Amount Of Atmospheric Precipitation Research Articles

Improvement in the Adaptation and Resilience of the Green Areas of Yerevan City to Climate–Ecological Challenges

The services provided by green infrastructures may lead to a decrease in climate-related ecological, social, and health risks, especially in the urban environment. Consequently, the best guarantee to make this environment as safe as possible is to increase the extent of green areas, taking into consideration the functional importance, and climatic–ecological peculiarities of the area. These are also issues for the Republic of Armenia’s (RA) capital Yerevan. There the current conditions of the green areas of Yerevan city do not meet the expected requirements of the climatic–ecological development of urban areas. The green area per capita is 8 m2, which is unevenly distributed within 12 different administrative districts of Yerevan city. The aim of this research was to study the natural climatic and ecological conditions of Yerevan city and the status of the green areas of the city. The eco-biological indicators of the trees and shrubs growing in Yerevan green areas have been assessed, and the more resilient plant species have been singled out. All 12 administrative districts of Yerevan have been mapped and the green area per capita for each administrative district has been calculated. The received data have been combined with health indicators and suggestions have been made to add green areas in Yerevan according to the functional significance and sustainability of shrubby species and to their decorative and phyto-filtration properties. The city has unfavorable climatic conditions. It is located in the northern section of the subtropical climatic zone and has a distinct dry continental climate. Temperatures above +40 °C are typical, while winter is rather cold and sometimes temperatures may drop below −20 °C (in January 2008, it dropped to −27.6 °C). The amount of atmospheric precipitation has reduced by 9%. The city is counted as one of the driest urban areas of the South Caucasus. The other unfavorable ecological conditions are heavy traffic, the city’s open landfill, the concentration of industrial enterprises, large-scale construction works, etc. The atmospheric concentrations of particulate matter (PM), gases and heavy metals have been detected to exceed the permitted limits. In terms of health care, the death cases due to various diseases (acute respiratory, vascular, and cancer) have increased, which requires complex activities to reduce environmental pollution and to improve the microclimate.

ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФАКТОРЫ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ХЛОРОФИЛЛА-α В АЗОВСКОМ МОРЕ В 2006–2022 ГГ.

Background. Chlorophyll-α concentration is a key environmental parameter used to calculate the primary production of a water body, which, in turn, determines phytoplankton biomass. The fields with increased chlorophyll concentration can develop under the influence of various hydrometeorological factors considered in this work, such as air and water temperatures, cloud amount, wind-driven water mixing, and precipitation affecting the surface water layer. Relevance. Monitoring of chlorophyll distribution as it is influenced by hydrometeorological factors facilitates the rational fisheries management on account of their relation to the phytoplankton biomass providing fish and zooplankton with a food source. The aim of this work is to analyze the inter-annual variability of the average monthly hydrometeorological factors and their influence on the chlorophyll-α concentration in the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) for the time range from 2006 to 2022. Methods. Spatial and temporal analysis of the average monthly water temperatures and chlorophyll-α concentrations has been conducted based on the daily satellite images of the sea surface taken by MODIS spectroradiometer in the Azov Sea; the analysis of the meteorological characteristics has been carried out using the weather observation data from international data exchange and reports (SYNOP, METAR) posted on the website pogodaiklimat.ru for the time range from April 2006 to September 2022. Results. It is shown that, for the entire investigated time range (2006–2022), the trends of the inter-annual variability of the average monthly air and water temperatures were not significant. An increase in water temperature that started in the middle of 1990s changed for the opposite in 2011, i. e. turned into a decrease. The wind velocity above the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) over the investigated time range gradually decreased, which fell in line with the decrease in the chlorophyll-α concentrations. The average monthly cloud amount in the area has shown a weak inter- annual and considerable seasonal variability with relatively low values in the summer season and high values in the winter season. A positive trend of the monthly amount of atmospheric precipitation was observed, in contrast with the negative trend of the chlorophyll-α concentration. Conclusion. A significant positive correlation of the average monthly chlorophyll-α values with water and air temperatures has been identified, as well as a negative one with the wind velocity and cloud amount over the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) — both in the individual investigated areas and in the sea as a whole.

Trends of long-term fluctuations of atmospheric humidification of the growing season in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan

Agriculture is an important industry in Kazakhstan that ensures the stability of economic development. Within the northern regions of the republic, crop production received special development.The relevance of studying the impact of long-term fluctuations in precipitation on crop yields increases taking into account the projected trends in climate change in the modern period. The high natural heat supply of the territory during the growing season, along with the low availability of moisture resources, is a deterrent to the intensive development of the agro-industrial complex. The territory of Northern Kazakhstan as a whole is characterized by insufficient humidification during the warm period. However, there are wet years with rare recurrence, when moisture can be increased. The article considers the peculiarities of the change in the amount of atmospheric precipitation of the growing season for the long-term period 1961-2020 years according to weather stations located within the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. The degree of aridization of territories was established on the basis of an analysis of the nature of changes in linear trends over different intervals.

