Amounts Of Chemical Components Research Articles

Infestation Differences and Control of the Clearwing Moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh.) in Apple Orchards, Egypt.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The clearwing moth (<i>Synanthedon myopaeformis</i> Borkh.) is considered one of the most dangerous pests infesting apple orchards in Egypt, causing the destruction of apple trees and a significant reduction in tree vigour and yield. Therefore, controlling it has become an important issue. The present study aimed to investigate the differences in <i>S. myopaeformis</i> infestation in apple orchards in different geographical regions and the infestation rates to different agricultural operations. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The infestation percentages of <i>S. myopaeformis</i> in different geographical regions under varying agricultural operations were determined. Additionally, the amounts of chemical components (e.g., phenols, proline and total carbohydrates and proteins) in the stems and leaves of both infested and healthy apple trees were determined. Finally, the efficacy of seven different materials of varying types to control the borer was tested by painting the trunks of the apple trees. <b>Results:</b> The highest numbers of <i>S. myopaeformis</i> were recorded in July at locations with varying agricultural operations: Melig (25.88 adults), Kafer-Aleim (20.30 adults) and Al-Khatatba (13.02 adults). The emergence percentages recorded at the abovementioned locations were 44.55, 33.40 and 22.05%, respectively. The infested trees contained high amounts of proline and phenols in both stems and leaves, whereas total carbohydrate and protein contents were low. The highest reduction in the emergent population was recorded with the use of the pesticide Ranous (82.16%) and the application of used motor oil on the trunk (78.15%). <b>Conclusion:</b> The proposed treatment of infested apple trees is painting the trunks during the summer months, when <i>S. myopaeformis</i> activity is high, with motor oil and the pesticide Ranous. The accumulation of phenol and proline in the infested trees indicated a type of direct defense mechanism against <i>S. myopaeformis</i> attacks.

Wood chemical composition of five tree species from Oaxaca, Mexico

The wood chemical composition was determined for five tree species that cohabitate in the forest of Ixtlán de Juárez (Oaxaca, Mexico). These species were Alnus acuminata, Arbutus xalapensis, Myrsine juergensenii, Persea longipes, and Prunus serotina. The chemical composition was then correlated with the higher heating value of the wood. The chemical components determined were total extractives, ash, lignin, and holocellulose (alpha cellulose and hemicelluloses). The extractives were separated using Soxhlet equipment, and the ash obtained was analyzed via atomic absorption spectrometry. On average, the species presented 8.26 to 19.64% of total extractives, 0.56 to 1.50% of ash, 23.1 to 37.2% of lignin, 74.0 to 79.5% of holocellulose, 56.3 to 66.3% of α-cellulose, and 12.3 to 21.0% of hemicelluloses. In the ash, higher percentages of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were detected. The amount of chemical components was different between species (p ≤ 0.05). The higher heating value showed a positive correlation with the extractives content (r = 0.582), while with the ash content it was negative (-0.575). The high proportions of polysaccharides predict good performance of these species in pulp production, and the calorific value indicates that they have the potential for use as fuel.

Wood Properties of Three Fruit Tree Species Planted in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties for wood utilization of fruit trees planted in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. A total of 9 jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and durian (Durio zibethinus) trees were randomly selected from the plot (20 by 30 m) and measured for stem diameter, tree height, stress-wave velocity (SWV), and Pilodyn penetration of the trees. Mean values of stem diameter were 11.8, 15.9, and 29.3 cm for S. malaccense, N. lappaceum, and D. zibethinus, respectively. Mean values of stress-wave velocity were 3.16, 3.95, and 3.63 km/s for S. malaccense, N. lappaceum, and D. zibethinus, respectively. Core samples (5 mm in diameter) were collected from these trees to investigate the wood properties [basic density (BD) and compressive strength parallel to grain (CS)], anatomical characteristics [vessel diameter (VD), cell wall thickness (CWT) in wood fiber, and cell length (CL) of wood fiber and vessel element], and amounts of chemical components. In VD, CWT in wood fiber, and CL in wood fiber and vessel element, almost the same radial variation patterns were found in the three species. Relatively higher values in SWV, BD, and CS were found in N. lappaceum, suggesting that its wood can be used for construction lumber. On the other hand, S. malaccense and D. zibethinus had relatively thicker CWT in wood fiber, longer CL in wood fiber, and lower Klason lignin content. It is considered that the wood of these two species may be suitable for pulpwood.

Role of RNase on microbial community analysis in the rice and wheat plants soil by 16S rDNA-DGGE

In this work, we reported the role of RNase on microbial community analysis from soil samples. The amounts of chemical components were measured from the adjoining soil of rice and wheat plants. The chemical properties of these soils were rich in surface level as compared to other soil layers. Total DNA was extracted from freshly collected soils. To obtain pure DNA, half of the sample was incubated with RNase and half was without RNase. A total of 16S rDNA fragments were amplified and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). RNase-treated DNA followed by PCR resulted in a PCR product of good yield and integrity. DGGE bands and cluster analysis indicated a significant difference between the patterns obtained from RNase-treated and RNase non-treated samples. The sequencing results of 16S rDNA fragments from DGGE profiles of soil samples indicated that the dominant bacteria are composed of different gene sequences. This is an interesting preliminary observation which indicates that the RNase treatment prior to amplification and DGGE analysis modifies the pattern obtained. Therefore, it is suitable for community analysis of agricultural plant soil samples as well as environmental samples.

OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURAL MEDIA FOR JOINT CULTIVATION OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM AND AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE

The paper presents the results of studies on the optimization of culture media for joint cultivation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense bacteria at periodic passages. It was established that cultivation of studied microorganisms in a mixed culture the number of nodule bacteria vary from 0.76 to 6.72 billion cells/cm3, depending on the concentration of medium components. It was shown that the effect of molasses, fodder yeast and phosphates on growth activity of B. japonicum significantly depends not only on the amount of chemical components in the media, but also on the strain of A. brasilense, used for joint cultivation. Based on the results of multivariate experiment an optimized media for joint cultivation of studied microorganisms was proposed.

Quality assessment of the essential oils from Nardostachys jatamansi (d. Don) dc and Nardostachys chinensis batal obtained from Kathmandu valley market

The chemical composition and physicochemical parameters of the essential oils obtained from two species of Nardostachys available in Kathmandu market, N. jatamansi (D. Don) and N. chinensis Batal were determined. GC-MS technique was used for the analysis of the oils. Both oils were characterized by high content of sesquiterpenes. â-gurjunene and jatamansone were the major sesquiterpene components of both oils. Somewhat variation in the amount of chemical components was found in two different species. The physical and chemical parameters such as specific gravity, specific rotation, refractive index and saponification value, acid number, iodine number were very similar for both species. Both oils were, therefore, of comparable quality. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 p13-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6854

COMPONENTES QUÍMICOS PRINCIPALES DE LA MADERA DE Dalbergia granadillo Pittier Y DE Platymiscium lasiocarpum Sandw.

A chemical analysis of the wood (heartwood, transition zone and sapwood) of two tropical species (Dalbergia granadillo and Platymiscium lasiocarpum) was conducted according to ASTM standards. The chemical components determined were: ash, extractives (ethanol-benzene, hot water and water at ambient temperature), lignin and holocellulose. The amounts of chemical compounds found in the wood samples ranged as follows: ash (0.62 to 1.84 %), total solubility (10.19 to 33.35 %), lignin (25.24 to 27.24 %) and holocellulose (49.24 to 55.25 %). The statistical analysis of variance of the results indicated that the amount of chemical components is statistically different (P

European analytical column no. 36 from the Division of Analytical Chemistry (DAC) of the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) January 2008

Modern analytical methods are indispensable in many disciplines, including medicine, biology and environmental protection, as well as being fundamental to chemistry and chemical technology. Nearly 50 % of European Union (EU) laws and regulations require strict analytical measurements to monitor compliance. Prof. M. Grasserbauer expressed this eloquently at EUROANALYSIS XIII in 2004 in Salamanca in his statement that ‘Analytical Chemistry is indispensable to democratic governance’. This is supported by the number of batch analyses per year carried out in Europe (ca. 10) and the astronomical amount of data resulting from continuous analytical monitoring. Nearly 70 % of European chemists consider chemical analysis as either the main or an extremely important part of their job description [1]. In the field of Analytical Chemistry, more than 100,000 papers are generated in Europe alone every year [2]. Therefore, it is not surprising that Analytical Science was proclaimed as a breakthrough science by EuCheMS. It is clearly stated in its documents that the need for analytical measurements arises in all research disciplines, industrial sectors and human activities that entail the need to know not only the identities and amounts of chemical components in a mixture, but also how they are distributed in space and time. Recent developments in this area have underpinned major advances in the biosciences, such as genome mapping and diagnostics. Further developments will improve our capability for real-time and remote analysis, and miniaturization will enhance our ability to undertake in situ and in vivo analysis. Increasing globalisation of Analytical Chemistry, together with the increasing range of tasks within its remit, put an escalating burden on analytical chemists with regard to education, research and development of new analytical methods and approaches, their publication and, above all, their practical application in everyday life. The activities of EuCheMSDAC [3] are focused in this direction and can provide helpful support in addressing these demanding challenges as demonstrated in the following paragraphs. In our opinion, the main task of DAC is to promote Analytical Chemistry, for example by attracting more young people to study this exciting field of chemistry and increasing general awareness of the importance of the subject.

Effects of Rate of Temperature Increase and Holding Temperature During Cooking on the Amounts of Chemical Components in Rice Grains

Effects of Rate of Temperature Increase and Holding Temperature During Cooking on the Amounts of Chemical Components in Rice Grains

Chemical components of hardwood barks stripped by the alien squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus in Japan

The Pallas squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus; common name in Japan: Formosan squirrel) was introduced in the 1950s and has established populations throughout southeastern Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Some tree species in natural forests, parks, and gardens in residential areas have been intensively debarked by the squirrels, especially in winter and spring. The amounts of chemical components, such as polyphenols, resins, flavanols, and sugars, in the bark were compared among species and individual trees collected in the forest of Yokohama Nature Sanctuary. Interspecific differences in the extent of stripping were not related to the amounts of the four chemical components. For individual trees, the bark with feeding scars tended to contain more sugar than that without scars.

