Amount Of Energy Use Research Articles

The Impact of Building Morphology on Energy Use Intensity of High-Rise Residential Clusters: A Case Study of Hangzhou, China

Building operations account for a large amount of energy use and CO2 emissions, and the morphology of buildings in residential clusters strongly impacts energy efficiency performance. However, little research has focused on the morphology and energy electricity usage of high-rise residential clusters in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) regions. We investigated 96 residential clusters in Hangzhou, China, and established a corresponding morphology database. Additionally, we obtained annual electricity consumption for 16 of these residential clusters. With this database, we performed optimization of morphological parameters upon energy use intensity (EUI) using a genetic algorithm (GA). Specifically, the cooling, heating, and lighting EUIs of high-rise residential clusters were studied. After implementing the optimized morphological parameters, there was a reduction of up to 7.73% in EUI. According to regression analysis, the average aspect ratio was the most significant factor influencing EUI (r = −0.907), followed by floor area ratio (r = −0.755), average orientation (r = 0.502), and average number of floors (r = −0.453). These results indicate that a higher intensity of land development with a greater floor area ratio, average aspect ratio, and average number of floors can reduce total energy consumption. Additionally, we found that an average building orientation of southwest 15° (with respect to south) is optimal. The findings of this study can assist urban planners and designers in developing more sustainable residential clusters, leading to decreased energy costs and CO2 emissions.

Evolution of Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey on Energy and Clustering Issues

In different fields of human endeavor, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being developed to collect, aggregate, fuse, and send data collected by a wide range of sensors in real-time. When developing a wireless network's data transmission routing system, energy consumption is among the most essential components. Designing an energy-efficient (WSN) routing framework is challenging. Several energyefficient routing algorithms exist for effectively transferring data packets between cluster members (CM) and cluster heads (CH). Some suggest the change of state of the nodes that made up the network from active to sleep in the event where the nodes are not sensing of sending data as a method of energy optimisation while others reduce the distance between the nodes because the distance between nodes is directly proportional to the amount of energy use during data transmission. Whatever the method may be, achieving reduced energy consumption in a WSN environment is an enormous task due to the need for both long network life and network efficiency. This paper reviews some research and energy saving techniques that had been carried out on WSN over a period of time.

Predictive AC Control Using Deep Learning: Improving Comfort and Energy Saving

The growing global population and the availability of energy-hungry smart devices are critical factors in today's alarmingly high electricity usage. The majority of energy used in urban areas is consumed by buildings, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (AC) systems accounting for a significant amount of energy use. This project proposes an AC controlling algorithm that uses the Internet of Things sensors and a deep learning framework in temperature prediction to control a single AC unit. The algorithm consists of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to predict the indoor temperature for the next J minutes. The highlight of this model is its capacity to predict the future temperature based on the predetermined AC status, whether it is switched on or off. The AC unit will be turned off if the J-minute predicted temperature is within the desired thermal comfort range, and it will be turned back on if the sensor readings exceed the upper pre-set threshold. The experiment is performed on the dataset collected by Chulalongkorn University Building Energy Management System (CU-BEMS). The LSTM prediction model developed using CU-BEMS data yields an average Root Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Error of 0.08 and 0.03, respectively. A half-day simulation is also performed in controlling the AC unit from 7:39 a.m. to 11:35 a.m. The proposed algorithm shows that 49.00% of the time, the AC unit can be turned off while the thermal range is maintained between 27ºC to 27.9ºC, providing a strategy for managing the AC unit and achieving energy savings.

Interactive feedback tool for occupants based on a tuned building energy model

It is a well-known fact that there is a gap between the theoretical energy performance and the actual energy use of a building. The behaviour of occupants has a large influence on this energy use. Within the BIM4Ren H2020 project we developed a feedback tool for occupants that gives insight in the effect of behaviour on the amount of energy use required for heating and cooling. The tool has a front-end in which the occupant can see their current behaviour, as well as their actual energy use. By changing their initial behaviour virtually, they will get feedback about the effect on their actual energy use. The back-end of the tool contains a reduced order simulation, based on the ISO 52016-1:2017 hourly method to calculate the energy needs. In deviation from the standard, the most important parameters that describe user behaviour are directly obtained from the occupants by a questionnaire. The model is tuned on the real situation using the behavioural data and measurement data. The feedback tool will help occupants understand better why their energy use is higher than expected despite the renovation, or help them save even more energy by educating them on the effect of their behaviour.

