Amount Of Caustic Soda Research Articles

Optimization of the Caustic Treatment of Jet-Fuel to Reduce the Consumption of Caustic Soda in an Oil Refinery

Jet-Fuel desulfurization is one of the most important processes in the petroleum industries due to the high quality required for aviation fuels. In the pre-sent work, the desulfurization of Jet-Fuel with a content of sulfurous compounds was studied using a process assisted with sodium hydroxide. It was considered that the composition of the turbo fuel varies because different blends of crude oil are processed in the refinery under study. The effects of operating conditions, such as reaction time (15 to 30 min) and the amount of caustic soda (NaOH) in its solution (0.024 to 0.2 mol/L) were investigated. The objective functions (responses) were the NaOH consumption and the total cost of production while the acidity and the total sulfur content of Jet-A1 were considered as restrictions. The optimal conditions of the proposed model were obtained using the optimization with the fmincon function of the MATLAB software. These optimal conditions were found to vary according to the content of sulfur compounds present in the process feed. From the optimal points obtained, it was possible to determine the frequency of change of the NaOH solution that allows its maximum use.

Resource-Saving Complex For Mine Water Demineralization

The problem of the formation of a large number of highly mineralized mine waters, formed as a result of further exploitation of mines, and the tendency to increase the mineralization are shown. The existing technologies for cleaning mine water are analyzed. It is shown that in most cases they are exposed only to clarification and mechanical cleaning. Purified in this way, mine waters have increased mineralization and when discharged into surface water bodies, they contaminate them. Existing methods of deep processing of mineralized water including reverse osmosis desalination, further evaporation of the concentrate and crystallization of dry salts have not been used anywhere, because of the complexity of further processing of reverse osmosis concentrate. A complex drainless technology for deep treatment of mine waters of sulphate-chloride composition is proposed. The technology consists of sequential coagulation, and soda-lime softening. The resulting deposits after compaction and filtration on the filter press represent calcium-magnesium raw materials, which can be sold as commercial products for use in the construction industry, glass production, communal services, etc. In the future, after acid treatment, decarbonisation, and neutralization with a caustic soda water hardness is reduced to 0.5 mg-eq / dm3, which allows reverse osmosis filtration without inhibitors of sedimentation, this allows to obtain a phosphate-free end ntrate with a total salt content of approximately 80000 mg / dm3. After the addition of a small amount of caustic soda, the concentrate is evaporated and sodium sulfate is crystallized in the form of a ten-fold mirabilite, which after washing can be realized, the sodium chloride remaining in the mother liquor is isolated, followed by the realization. Based on the results of the development, the project (stage II) of the complex for the in-depth water treatment for the Lubelskaya mine has been completed, and preparations for the production of working documentation are in progress.

Study of an Evaporation System for Sodium Hydroxide Solution

The textile industry in Bangladesh uses a substantial quantity of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to clean and prepare fabrics for dyeing. In all textile mills dealing with finishing, particularly with the mercerizing of cotton and mixed cotton fabrics, dilute caustic soda solutions come out as effluent from mercerizing unit. Caustic soda is expensive and its disposal without neutralization is unacceptable. A considerable amount of caustic soda can be saved if the dilute solution leaving the mercerizing step can be collected, concentrated and recycled. The concentration of the dilute caustic soda solution can be carried out by means of evaporation. A single effect evaporation system to concentrate the dilute sodium hydroxide solution was constructed and operated. The operating results confirm the economic viability of such recovery scheme.Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.ChE 24 2006 35-36

