Amount Of Bacterial Cellulose Research Articles

Polysaccharides as food system stabilizers

From the point of view of the modern healthy nutrition concept, dietary fiber (DF) occupies a leading position among functional ingredients. Expanding the range of food products with the help of DF can strengthen public health and human immune response. Insoluble natural polysaccharides (which make up the main group of polysaccharides) serve as an alternative to surfactants as stabilizers for food emulsions. The quality of ready-to-use food products such as ketchups and mayonnaises deteriorates during long-term refrigeration due to changes in physical and chemical properties. The present research aims to justify the use of disaggregated bacterial cellulose (BC) as a food system stabilizer for mayonnaise sauces and tomato ketchups. It is a unique structurizer of food systems due to its properties: high water-retaining and lipid-binding capacity, fibrillar structure, and lack of toxicity, hence the commercial interest in it as a food additive and functional ingredient. Using scanning probe microscopy, the sizes of BC fibrils were determined: length > 10 μm, width 100-150 nm. Physicochemical parameters of mayonnaise sauce and ketchup samples containing BC were analyzed and compared. The impact the amount of BC has on the organoleptic characteristics of ketchup and mayonnaise was determined.

Bacterial cellulose: A highly versatile nanomaterial.

Bacterial cellulose: A highly versatile nanomaterial.

In Vivo Modification of Microporous Structure in Bacterial Cellulose by Exposing Komagataeibacter xylinus Culture to Physical and Chemical Stimuli.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) samples were obtained in a static culture of K. xylinus under the effect of a low-intensity magnetic field, UV light, NaCl, and chloramphenicol. The effect of such stimuli on the amount of BC produced and its production rate, specific area, pore volume, and pore diameter were evaluated. The polysaccharide production was enhanced 2.28-fold by exposing K. xylinus culture to UV light (366 nm) and 1.7-fold by adding chloramphenicol (0.25 mM) to the medium in comparison to BC control. All the stimuli triggered a decrease in the rate of BC biosynthesis. BC membranes were found to be mesoporous materials with an average pore diameter from 21.37 to 25.73 nm. BC produced under a magnetic field showed the lowest values of specific area and pore volume (2.55 m2 g−1 and 0.024 cm3 g−1), while the BC synthesized in the presence of NaCl showed the highest (15.72 m2 g−1 and 0.11 cm3 g−1). FTIR spectra of the BC samples also demonstrated changes related to structural order. The rehydration property in these BC samples is not mainly mediated by the crystallinity level or porosity. In summary, these results support that BC production, surface, and structural properties could be modified by manipulating the physical and chemical stimuli investigated.

Cassava starch/bacterial cellulose-based bioplastics with Zanthoxylum acanthopodium

Abstract. Gea S, Pasaribu KM, Sarumaha AA, Rahayu S. 2022. Cassava starch/bacterial cellulose-based bioplastics with Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. Biodiversitas 23: 2601-2608. The use of conventional plastics has become one of the biggest environmental problems because of their difficulties in decomposing. Bioplastics are plastics that are decompose easily in nature as they are naturally sourced. The purpose of this research was to create antimicrobial bioplastics from cassava starch with the addition of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a reinforcement material and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (andaliman) as an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, this study determines the optimal concentration of BC and the antibacterial effect of Z. acanthopodium extract in bioplastics produced by the solution casting method. The addition of BC to bioplastics changed the properties of bioplastics, according to FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and tensile strength analysis. Mechanical analysis showed an increase in tensile strength with higher amount of BC. The best tensile strength was observed in CS2BCA sample (2.34 MPa). The antibacterial test of bioplastic samples showed good inhibition zone (10.8 mm) against Bacillus cereus.

Potential use of olive oil mill wastewater for bacterial cellulose production

ABSTRACT In this study, olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW), an important waste in the Mediterranean basin, was evaluated to produce bacterial cellulose (BC). For this purpose, the effects of different ratios of OOMW fractions (25–100%) and some additional nutrients (yeast extract, peptone and Hestrin-Schramm medium (HS) components) on BC productions were investigated. Unsupplemented OOMW medium (75% and 100%) yielded as much as BC obtained in HS medium (0.65 g/L), while enrichment of OOMW medium (%100) with yeast extract (5 g/L) and peptone (5 g/L) increased the amount of BC by 5.5 times, reaching to 5.33 g/L. In addition, produced BCs were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM analyses. BC from OOMW medium (100% OOMW with supplementation) has a high thermal decomposition temperature (316.8°C), whereas it has lower crystallinity index (57%). According to the FT-IR analysis, it was observed that the components of OOMW might be absorbed by BCs. Thus, higher yield productions of BCs from OOMW media compared to BC obtained from HS medium indicate that olive oil industry wastes can be integrated into BC production for industrial applications.