The relationship between renewable energy consumption, technological innovations, and carbon dioxide emission: evidence from two-step system GMM.

Large amount of energy use for rising economic growth leads to high carbon dioxide discharge that worsens environmental quality which is a challenge for countries in achieving sustainable development. Improved level of technological innovations and renewable energy consumption might overcome the issue of environmental degradation and achieving sustainable development. This study examines the effect of technological innovations on renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in the belt and road initiative countries for the period of 1995 to 2019. Two-step difference and two-step system GMM models were employed for analysis where the results indicate that technological innovations increase renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. The effect of renewable energy consumption and trademark applications on carbon dioxide is negatively significant that raises environmental quality. Furthermore, this study confirms the validity of Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the sample countries. The findings of this study have considerable policy implication for the sample countries on rising technological innovations and renewable energy consumption in achieving environmental sustainability.

AUDIT ENERGI UNTUK PENCAPAIAN PENGHEMATAN PENGGUNAAN ENERGI LISTRIK DI PT. GRAHA SARANA DUTA II DENPASAR

Energy audit is a technique used to determine the amount of energy use in a buildingand to find various energy-saving solutions or opportunities. In this study, the energy audit wasconducted at PT. Graha Sarana Duta II Denpasar which is located on Jl. Serma Gede No. 13,Dauh Puri Klod, Denpasar. Based on the existing conditions, the level of Energy ConsumptionIntensity (IKE) obtained before the audit was carried out was 245.22 kWh/m2/year or 20.43kWh/m2/month which according to ESDM No. 13/2012, Air-conditioned buildings are in thewasteful category. In this study, the energy audit focuses on the lighting system and airconditioning system. The method used in this research is to calculate and analyze theconsumption of electrical energy in the lighting system and air conditioning system. After doingthe research, it can be seen the energy saving opportunities (PHE) in PT. Graha Sarana Duta IIDenpasar by replacing the TL and SL lamps using LED lamps and requiring room users to turnoff the air conditioner when the room is not in use, the result is savings 11,4% in electricalenergy use, where the IKE after the audit is 18.1 kWh/m2/month. The office can also save thecost of using electrical energy, which is Rp. 3,170,394,- every month.

Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Türkiye’de Çevre Kalitesi Üzerinde Etkili mi? Asimetrik ARDL Yöntemi ile Bir Yaklaşım

There are discussions in the literature on whether there are disadvantages in terms of environmental quality and the economic advantages provided by foreign direct investments in developing countries. These discussions, which were studied within the framework of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, have been the subject of many empirical studies. This study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon emissions, economic growth, amount of energy use, foreign direct investments, and trade openness for Turkey within the Pollution Haven Hypothesis framework and test whether the hypothesis mentioned above is valid in Turkey. In the study, the validity of the hypothesis in Turkey was tested using the NARDL method between 1970 and 2018. The findings validate that the Pollution Haven Hypothesis is valid for Turkey in the long term. It was also determined that negative shocks in growth and energy use reduce carbon emissions, while positive shocks in energy use and trade openness increase carbon emissions in the long term. The findings that the Pollution Haven Hypothesis is not valid in the short term are among the other findings obtained from the study. Also, it was determined that the negative shock in growth and trade openness and negative and positive shock in the amount of energy use are significant in the short term.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN CEREAL PRODUCTION