Core Analysis Study for the El Dorado Micellar-Polymer Project

Introduction The marginal economics controlling improved recovery processes in watered-out reservoirs have placed processes in watered-out reservoirs have placed increased emphasis on reservoir engineering and cost optimization. A detailed knowledge of reservoir properties has become essential. For the El Dorado field micellar-polymer project, 31 wells were cored within a 52-acre area. Even with the data generated from such a high well density, it has been difficult to predict reservoir properties and formulate a satisfactory field-wide model. properties and formulate a satisfactory field-wide model. Information obtained from routine core analysis proved invaluable in the process design phases and should be helpful in explaining project performance. The two primary objectives of the El Dorado micellar-polymer coring program were to acquire a detailed description of the reservoir and to obtain formation samples for laboratory testing. Reservoir parameters sought were porosity, oil saturation, and permeability, and their distribution over the project area. Knowledge of localized anomalies would be useful in explaining possible differences in well behavior that could affect over-all possible differences in well behavior that could affect over-all project performance. Formation samples are necessary to project performance. Formation samples are necessary to determine the mineralogical and strength characteristics of the reservoir rock. Laboratory flow tests using El Dorado cores are needed to study adsorption, fluid mobilities, and oil recovery for design of the micellar-polymer process. In addition, preserved samples of the reservoir as it exists before the chemical flood might prove useful as the state of the art improves. prove useful as the state of the art improves. Coring Procedures Fig. 1 shows the pattern configuration and types of cores for the demonstration project. Two factors considered in the coring operations were residual oil saturation and rock wettability. Although it was generally conceded that oil present in the cores would be flushed to residual, one of the five test wells was cored with a low-fluid-loss emulsion mud to inhibit filtrate penetration into the core. The mud contained 10-lb/bb] pregelatinized starch, 8-lb/bbl bentonite, and small amounts of caustic soda, biocide, and soda ash. The drilling fluid for all other wells was El Dorado produced water. To preserve native formation wettability, which often is thought to be altered during coring, eight cores were cut with deaerated brine containing oxygen scavenger (0.25-lb/bbl sodium sulfite). These cores were wrapped and sealed at the wellsite to minimize contact with the atmosphere and possible alteration of rock and fluid properties. Core Analyses Twenty-five cores from the project area have been analyzed to determine local reservoir porosity, permeability, pay thickness, and immobile oil saturation. permeability, pay thickness, and immobile oil saturation. The laboratory methods used for the analyses are defined in Ref. 1. Data were measured at 1 -ft intervals corresponding to the footages marked on the core. This sampling procedure is thought to be unbiased and over the large procedure is thought to be unbiased and over the large number of points analyzed, the measurements should yield a fair representation of kh, the flow capacity, of the formation. Discussion of Results Porosity and Oil Saturation Porosity and Oil Saturation JPT P. 1013

ChemInform Abstract: HYDROLYSIS OF O‐ AND P‐NITROCHLOROBENZENE WITH AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO THE CORRESPONDING NITROPHENOLS

AbstractIm Hinblick auf optimale Reaktionsbedingungen wird die Hydrolyse von o‐ und p‐Nitrochlorbenzol (I) mit NaOH zwischen 100 und 160°C untersucht.

Hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide to the corresponding nitrophenols

AbstractThe hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide was studied at temperatures of 100–160°C and at a pressure corresponding to the vapour pressure of the aqueous solution, so that the system was maintained in the liquid phase. The rate of reaction, as well as the yield and quality of the product, were poor when no catalyst was used. The use of cuprous oxide and manganese dioxide as catalysts was found to be suitable for the process. The effects of temperature, amount of caustic soda, ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase, type and amount of catalyst, speed of agitation and period of reaction on the conversion and yield of nitrophenols were studied with a view to obtaining the most suitable conditions for the production of o‐ and p‐nitrophenol.

Hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide to the corresponding nitrophenols

AbstractThe hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide was studied at temperatures of 100–160°C and at a pressure corresponding to the vapour pressure of the aqueous solution, so that the system was maintained in the liquid phase. The rate of reaction, as well as the yield and quality of the product, were poor when no catalyst was used. The use of cuprous oxide and manganese dioxide as catalysts was found to be suitable for the process. The effects of temperature, amount of caustic soda, ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase, type and amount of catalyst, speed of agitation and period of reaction on the conversion and yield of nitrophenols were studied with a view to obtaining the most suitable conditions for the production of o‐ and p‐nitrophenol.

Studies on the thixotropic behaviour of ‘Akli’ bentonite suspensions

Thixotropic behaviour of dilute (1.5%) and concentrated (5.3% to 8.3%) suspensions of ‘Akli’ bentonite has been studied by different methods. Dilute suspensions gave soft gels on the addition of small amounts of KCl and KCNS and the equation logθ=A-BC (whereθ was time of gelation,C was concentration of the electrolyte,A andB were constants) was found to hold good. The rotational viscometer method gave hysteresis loops (equationey=a xb; wherey was torque,x was r.p.m. anda andb were constants) with concentrated suspensions containing varying amounts of caustic soda. Regression equation has been given for various gel forming mixtures.