Получение бактериальной целлюлозы при совместном культивировании Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans с продуцентами декстрана Leuconostoc mesenteroides и ксантана Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular product of bacterial metabolism. Like plant cellulose, BC has the same molecular formula but its structure is significantly different. Due to its unique properties (high degree of crystallinity, purity, good water-holding capacity), BC is widely used in many areas of human life. However, despite all the advantages of BC over plant polymers, its production is a relatively expensive process. Thus, one of the ways to increase the polymer yield can be to jointly cultivate a BC producer strain with other polysaccharide producers. The positive effect of some water-soluble polysaccharides on the BC output is known from the literature data. In addition, many biosynthetic genes remain silent and not expressed in vitro, thereby severely limiting the chemical diversity of microbial compounds that can be obtained by fermentation. In contrast, the co-cultivation of two or more different microorganisms mimics a real "situation" where microorganisms coexist in complex microbial communities. It has been proven that competition or antagonism occurring within co-cultivation leads to a significant increase in the existing compounds and / or accumulation of new compounds which are not found in axial cultures of the producer strain. The purpose of this study is to investigate cocultivation as a way to increase the yield of BC during the cultivation of BC producers with other polysaccharide-forming strains. The strain of Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans B-11267 was used as a BC producer, Xanthomonas campestris was used as a xanthan producer, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides was used as a dextran producer. The cultivation was carried out under dynamic conditions on a medium with molasses. The polysaccharide yield was expressed as the absolute dry weight of the polymers per unit volume of the culture medium. We have studied the BC morphology using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR spectroscopy. Crystallinity was checked by X-ray diffraction analysis. The interest in BC makes it necessary to synthesize it in large quantities on an industrial scale. The problem of increasing productivity was solved by co-cultivating the BC producer Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans with the producers of dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides and xanthan Xanthomonas campestris, since the addition of water-soluble polysaccharides is known to increase the viscosity of the medium and facilitate the dispersion of bacterial cellulose granules. Thereby increasing the number of free cells, which can accelerate sugar consumption and polymer formation. At the first stage of the study, the most optimal conditions for co-cultivation of the BC producer with the producers of xanthan and dextran were selected, namely, the optimal pH value of the medium. Monoculture of bacteria X. campestris, L. mesenteroides, and K. sucrofermentans was carried out at different pH values (See Fig. 1-3). Based on the data obtained, we can say that the most optimal pH value for co-cultivation of microorganisms is pH 5.0. In this regard, at the second stage of this study, we carried out joint cultivation of the BC producer strain K. sucrofermentans with the xanthan and dextran producers X. campestris and L. mesenteroides, respectively, on molasses medium. From the data presented (See Fig. 4), it can be seen that the largest amount of polysaccharide is formed on the third day during cocultivation of the BC producer and the dextran producer. The amount of BC was 5.99 ± 0.02 g/l, which is two and a half times higher than the amount of polymer formed during monocultivation of a BC producer (2.25 ± 0.05 g/l). Co-cultivation of the BC producer strain with the xanthan producer did not lead to an increase in the polysaccharide yield. Therefore, no further study of co-cultivation of these microorganisms was carried out. To assess the success of the joint cultivation of BC and dextran producer strains and investigate the properties of the obtained polysaccharide, studies using AFM, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray structural analysis were carried out. The surface relief of the obtained BC was studied using the AFM method (See Fig. 7). Analysis of the AFM images showed the presence of an association of K. sucrofermentans and L. mesenteroides cells in the BC. Also, the obtained BC was investigated using the method of FTIR spectroscopy (See Fig. 8). The obtained IR spectra show similarity of the detected peaks with the literature data of peaks corresponding to BC. To determine the degree of crystallinity, the structure of cellulose was studied by X-ray structural analysis (See Fig. 9). The degree of crystallinity of the studied cellulose samples is 64% and 32% with monocultivation of K. sucrofermentans and co-cultivation of K. sucrofermentans and L. mesenteroides, respectively. The article contains 9 Figures, 1 Table, 37 References.

