Amount Of Dry Biomass Research Articles

РОСТОВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ КУКУРУЗЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ЧЕРНОЗЕМАХ ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННЫХ РСО-АЛАНИЯ

In a long-term stationary field experiment that was established in 1971 on leached chernozem underlain by pebbles under conditions of field crop rotation the effect of systematic application of fertilizers for hybrid corn on plant growth processes was studied. It was found that the fertilized variants increased relative to the control: the growth of plants in height, the increase in leaf surface area, the accumulation of raw and dry biomass, increased photosynthetic potential. From the fertilized options, the calculated option N310P324K139 stood out for the better for the planned yield of 8.0 t/ha. In this variant at the end of the growing season the average height of the plant was 256 cm versus 247 cm in the control; the leaf surface area was 60056 versus 49392 m2/ha in the control; the photosynthetic potential was 3.08 million m2/ha.day versus 2.53 at the control; the amount of dry biomass is 22.5 versus 15.0 t/ha at the control. According to all indicators the double dose of N140P80K180 was in second place: respectively accordingly 255 cm, 56,808 m2/ha, 2.87 million m2/ha.day, 20.4 t/ha. Of the equivalent options a double dose of NPK had some advantage over manure+NPK (trend).

Floristic diversification of spreading liverseed grass pasture according to different cutting intensities, obtained by grazing simulation

This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of different forage cutting intensities, obtained by grazing simulation, on the floristic diversity and productivity of a pasture cultivated with spreading liverseed grass. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with four replications and treatments arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five levels of cutting intensity of the simulated grazing (0, 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the forage canopy) associated with two levels of weed coexistence (presence and absence). The evaluations of floristic diversity, number of individuals, and total dry matter of weeds were obtained at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days after grazing simulation (DAGS). All plots were evaluated at the end of the experimental period (90 DAGS) for the amount of dry biomass produced by the pasture. The results showed that higher forage cutting intensities, obtained by grazing simulation, increased the floristic diversity, the number of individuals, and the dry matter accumulated by weeds in a pasture grown with spreading liverseed grass, reducing by up to 56% the production of total dry matter of the forage.

Identificación molecular de cepas de Bacillus spp. y su uso como rizobacteria promotora del crecimiento en tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)

The application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) constitutes an ecological practice that contributes to agricultural production systems and is presented as an option for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. The tomato is in high demand around the world, its production requires efficient nutrition to supply the quantity and quality demand that the market requires, therefore, in the present investigation two bacterial strains were evaluated: Bacillus licheniformis (IB10) and Bacillus megaterium (CT11) as growth promoters in kidney tomato seedlings by testing in seedbeds. Statistical differences are evident in the different variables evaluated, the application of specific B. licheniformis at the time of planting caused an increase of 10% in the thickness of the stem and a 100% increase in the amount of dry biomass, the weekly application of B. megaterium problems the photosynthetic efficiency in 18% and problems in 11% the length of the roots of the seedlings. The results generated may allow the bacterial strains to be used as alternatives to chemical fertilizers.

Co-planting of Salix interior and Trifolium pratense for phytoremediation of trace elements from wood preservative contaminated soil

Phytoextraction potential of a co-planting system was evaluated using a shrub and an herbaceous species and compared with monocultures. A greenhouse experiment with Salix interior and Trifolium pratense grown in combination or alone was conducted for 120 days in soil either uncontaminated or contaminated with wood preservatives containing mixed chromated copper arsenate and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The results showed that the plant species produced similar amounts of dry biomass per pot in monoculture and co-planting, whether growing in contaminated or uncontaminated soil. Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) concentrations in root tissue of S. interior increased 8.6%, 65.9% and 4.5%, respectively, in co-planting compared to its monoculture. T. pratense had superior concentration of As (14% higher) in root tissue when co-planted. However, the higher trace elements concentrations in the plant tissues did not translate into measurable differences in total trace element removal per pot, except for As. The bioconcentration factor for Cu and As was high in the belowground portions of the plants in co-planting. PCP levels in the soil decreased to values near the limit of detection in all treatments. These results suggest that co-planting S. interior with T. pratense could lead to higher phytoextraction potential than monoculture.

Effects of green manure legumes and their termination time on yield of maize and soil chemical properties

ABSTRACT A two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of interseeded green manure (GM) legumes in maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems and their termination time on yield of maize and soil chemical properties in southern Ethiopia. Maize variety, BH540 was planted as the main crop while three GM legumes cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), lablab (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were interseeded between maize rows. The GM legumes were terminated and incorporated into soils at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting. The amounts of dry biomass produced varied significantly (p < 0.05) among GM legumes and their termination time. The results indicated that GM legumes accumulated over 39.3–65.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 during 2014 cropping season and 53.3–156.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 during 2016 cropping season. However, maize stover and grain N yields were not significantly influenced by GM. The results suggest GM legumes, lablab and cowpea improved soil chemical properties (N, P and K). Therefore, interseeding and incorporation of GM legumes can be considered as an alternative mechanism of soil fertility management for sustainable crop production in southern Ethiopia, where rotational and successional GM legumes cultivation is practically impossible.