Cereal grains have represented the principal component of the human diet for thousands of years. Modern cereal production cannot be imagined without the use of mineral fertilizers, particularly in terms of better utilization of biological potential of the yield of growing plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energetic efficiency of wheat and barley production, with special reference to the share of the use of mineral fertilizers in total energy consumption. Input data and yield of wheat and barley fields were collected in the experimental trials in Serbia. Results showed that total energy inputs of wheat and barley fields were 22178.04 and 15921.16 MJ·ha-1, respectively. Total energy outputs for wheat and barley fields were 80037.83 and 104496.08 MJ·ha-1, respectively. The results obtained indicate that mineral fertilizers claim a share of the total energy consumption in cereal production ranging from 49.19% in barley to 52.01% in wheat. Specific energy input, energy output–input ratio (energy use efficiency), energy productivity and net energy gain were 5.13 MJ·kg-1, 3.61,0.19 kg·MJ-1 and57859.79MJ·ha-1in wheat system and 2.75 MJ·kg-1, 6.56, 0.36 kg·MJ-1 and 88574.92 MJ·ha-1 in barley system, respectively. According to the results, it seems that barley production is more efficient from different aspects of energy consumption compared to wheat in the studied region. In general, production in barley fields was more sustainable than wheat production because, in view of ecological indices such as amount of energy use and renewable energy consumption, it was more environment-friendly production.

Operational Energy Analysis of an Educational Building Design; A Case Study of Center of Excellent (CoE) Building at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI)

Operational energy contributes significantly to the most energy consumption of a building’s life cycle. Analysis of operational energy is usually conducted when a building is being operated. However, we can compare and predict the operational energy of a building’s designs to obtain the best design alternative low energy building. The objective of this study is to simulate the operational energy of the design of the Centre of Excellent (CoE) building at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Rhinoceros and Grasshopper with Ladybug and Honeybee are selected as the software simulation due to the comprehensive features of energy simulation. This modern building will be constructed for five floors with an area of about 5000 m2 per level facing south and north sides. Analysis of operational energy calculated three main factors of cooling, lighting, and other equipment. The result shows that the annual operational energy contributes to about 586 kWh/m2 per year. This value is far from the basic standard for educational building, with about 240 kWh/m2 per year from ASEAN. The cooling system of the building is recorded as the highest amount of energy use. Further, evaluating the building’s operational devices and the strategy to reduce the energy loads will be proposed to accommodate a modern school building’s main issue that harms operating energy.

Study on the measurement and the changing trend of the energy use of China’s economic sectors: based on cross-region input-output model

The consumption of fossil energy is the major cause of environmental pollution. Effectively reducing the fossil energy use has important significance for achieving China's green development targets. The premise for reducing fossil energy use is accurately measuring the amount of energy use and identifying the key sectors and links of energy use of China's economic sectors. This paper, by establishing a cross-region input-output model, measured the amount of energy use from the perspective of embodied energy, explored the changing trend of energy use between 2002 and 2015, and identified the key sectors and links of energy use. The results show that the embodied energy intensities of China's economic sectors are generally higher than the world average level, but its changing trend is declining. Although the amount of energy use shows a growth trend, the growth rate manifests a decline process. The key sectors of energy use assemble in the resource sector and heavy industry sector. The key link is intermediate use, but about 80% of embodied energy of intermediate use has been used by downstream sectors. Approximately 76% of the embodied energy of final demand has been used by gross fixed capital formation and urban residents' consumption. China has turned from a net exporter of embodied energy to a net importer since 2012. There is a resource mismatch in China's import and export structure of embodied energy.

Potential Use of Biogas to Initiate Low Carbon Society in Thekelan Village-Indonesia

Thekelan Hamlet is one of the tourist hamlets in Kopeng District, Semarang Regency, Indonesia, which is near the Gunung Merbabu National Park area. Furthermore, the potential of biomass from the livestock and agricultural sectors in this village has not been well utilized. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of energy use in the Thekelan hamlet, and analyze the potential use of renewable energy (biogas) to substitute conventional electricity. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative combined with IPCC default methods based on a questionnaire from 40 respondents taken randomly. The result of the research shows that the use of energy sources from fuel wood is 9, 830 kg and LPG is 215.5. The number of cattle in the hamlet of Thekelan is 70 heads and 34 goats. The largest GHG emissions are generated from the use of fuel in animal husbandry activities with a value of 0.206 Gg CO2e/year while the lowest GHG emissions from LFG utilization activities are 0.008 Gg CO2e/year. The total emissions of all activities are 0.599 Gg CO2e/year. The use of biogas as an alternative energy is known to be able to reduce GHG emissions by 34.3% because the substitution of fuel wood and LPG is transferred to the use of biogas. This research is expected to be a stimulant and basic data for the realization of low carbon energy conscious villages.