Typical kombucha fermentation: Kinetic evaluation of beverage and morphological characterization of bacterial cellulose

The production of kombucha generates as products a fermented beverage and also bacterial cellulose (BC). Despite several studies on the production and characteristics of the beverage, BC from kombucha is still little explored and there are not many reports on the reuse of this material. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate typical kombucha fermentation results in a satisfactory amount of BC with morphological and physicochemical characteristics similar to those produced in synthetic medium. For this, the fermentation kinetics for obtaining kombucha beverage and BC were evaluated in a medium containing green tea and sugar. The microbial composition of the culture was identified and Komagataeibacter rhaeticus proved to be the main strain responsible for BC production. The fermentation showed typical behavior with the production of acetic acid, citric acid, ethanol, and a slight increase in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. The final concentration of 4.56 g/L of BC was obtained and identified as type I, showing a structure of fine tangled fibers and crystallinity of 74.3%. Knowing that there is a high demand for cellulose in many areas, BC produced by the kombucha industry can be an alternative source to the conventional production method. Novelty impact statement This study demonstrated that two products could be obtained in the typical kombucha fermentation, the beverage and the bacterial cellulose (BC). The results showed that considerable amounts of BC were produced with physicochemical characteristics comparable to BC produced by isolated strains in a synthetic medium.

Development of bacterial cellulose and polycaprolactone (PCL) based composite for medical material

Polycaprolactone (PCL)/bacterial cellulose (BC) composite was successfully prepared via film casting. BC was extracted from nata de coco using alkaline purification. 1%,5%,10%,20%,30% and 50% v/v of BC was incorporated into PCL composite. The structural, morphological, thermal, swelling, and degradation properties were investigated. It was found that the intensity of O–H stretching was observed with respect to amount of BC content. However, with high BC content, the percent of crystallinity was decreased. Porosity was observed as a microstructure of BC/PCL composite. It was remarkable to note that thermal decomposition behavior was stable up to 400 °C. The crystallization temperature was increased, whereas the melting temperature was decreased, when high amount of BC was integrated. No significant change of swelling behavior was observed for DI water and PBS solution when BC was added. The swelling behavior and degradation properties were observed for 6 h and 4 weeks, respectively. Therefore, bacterial cellulose and polycaprolactone based composite can significantly be provide the benefit as an excellent candidate for wound dressing application.

In-situ Production and Collection of Bacterial Cellulose on Jute and Flax Mats by Static Cultivation

ABSTRACT In this study, jute and flax mats were used as a support material to deposit bacterial cellulose (BC) on its surface produced by Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens (MTCC 3135) through fermentation process under static condition. Amount of BC produced during the study indicates that type of mats as support material affects the production of BC at the air-liquid interface. About 2.45 g/l and 1.85 g/l of BC was produced in presence of jute and flax mats as support, respectively. Neat BC obtained under static cultivation was found to be brittle in nature. In order to prevent brittleness in BC, mat hanging method has been proposed to deposit BC directly on the surface of the mat. FTIR peaks obtained at 3337 and 3350 cm−1 as well as at 1647 and 1654 cm−1 indicated the presence of cellulose in form of BC on both the mats. Microscopic observation, water uptake behavior and antibacterial studies of neat mats, unadhered BC and BC deposited on mats were also carried out and the results were compared. The proposed in-situ method of collecting BC on the cellulosic mats will help in fabrication of biocomposite sheets that can be further explored in packaging, medical and biomedical applications.

Effect of inoculum size and glucose concentration for bacterial cellulose production by Lactobacillus acidophilus

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has gained interest as new industrial materials because of its unique properties compared to other cellulose sources. Intense researches have been done to study the production of BC and finding a new strain source to meet the requirement of high yield of production with a low economic cost. In this work, the potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a new source of bacterial cellulose was studied by observing the effects of inoculum size and glucose concentration on the production of BC using the one-factor-at-time method. L. acidophilus was cultured in HS medium for 14 days at various cultivation conditions according to the experimental set-up. The results obtained indicate that the glucose concentration in the medium and the inoculum size of the bacteria had a significant role in the BC production. The highest BC of 1.843 g/L was achieved at 1.5 w/v% glucose concentration and 0.856 g/L at 6 v/v% of inoculum size. Although the amount of BC produced was comparatively low than BC produced from other bacterial strains, these results demonstrated the potential of L. acidophilus as a new strain source for BC production. Further study on other cultivation parameters is essential for the optimization of BC production by this L. acidophilus strain.