Growth and productivity of energy poplar plantations in Prykarpattia

Purpose. To determine the optimum density and efficiency of fertilizer application to ensure the high productivity of the energy plantations of the 'Max-4' poplar on the sod podzolic soils of the Prykarpattia region. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. After the fourth year of vegetation, the highest height of trees in the poplar plantations was recorded in the version with the lowest planting density (5.6 thousand plants/ha), 8.9 and 9.3 m, respectively. The average diameter of the central shoot was 109 mm at the control and 112 mm with fertilization at the rate of N40P300K300 + N40. It was found that the growth of the poplar of the fourth year of vegetation in height was slightly higher than the indicators of the third vegetation period, and lower in diameter. The diameter with the highest density (8.3 thousand plants/ha) was reduced to 9 and 12 mm per year. The average growth of these plantations in height over the last 2 years was at the level of 2.1 m, and in individual variants, it significantly increased from 1.7–1.9 m to 2.2–2.5 m. The highest yield of 4-year biomass was obtained at a density of 6.7 thousand plants/ha_ 69.5 t/ha of dry weight, which is 5.6 t/ha more than at a density of 8.3 thousand plants/ha and 2.9 t/ha compared to a density of 5.6 thousand plants/ha. The introduction of mineral fertilizers provided an increase in the yield by 12.9–16.2 t/ha of dry weight. According to the variants of the experiment, the average annual growth of dry biomass in the 4 years was from 12.8 to 17.7 t/ha, while in the fourth year it was from 11.2 to 15.6 t/ha. This indicates the feasibility of conducting the first harvest of poplar energy biomass after four years of cultivation. With the harvesting of poplar biomass after the third year of vegetation, a considerable amount of dry biomass (from 9.0 to 12.4 t/ha) can be obtained already in the first year. The introduction of mineral fertilizers ensured an increase in energy yield for all the studied density variants ranging from 227.0 to 285.1 GJ/ha. Conclusions. On turf podzolized medium-loamy soils of the Prykarpattia region, the highest indicators of the biomass productivity were found at the average planting density (6.7 thousand plants/ha) and fertilizer application. The biomass yield was 69.5 t/ha of dry weight, which is 8.8 % more than at the planting density of 8.3 thousand plants/ha and 4.4 % more than at the density of 5.6 thousand plants/ha. The optimum age of the first biomass harvesting in the studied density range is 4 years, and the next harvesting should be carried out every 3 years.

The role of organo-zeolitic material in supporting phytoremediation of a copper mining waste dump

The effect of applying organo-zeolitic (OZ) amendment in supporting phytoremediation of a copper mine waste dump, using a substrate obtained from Ľubietová, Central Slovakia, was studied. Three plant growth substrates were prepared: (i) the untreated substrate sample from the contaminated site (D–O), (ii) the contaminated sample treated with OZ material, with 82% D–O and 18% OZ (DO + OZ), (iii) the soil from a reference site (R). The largest amount of dry biomass was obtained from the DO + OZ sample. Whole plants grown on the original substrate (D–O) were accumulating a high concentration of Cu (3057 mg kg−1). The plants root grown on DO + OZ sample accumulated highest Cu concentrations (3127 mg kg−1), but in their aerial part, only 83.54 mg kg−1 was accumulated. The translocation factor’s lower than the unit values prove that these plant species do not transfer heavy metals from root to shoot, this is why their heavy metal excluder role is evident. The value of the bioconcentration factor of the DO + OZ root/substrate obtained to be greater than the unit for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, and Mn, suggests the OZ material’s positive contribution in the phytoremediation process that can be applied for these waste dumps.