Evaluation of the Source and Amount of Energy Use for Groundnut Processing in Nasarawa State of Nigeria

A study was carried out to analyze the sources and amount of energy consumed for groundnut processing in Nasarawa-Eggon Local Government of Nasarawa State with the aim to determine the energy use pattern, the relationship between energy inputs and outputs and to determine the productivity of energy use in groundnut processing. A total of 100 Groundnut processors were identified and 50 processors were randomly sampled for the study. Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire on inputs and outputs in groundnut processing. Data was collected once a week from each processor for a period of six weeks. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, production function analysis and correlation analysis. The result revealed that the circle of groundnut production is completed in 4 days. Groundnut processing in the study area is mainly dependent on direct, indirect and renewable energy forms especially fuelwood which accounts for 75.04% of the daily total energy used and the total amount of energy used for processing groundnut on a daily basic is 1410.42MJ and all forms of energy had direct relationship with processed groundnut output. The result of daily energy inputs and outputs shows that the quantity of raw Groundnut processed daily range from 70kg to 280kg with an average of 165.2kg which is equal to 1372.8MJ of energy equivalent and that an average of 6 machine hours, 32 liters of water were used and 58.8 Kg of fuel wood were also used. It was therefore recommendations that more labour and fuel efficient Groundnut processing machines be introduced to enhance energy productivity in groundnut processing and save cost and that sustainable alternatives energy such as briquette be exploited instead of fuelwood.

Saving Energy From Urban Water Demand Management

AbstractWater use directly causes a significant amount of energy use in cities. In this paper we assessed energy and carbon dioxide emissions related to each part of the urban water cycle and the consequences of some water demand management policies in terms of water, energy, and CO2 emissions in urban water users, water and energy utilities, and the environment. First, we developed an hourly model of urban water uses by customer category, including water‐related energy consumption. Next, using real data from the East Bay Municipal Utility District in California, we calibrated a model of the energy used in water supply, treatment, pumping, and wastewater treatment by the utility, obtaining also energy costs. Then, using data from the California Independent System Operator, we obtained hourly costs of energy generation and transport to the point of use for the energy utility. Finally, using average emission factors reported by energy utilities, we estimated greenhouse gas emissions for the entire urban water cycle. Results for East Bay Municipal Utility District show that water end uses account for almost 95% of all water‐related energy use; however, the remaining 5% of energy used by the utility still costs over USD12 million annually. The carbon footprint of the urban water cycle is 372 kg CO2/person/year, representing approximately 4% of the total per capita emissions in California. Several simulations analyze the consequences of different water demand management policies, resulting in significant economic impacts for water and energy utilities and environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions.

Energy Consumption in the Municipal Water Supply Sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Water-energy nexus is an emerging issue that receives considerable attention in the world in general and in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in particular. The GCC countries depend mainly on energy generated from fossil fuels to produce drinking water. Yet, the amount of water-related energy use in Bahrain remains unexplored. This study aims to quantify the amount of energy used in the water supply cycle for the first time in Bahrain using quantitative methods. A bottom-up approach for data collection was adopted where data for the three main stages of the water supply in Bahrain: water production, water transmission, and water distribution were collected. Results show that the water production stage consumes about 97% of the total energy consumption in the water supply sector, followed by water transmission (2.9%) and water distribution (0.1%). Comparisons conducted with best practices in the world show that water desalination plants in Bahrain consume relatively high amounts of energy to produce water based on the desalination technology used. This study calls for focusing on the production stage in achieving energy efficiency since it is the largest consumer and where losses are occurring based on the benchmarking. This study also recommends investigating the share of electricity and thermal energy consumed in the water supply cycle in Bahrain in addition to the wastewater treatment sector. This is imperative to provide a holistic overview of the water-related energy use in Bahrain.