A polyimide/cellulose lithium battery separator paper

A PI/cellulose composite separator was prepared by adsorbing bacterial cellulose on a PI separator prepared via a papermaking process. The PI/cellulose separator exhibited good thermal stability and electrolyte wetting properties compared to commercial celgard 2340 separator. The amount of bacterial cellulose added was 20%. Bacterial cellulose fills the porosity of the PI separator. The PI/cellulose composite separator possesses excellent thermal stability even at 200 °C and high electrolyte wettability with a contact angle of 58°.

Optimum conditions for cellulose production by bacteria isolated from local apple in Egypt

Cellulose-producing bacteria were isolated from different sources as rotten fruits, rotten vegetables and soil samples. The most efficient cellulose-producing bacteria was isolated from rotten local apple and identified as Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) by biochemical, morphological and 16S rRNA testes. Different media for bacterial cellulose (BC) production were tested and the most efficient one was glucose ethanol acetic acid medium (GAM medium). Optimization of nutritional and environmental conditions for bacterial cellulose production were studied. The best conditions for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis by Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) were 20 g/l sucrose, 10 g/l peptone, 4 ml/l acetic acid, 7ml/l ethanol at 30°C, pH 3.46 for 15 days under static culture with 5.86 g/l bacterial cellulose production. The isolated strain Komagataeibacter hansenii (MH1) was found to produce cellulose on low cost raw material begasse as it can use it as carbon source with 1.71 g/l dry BC and use it also as carbon+ nitrogen source with 1.41g/l dry BC for bacterial cellulose production but the amount of BC produced was lower than that produced on modified GAM medium.

Isolation and characterization of a bacterial cellulose-producing bacterium derived from the persimmon vinegar

T(99.929%), hence, it was specifically named as Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5. Although the traditional bacterial cellulose (BC) production medium (Hestrin and Schramm medium) was used, the amount of BC produced under a static culture condition reached 5.0 g L -1 . The X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron micrograph of the BC produced revealed that it was composed of ribbon-shaped fibrils with the network structure and pure cellulose without any other impurities.

Isolation and characterization of a bacterial cellulose- producing bacterium derived from the persimmon vinegar

T(99.929%), hence, it was specifically named as Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5. Although the traditional bacterial cellulose (BC) production medium (Hestrin and Schramm medium) was used, the amount of BC produced under a static culture condition reached 5.0 g L -1 . The X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron micrograph of the BC produced revealed that it was composed of ribbon-shaped fibrils with the network structure and pure cellulose without any other impurities.

Bacterial cellulose production from a single sugar α-linked glucuronic acid-based oligosaccharide

A single sugar α-linked glucuronic acid-based oligosaccharide (SSGO), which is a by-product produced during bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesis by Gluconacetobacter hansenii, was evaluated as an additive to synthetic medium during BC production. We assessed the ability of the SSGO to serve as an alternative carbon source to glucose for BC production. To improve the BC yield from glucose by G. hansenii PJK, SSGO was added to a chemically defined medium (CDM). In the presence of 1% SSGO, the amount of BC produced was 10.5g/L after 10 days of cultivation, whereas in the absence of SSGO, only 7.4g/L of BC was produced. These results indicate that SSGO can be used as an alternative carbon source for BC production. Moreover, the addition of SSGO to the CDM increased the diameter of the BC fibers, which improved its tensile strength and water release properties.

Effect of different additives on bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum and analysis of material property

Bacterial cellulose (BC) demonstrates unique properties including high mechanical strength, high crystallinity, and high water retention ability, which make it an useful material in many industries, such as food, paper manufacturing, and pharmaceutical application. In this study, different additives including agar, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium alginate were added into fermentation medium in agitated culture to enhance BC production by Acetobacter xylinum. The optimal additive was chosen based on the amount of BC produced. The produced BC was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Among the evaluated additives, CMC yielded highest BC production (8.2 g/L) compared to the control (1.3 g/L). The results also indicated that CMC-altered BC production increased with CMC addition and reached saturation around 1%. The variation between replicates for all analysis was <5%. From XRD analysis, however, the crystallinity and crystal size decreased as CMC addition increased. FESEM results showed CMC-altered BC produced from agitated culture retained its interweaving property. TGA results demonstrated that CMC-altered BC had about 98% water retention ability, which is higher than BC pellicle produced with static culture. CMC-altered BC also exhibited higher Tmax compared to control. Finally, DMA results showed that BC from agitated culture loses its mechanical strength in both stress at break and Young’s modulus when compared to BC pellicle. This study clearly demonstrated that addition of CMC enhanced BC production and slightly changed its structure.

