount of government spending on Japanese education exceeds about 20 % of the total national income, and these funds are often used well to serve the educational process. The local (municipal) municipal authorities participate in the central government in financing education, and each local authority provides the necessary financial support to educational institutions in it. Donations of individuals and organizations play a greater role in financing education, as do financial donation habits from banks, and those who hold funds contribute to financing Japanese educational programs. These financial donations appear to fund educational activities as the end of life nears the Japanese. This article concluded that Japanese government spending is on educational institutions (both public and private), and financial subsidies are provided to all educational entities, public and private, to students and families, and the private sector there supports educational funding.

The relationships between foreign aid, HIV and government health spending

This paper provides an empirical evaluation of adult HIV prevalence rates, foreign aid for HIV/AIDS programmes, and the amount of government spending on health care. It finds that there exists a statistically significant relationship between adult HIV prevalence rates and the amount of foreign funding for HIV/AIDS programmes, suggesting that need does in fact play some role in the allocation of HIV aid. It suggests there may be an additive relationship between foreign and domestic health spending, where governments turn the funding of their AIDS programmes over to foreign donors and instead put their own monies toward other parts of the health care system.

DEFENCE SPENDING and POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLES IN TURKEY

The allocation and distribution of government resources is a political process by it is nature. Considerable amount of government spending goes to defence expenditure in Turkey. So, is defence spending affected from political business cycle? To answer this question, this study analyses relationship between political business cycle and total and disaggregate defence spending using regression analyses. This study find that there is no trace of political business cycle over defence spending in Turkey. Furthermore, this study indicate that military coup and increasing of terrorist incidents are cause an increase on defence expenditure

Fungibility and the impact of development assistance: Evidence from Vietnam's health sector

The apparent fungibility of aid is a challenge to the evaluation of donor-funded development projects, requiring a comparison of the observed outcomes with the outcomes that would have occurred if the project had not gone ahead. Where projects are targeted on specific geographic areas, counterfactual outcomes in each can differ from observed outcomes because the amount of government spending (gross of aid) differs, the productivity of government spending differs, or both. This paper estimates the benefits of two concurrent World Bank health projects in Vietnam targeted on specific provinces. Estimates are derived from a model linking outcomes (under-five mortality) to government spending before and after the project and in project and nonproject provinces, and are presented for different assumptions regarding fungibility of funds (zero and full fungibility) and the impacts of the project on the productivity of government spending (the project modifies productivity in both sectors equally and in neither sector). The estimated mortality reductions are highly insensitive to the assumed degree of fungibility, but highly sensitive to the assumed productivity effects (the estimates range from 1 to 25%). The wide range reflects the uncertainty due to the lack of a genuine control group of provinces.

On the Equivalence between Labor and Consumption Taxation

This article studies the equivalence between labor and consumption taxes in a stochastic context, where the government can undertake an active portfolio management strategy by investing in both risk-free and risky assets. Using a two-period model we show that such taxes let consumers make the same decisions, and can finance the same amount of government spending in each period.

Seigniorage, Taxation, and Weak Government

We examined a setting where decision making about financing a given amount of government spending is decentralized. Seigniorage is the residual tax that passively adjusts to meet the budget constraint. We place this budget making process in a repeated game setting and characterize the cooperative tax-seigniorage function. Three main results are (1) Seignioiage and transitory changes in output are positively correlated. This result holds after controlling for changes in government spending. (2) A positive (negative) covariation between current period government spending and transitory output strengthens (weakens) the positive relationship between seigniorage and transitory output. (3) Seigniorage is negatively correlated with trend output growth. Time series empirical tests using annual data for 20 OECD countries support the first two results. A test using cross-section data on 75 countries confirms the third hypothesis. Copyright 1997 by Ohio State University Press.

Debt and taxes in the theory of public finance

If a specified amount of government spending must be financed, how should that finance be divided between taxes and government borrowing? In the case of a temporary increase in government spending, it has been argued that debt finance is optimal because the small increments in all future tax rates to finance interest payments involves a smaller excess burden than the single large tax rate increase that would be required to avoid an initial increase in the national debt. This argument ignores the excess burden of debt finance that results if the initial capital stock is smaller than optimal (e.g., because of taxes or capital income).The first section of the present paper shows how the debt-finance advantage of a small increase in tax rates can be explicitly balanced against the disadvantage of the excess burden that arises from additional debt. The analysis shows that, with plausible parameter values, the excess burden of debt finance is likely to outweigh the advantage of avoiding a large single tax change and therefore that financing a temporary increase in government spending by an immediate tax increase is likely to be preferable to debt financing.The second section examines the appropriate response to a permanent increase in government spending and shows that such spending cannot be financed by a permanent increase in government debt. Moreover, whenever the golden rule level of capital intensity is an optimality condition independent of the level of government spending, any increase in government spending should be matched by an equal increase in tax revenue.