Predicting hourly energy consumption in buildings using occupancy-related characteristics of end-user groups

Accurate predictions of energy consumption are essential to optimizing building energy use performance. To date, substantial efforts have been undertaken to improve prediction accuracy, specifically while focusing on occupants’ presence in buildings. Unfortunately, two significant obstacles remain when predicting building energy consumption using occupancy data. First, occupancy diversity among end-user groups is rarely considered during model development. Second, occupancy’s correlation with energy consumption may be weak due to variances in occupant behavior. Therefore, this research aims to investigate how occupancy-related characteristics of end-user groups affect prediction performance. In order to achieve this objective, a data mining-based prediction model is constructed to mimic building thermal behaviors. The experimental results using the proposed prediction model make it evident that prediction accuracy is improved when considering diverse occupancy and its correlation with energy use. In addition, significant prediction accuracy is achieved using only a minimal amount of historical data. With the proposed prediction model, it is possible to obtain more detailed information about energy use patterns (e.g., load shape, the amount of energy use) for end-user groups. Thus, facility managers will be able to personalize the operation of energy-consuming equipment depending on end-user group for reducing energy consumption without compromising occupants’ thermal comfort.

Formulation of the Pump Operations Optimization Problem for a Harvested Stormwater System

As climate change and population growth, among other factors, put pressure on traditional water supplies, alternative sources of water are increasingly being used to supplement demand, particularly for non-potable applications. Stormwater from urban catchments can be harvested and treated to supply irrigation demands of public green spaces such as parks, reserves and sporting grounds. Operation of such systems often requires several pumping stages between multiple storage ponds, which can result in a significant amount of energy use and also increases the complexity of the operations. In many water supply systems, demand rates and patterns are determined by when consumers choose to use water and how much they use, thus the demands constrain the system operation. For irrigation of public green spaces, however, the operators can prescribe when water should be used at each demand point, and thus the demand pattern is a choice rather than a constraint. This paper discusses how harvested stormwater systems with multiple pumping stages can simulated as multiple ‘sub-systems’ in order to better understand the hydraulics and better formulate the corresponding optimization problem. A case study site from Australia that utilizes harvested stormwater for non-potable irrigation demands is used to demonstrate the simulation approach. Simulating the case study in smaller ‘sub-systems’ has highlighted the need for better pump and tank sizing for the system, and has then informed the optimization problem formulation.

The Role of Material Efficiency in Environmental Stewardship

Materials production requires a large amount of energy use and is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, producing approximately 25% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. It produces large volumes of waste both in production and at end-of-life disposal. More efficient use of materials could play a key role in achieving multiple environmental and economic benefits. Material efficiency entails the pursuit of technical strategies, business models, consumer preferences, and policy instruments that would lead to a substantial reduction in the production of new materials required to deliver well-being. Although many opportunities exist, material efficiency is not realized in practice to its full potential. We evaluate the potential for material efficiency improvement, highlight the drivers to realize material efficiency, and anticipate ways forward to realize the potential of dematerializing our lives and the economy to limit the impacts of climate change and remain on a sustainable development path.