Enhanced production of bacterial cellulose by using a biofilm reactor and its material property analysis

Bacterial cellulose has been used in the food industry for applications such as low-calorie desserts, salads, and fabricated foods. It has also been used in the paper manufacturing industry to enhance paper strength, the electronics industry in acoustic diaphragms for audio speakers, the pharmaceutical industry as filtration membranes, and in the medical field as wound dressing and artificial skin material. In this study, different types of plastic composite support (PCS) were implemented separately within a fermentation medium in order to enhance bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Acetobacter xylinum. The optimal composition of nutritious compounds in PCS was chosen based on the amount of BC produced. The selected PCS was implemented within a bioreactor to examine the effects on BC production in a batch fermentation. The produced BC was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Among thirteen types of PCS, the type SFYR+ was selected as solid support for BC production by A. xylinum in a batch biofilm reactor due to its high nitrogen content, moderate nitrogen leaching rate, and sufficient biomass attached on PCS. The PCS biofilm reactor yielded BC production (7.05 g/L) that was 2.5-fold greater than the control (2.82 g/L). The XRD results indicated that the PCS-grown BC exhibited higher crystallinity (93%) and similar crystal size (5.2 nm) to the control. FESEM results showed the attachment of A. xylinum on PCS, producing an interweaving BC product. TGA results demonstrated that PCS-grown BC had about 95% water retention ability, which was lower than BC produced within suspended-cell reactor. PCS-grown BC also exhibited higher Tmax compared to the control. Finally, DMA results showed that BC from the PCS biofilm reactor increased its mechanical property values, i.e., stress at break and Young's modulus when compared to the control BC. The results clearly demonstrated that implementation of PCS within agitated fermentation enhanced BC production and improved its mechanical properties and thermal stability.

Production and characterization of economical bacterial cellulose

The present study investigates the economical production of bacterial cellulose (BC) byGluconacetobacter subsp. Xylinus (ATCC 10245) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks cultivated under static conditions. The fermentation media used contained food industrial by-product liquors, such as black strap molasses solution and corn steep liquor (CSL), which represents some of the most economical carbon and nitrogen sources. However, because of the presence of undesirable components in molasses (such as coloring substances, heavy metals, and other compounds) that may act as inhibitors, and in order to eliminate them, crude molasses has been treated with an acid, as an attempt to increase BC productivity. The amount of BC produced using these carbon and nitrogen sources was determined and compared to that produced using previously reported fermentation media. The characterizations of the bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicles obtained using either conventional or by-product media were studied by thermal and spectral techniques and compared to those of plant-derived cellulose such as cotton linter, viscose pulp, and microcrystalline cellulose.

Production of bacterial cellulose by a static cultivation using the waste from beer culture broth

Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by using the waste from beer culture fermentation instead of a chemically defined medium. Static cultivation was superior to the shaking cultivation on the basis of the BC production. The amount of BC produced during 120 hrs of cultivation using the waste from beer fermentation broth (WBFB) by a static cultivation was 4.52 g/L on the dry weight basis and much higher than 0.45 g/L produced from a Buffered Schramm and Hestrin (BSH) chemically-defined medium. The addition of 1% industrial-grade glucose to WBCB increased the production of bacterial cellulose from 8.46 to 13.95 g/L after 336 hrs of cultivation. Water soluble oligosaccharide (WSOS), the by-product obtained during BC cultivation increased to 5.05 g/L at 192 hrs of cultivation and then decreased to 2.18 g/L at 336 hrs.

Production of Bacterial Cellulose by &lt;i&gt;Gluconacetobacter&lt;/i&gt; sp. RKY5 Isolated From Persimmon Vinegar

The optimum fermentation medium for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by a newly isolated Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 was investigated. The optimized medium composition for cellulose production was determined to be 15 g/L glycerol, 8 g/L yeast extract, 3 g/L K2HPO4, and 3 g/L acetic acid. Under these optimized culture medium, Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 produced 5.63 g/L of BC after 144 h of shaken culture, although 4.59 g/L of BC was produced after 144 h of static culture. The amount of BC produced by Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 was more than 2 times in the optimized medium found in this study than in a standard Hestrin and Shramm medium, which was generally used for the cultivation of BC-producing organisms.