Changes in the physical and chemical properties of six Japanese softwoods caused by lengthy smoke-heating treatment

The effects of prolonged smoke-heating treatments on wood quality were investigated. Six Japanese softwoods were smoke-heated for 100 and 200 h at a temperature of 75° ± 5°C, which was recorded inside the log. After smoke heating, wood quality, including moisture content, amounts of chemical components, relative degree of crystallinity (RDC) of cellulose, and sapwood color were examined. Moisture content decreased as a result of smoke heating, especially in sapwood, leading to a uniform distribution of moisture content within a log. Almost no difference was found in the amounts of chemical components between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100 h. However, in the wood that was smoke-heated for 200 h, the amounts of holocellulose decreased, suggesting that thermal deterioration and/or degradation of hemicelluloses had occurred. We assume that the increase in RDC was caused by smoke heating with the crystallization of cellulose and/or thermal degradation of hemicelluloses. Almost no differences were found in sapwood color between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100 h. In the wood that was smoke-heated for 200 h, however, ΔL*decreased, whereas Δa* and Δb* increased. As a result, ΔE*ab, showing the total color change, increased, resulting in a deeper color. These results suggest that thermal degradation of hemicelluloses was caused by smoke heating for over 100 h. Therefore, smoke heating of softwood logs using a commercial-scale kiln should not exceed 100 h.

深海底から地球深部を探る 南海トラフにおけるメタンガスの湧出現象

Plate boundaries on the deep seafloor, such as mid-oceanic ridges and plate subduction zones, can be regarded as openings or windows through which much amount of chemical components comes up from or goes down to the earth interior chiefly by seawater convection. Recent observations with research vessels, submersibles, and drilling vessels have brought about many new findings on geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluid venting at mid-oceanic ridges and of cold seepage at subduction zones, both of which bear significant parts of chemical flux between the ocean and the lithosphere. This review article focuses on the behaviour of methane gas (CH4) associated with pore fluid emanation (cold seepage) from sediment of the Nankai Trough accretionary prism, which is tectonically compressed by the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate under the Japanese Islands. The origin of CH4 gas is shown to have been investigated in terms of methane/ethane ratios and carbon isotope ratios of CH4. It is also mentioned that CH4 plays an important role in producing hydrogen sulfide in surface sediment to support enormous communities of giant clams (Calyptogena) which have endosymbiotic sulfur oxidizing (chemosynthetic) bacteria in their gills.

木質材料 遠赤外線くん煙熱処理スギ材の材質特性

Logs of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) were treated by a smoke-heating system with increased far-infrared radiation. Logs were smoke-heated for about 35 hours at a temperature inside the logs of more than 80°C. No damage was found in the logs by the treatment. After the treatment, the changes of some wood qualities (bending strength, shrinkage, swelling, degree of crystallinity, amounts of chemical components) were examined. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending of sapwood increased about 13% by the treatment, whereas in heartwood almost no difference in bending strength between the smoke-heated and control logs was found. The degree of crystallinity increased about 8% in sapwood, almost corresponding to the increase ratio of MOE. The smoke-heated logs increased both their shrinkage and swelling in heartwood, but decreased both of them in sapwood. The results obtained here suggested almost no difference in wood qualities between the smoke-heated and control logs. This fact indicates that smoke-heating of logs did not causes any thermal deterioration in wood.

Deposition of Sulfate, Chloride and Sodium at Japanese Meteorological Observatories and on the Western North Pacific

Abstract A simple plastic sampler was tested to get the information on the deposition amount of chemical components throughout Japan and the neighbouring regions. Polypropylene cylinders of diameter 117 mm which contained 300ml pure water were set in the observation fields and kept open for one month. At the end of the month the samplers were covered with caps and sent to Meteorological College, Kashiwa, Chiba. The sample solutions were filtered through Millipore filter (0.45μm pore size) and used for the determination by ion chromatography, atomic absorption and flame emission analyses. Monthly deposition amounts of sulfate, chloride and sodium ions were determined simultaneously at 21 Japanese meteorological observatories in June and October 1987. Similar samples were also set on the upper deck of RV Ryofu-maru for 4–7 days during cruises across the western North Pacific in 1987 and 1988. The deposition amount of SO4(excess) (SO4–Na × SO4(seasalt)/Na(seasalt)) was calculated. The strongest source regions of SO4(excess) were found to be on the Pacific side of Honshu, where big cities such as Tokyo and Osaka are situated. The deposition amount generally decreased depending upon the distance from these sources. Another strong source region of SO4 (excess) was Kagoshima. It is suggested that the deposition at this station was influenced by the volcanic activity of Mt. Sakurajima, because the deposition amount of Cl(excess) was also found to be high, reflecting the composition of the volcanic gases of this region.