아파트 단위세대의 규모 및 방위별 에너지 사용규모와 패턴에 관한 연구

The goal of this research is to provide basic data for energy efficiency in multi-family residential building designs and to contribute to its improvements. The goal is achieved by analysing the amount of energy use and the energy use patterns for different 'apartment housing units'. The apartment unit samples for the analysis are selected from 'J-apartment complex' constructed by a prominent construction company in South Korea. The samples are sorted according to several criteria such as 'floor plan size and configuration', 'exterior wall lengths', and 'building orientations'. The analysis is aimed to guide economic feasibility for energy saving designs in multi-family residential buildings. The final analysis is aimed to provide the standard for energy efficient multi-family apartment designs. Three inferences are made during this research. First, the energy usage and its cost escalate as the size of an apartment unit increases. Second, when the size of apartment units are same, the energy usage of each unit differs according to its orientation. Energy usage factors according to building orientations are as follow: South units(100%), South-West units(105.71%), South-East units(111.04%), South-West units with location disadvantage(112.38%), South-East units with location disadvantage (113.22%). Third, a set-back from the building mass creates micro-climate conditions and draws shadow on the apartment unit. It is proved by the analysis that such micro-climate conditions give the unit disadvantages for its energy efficiency.

Comparative life cycle assessment of diesel production from crude palm oil and waste cooking oil via pyrolysis

Life cycle assessment has been widely accepted as an effective tool to assess the environmental impacts of various biofuels in comparison with conventional fuels to quantify the potential benefits in both energy and environmental aspects. This work focused on life cycle assessment of the production of diesel via pyrolysis using two potential feedstocks in Thailand: crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). The system boundary consists of the cultivation, harvesting, transportation, pyrolysis, distillation, blending, and vehicle testing (combustion). Inventory data were collected at the pilot plant of the Center for Fuels and Energy from Biomass of Chulalongkorn University located in Saraburi province. All collected data were input into SimaPro program to evaluate the relevant environmental impacts such as global warming potential, acidification, and ozone depletion based on a functional unit of 1 MJ of diesel. For the fuel production, the resulting diesel was blended with conventional diesel at 2, 5, and 20 wt% to obtain blended diesel fuels (B2, B5, and B20), respectively. The energy and potential environmental impacts of the diesel fuels produced from two different feedstocks, CPO and WCO, were compared based on cradle-to-grave. The results showed that net energy ratio with its co-products of WCO-based diesel (3.12) was higher than that of CPO-based diesel (2.12). Because of the large amount of energy use for diesel production in pyrolysis and distillation processes, global warming potential was the main environmental impact. From scenarios, it can be concluded that recycling methane from exhaust gas and replacing liquefied petroleum gas by natural gas lead to reduce energy input of 2% and global warming potential impact over 10%. Pyrolysis oil is possible to improve over time on account of the increase of waste palm oil and development of new technologies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Well-to-wheel life cycle assessment of transportation fuels derived from different North American conventional crudes

Abstract A life cycle assessment (LCA) is an extremely useful tool to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with all the stages of a crude oil’s life from well-to-wheel (WTW). All of the WTW life cycle stages of crude oil consume energy and produce significant amounts of GHG emissions. The present study attempts to quantify the WTW life cycle GHG emissions for transportation fuels derived from five North American conventional crudes through the development of an LCA model called FUNNEL-GHG-CCO (FUNdamental Engineering PrinciplEs-based ModeL for Estimation of GreenHouse Gases in Conventional Crude Oils). This model estimates GHG emissions from all the life cycle stages from recovery of crude to the combustion of transportation fuels in vehicle engines. The contribution of recovery emissions in the total WTW GHG emissions ranges from 3.12% for Mars crude to 24.25% for California’s Kern County heavy oil. The transportation of crude oil and refined fuel contributes only 0.44–1.73% of the total WTW life cycle GHG emissions, depending on the transportation methods and total distance transported. The GHG emissions for refining were calculated from the amount of energy use in the refining of crude oil to produce transportation fuels. All the upstream GHG emissions were allocated to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Refining GHG emissions vary from 13.66–18.70 g-CO2eq/MJ-gasoline, 9.71–15.33 g-CO2eq/MJ-diesel, and 6.38–9.92 g-CO2eq/MJ-jet fuel derived from Alaska North Slope and California’s Kern County heavy oil, respectively. The total WTW life cycle GHG emissions range from 97.55 g-CO2eq/MJ-gasoline derived from Mars crude to 127.74 g-CO2eq/MJ-gasoline derived from California’s Kern County heavy oil.