Biomass potential of Turkey and energy production applications

ABSTRACTThe fact that fossil-based energy sources will run out requires the efficient use of the existing sources and as well as more effective and widespread use of renewable energy sources. The use of organic waste, which has a significant place among renewable energy resources, gains importance in terms of environment and energy optimization in sustainable development models. One of the renewable energy resources is biogas. In the countries where biogas technology is common, energy is produced by processing all kinds of organic waste in the biogas production facilities. Besides energy production, land, water, and air pollution caused by the waste is reduced to minimum. On the other hand, organic waste from the facilities is used as fertilizer in the vegetable production. In this research, biomass potential, which has an important and different place among renewable energy sources in terms of its existing potential and production technologies, is studied. Animal and vegetable-based waste and the equivalent energy potential of the biogas that can be produced out of these wastes have been identified. In this study, the average amount of dry biomass produced in Turkey in a year and the average heating value of the dry biomass have been calculated. In addition, suggestions have been made for taking advantage of the biomass potential efficiently and extensively. Turkey is rich in biomass and has adequate facilities and environmental conditions in terms of the development of this resource. In order to reduce the dependence of Turkey on foreign energy, transition to energy forestry and energy agriculture, development of obtaining biofuel from them and wastes, and biogas obtained from fertilizers, waste and garbage are required to be given importance.

Atributos de solo-planta e de produção de beterraba influenciados pela adubação com espécies da Caatinga

RESUMO: Plantas da vegetação espontânea do bioma Caatinga têm sido usadas como adubo verde nos sistemas de produção de hortaliças na região Nordeste do Brasil com o intuito de aumentar a produtividade das oleráceas e melhorar a exploração do meio ambiente. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de três espécies espontâneas da Caatinga como adubo verde em diferentes quantidades de biomassa nos atributos químicos do solo-planta e na produtividade da beterraba. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos de três espécies espontâneas da Caatinga: jitirana (Merremia aegyptia); mata-pasto (Senna uniflora) e flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) utilizadas em cinco quantidades de biomassa (5,4; 8,8; 12,2; 15,6 e 21,0 t/ha em base seca) incorporadas ao solo. As características avaliadas no solo foram teores de matéria orgânica, alumínio, macronutrientes, pH e número de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) de bactérias, fungos e actinomicetos após a colheita; na planta foram avaliados os teores de macronutrientes na folha diagnóstica, produtividade total e comercial de raízes, massa seca de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes. De modo geral, pode-se concluir que a adubação verde com as espécies espontâneas da Caatinga (jitirana, mata-pasto e flor-de-seda), proporcionou melhoria nos atributos químicos do solo e das plantas de beterraba. Os adubos verdes provenientes das espécies jitirana e flor-de-seda foram aqueles que proporcionaram o melhor desempenho produtivo da beterraba, com valores médios de produtividade total e comercial de 17,57; 15,39 e 18,74 e 16,33 t/ha, respectivamente. A adição ao solo de 21,0 t/ha de biomassa dos adubos verdes propiciou as maiores produtividades total (21,94 t/ha) e comercial (20,58 t/ha) de beterraba.

Contribution to the study of marine flora and vegetation of N Sporades Islands (Kira Panagia and Piperi), Aegean Sea, Greece

The marine flora and vegetation in the small desert islands Kira Panagia and Piperi situated NNN of Alonissos, Aegean Sea, Greece were investigated in order to create a marine park for the protection of the Mediterranean Seal (Monarchus monarchus). The flora was rich with almost 110 algae species in both of the investigated stations. Seven marine plant communities were recognized, two of which belong to the sciophiles (Halimeda tuna andDilophus spiralis), and the other five to the photophiles growing in the hard rocky substrates. From the chloridic element the atlantic-subtropical are the main representatives with Sorensen index ⊥0,41, R/P ratio ⊥ 2,65 and R+C/P ⊥ 3,3,so that means subtropical character of the marine flora. Finally the amount of dry biomass in both stations was very rich and typical of this rocky, exposed and clear biotope. Therefore these small islands could probably be utilised for the creation of a marine plant park which is to become an excellent shelter for the mediterranean seal that is gradually becoming rarer in the Mediterranean.

Influence of Selected Weedy and Weed-free Sugarcane Habitats on Diet Composition and Foraging Activity of the Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Imported fire ant (IFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, diet composition and foraging activity investigations in selected weedy sugarcane habitats showed that the most frequent foraging occurred in grass habitats, which also had the greatest vegetation density and above-ground biomass. Predation observed on immature leafhoppers, adult dipterans, phytophagous insects (collectively), and on foliage-associated fauna was greater ( P < 0.05) in grass than in broadleaf or weed-free habitats. Sweep net counts of foliage-associated arthropods revealed highest relative abundance in grass ( n = 828) versus weed-free ( n = 141) habitats. Greatest species diversity (H' = 3.464) occurred in broadleaf habitats. IFA prey capture efficiency was lower in broadleaf than in weed-free habitats, possibly due to pollen and nectar foraging, and was lower in grass habitats, probably as a result of predator satiation. Based on the results obtained, broadleaf plants are expected to provide more prey per amount of dry biomass (g/m2) than grasses or sugarcane alone. These data show that IFA population levels can be enhanced through judicious vegetation management. This enhancement would result in increased ecological stability of the sugarcane crop protection system.