Characterization of B-Glucan from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)

The studies were carried out on the following types of soils, most widespread within Azerbaijan: gray-brown, gray-earth-meadow, gray-brown, and mountain-gray-brown. Common to these soils is the deep penetration of humus into the soil profile and its very slow decrease down by profile. According to the results of our research, it is proved that in the soil the humus content in the 25–50 cm layer is from 2.00% to 2.12%, and the total nitrogen is from 0.112% to 176%, the content of mineral forms of nitrogen is almost identical with the previous soils, while some an increase in the content of phosphorus and exchangeable potassium relative to other studied soils. The amount of carbonates in these soils is low (CaCO3 -6.4–10.4%). The absorbed bases are dominated by calcium, which is 60.3–76.7% of the total exchangeable cations. The amount of exchangeable sodium in the absorbed complex is low, 2.7–4.7% of the total, while the content of exchangeable magnesium is quite high. The moisture regime of mountain-gray-brown soils is determined mainly by the amount of atmospheric precipitation and the course of evaporation of soil moisture.

Hydrogeochemical features of groundwaters of the Ukrainian shield fractured crystalline rocks on the example of Zhytomyr and Vinnytsia regions


 
 
 The chemical composition of groundwaters of fractured Precambrian crystalline rocks corresponding to the Ukrainian Shield aquifer system was investigated. Using the ex- ample of surveyed aquifers of the Vinnytsia and Zhytomyr regions, the similarity of the quantitative and qualitative composition of groundwater confined to the same hydrogeological structure is proven, which is due to similar natural conditions of resource formation (geological structure, the chemical composition of water-bearing rocks, rates of water exchange, amount of atmospheric precipitation, etc.). The dominant role of sulfates in the anionic composition of water samples from the aquifer in the fractured zone of crystalline rocks and their weathering crust (Vysokyi Kamin village, Zhytomyr region) was established. For the Zhytomyr region groundwaters, the dynamics of changes over time in such indica- tors of the general chemical composition as total mineralization, Ca, Mg, SO4, and Cl ions were analyzed for 2017-2019. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of Mg, SO4, and Cl and their normalized indicators by the amount of water intake, which indicates that the content of mineral substances increases in the studied aquifer with an increase in water withdrawal. This is the evidence of the essential role of the anthropogenic factor in the formation of the general chemical composition of these waters. Using the method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), the features of the trace element composition of groundwaters of the Ukrainian Shield fractured crystalline rocks were established. The obtained concentrations of elements were com- pared with normative values of the World Health Organization and biologically significant concentrations. The lack of several essential elements was revealed. The key potential risks for the health of the population, which constantly uses the investigated groundwaters for economic and potable needs, was outlined. Moreover, the high probability of occurrence of microelementoses with regular use of the investigated groundwaters is emphasized, which are associated with a significant deficiency of such vital elements as Cr (in the Vinnytsia region), Mn, Cu, and, especially, Zn, the content of which is critically low. Subsequently, the findings of this study can serve as a basis for carrying out biogeochemical zoning with the selection of relevant taxa (provinces).
 
 

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION AND SURFACE RUNOFF ON PHYTOPLANKTON CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA

The joint dynamics of the Black Sea phytoplankton parameters (primary production, specific growth rate, biomass) and the amount of precipitation over the period from 1998 to 2015 was studied in coastal areas and the open coast of the northern part of the Black Sea. The analysis used satellite data (SG) (GPCPMON) GPCP Version 3.2, TRMM TMPA (3B42RT), as well as SeaWiFS from 1998 to 2010, MODIS-Aqua from 2002 to 2015 and MODIS-Terra from 2000 to 2015. Phytoplankton indicators were calculated according to 46 КОВАЛЕВА, СУСЛИН LOMONOSOV GEOGRAPHY JOURNAL. 2023. VOL. 78. NO. 4 the models developed earlier by the authors. The average monthly values of all considered values were evaluated, as well as bi-weekly and daily values for atmospheric precipitation. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the role of atmospheric precipitation for the variability of phytoplankton characteristics is not significant in vast water areas over long time intervals, and it could be neglected. In some cases in the presence of large rivers and coastal runoff it increases up to 30% in the offshore areas. There was also a more noticeable effect of atmospheric precipitation on the biological productivity of phytoplankton in small, limited water areas over short time intervals. According to our data during the 18-year period there was a more noticeable correlation between the specific growth rate and precipitation in winter than in other seasons for the open coast of the Black Sea. The correlation of biomass and primary production with atmospheric precipitation is less pronounced. The specific growth rate correlated more than other studied phytoplankton indicators with the amount of precipitation. In three districts, an increase in the amount of precipitation relative to the previous level with monthly averages above 0,6 mm/day led to an increase in the specific growth rate, or maintained it at the same level. The increase in the specific growth rate was not the same everywhere and was not proportional to the amount of atmospheric precipitation. This indicates the influence of many factors on phytoplankton characteristics; however, precipitation could have an additional stimulating role.

IMPACT OF FOREST SHELTER BELTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT IN THE NEAR-EDGE ZONE OF CROPS

The system of shelterbelt forests is a long-lasting ecological framework of an agrarian territory. Their main function is to prevent the degradation of arable soils, improve the microclimate of fields, and preserve the stability and biological diversity of landscape. However, the presence of forest belts complicates field cultivation, and along their borders zones (strips) of depression in crop development could formed, reducing the productivity of lands. This impedes field-protective afforestation, and, consequently, the solution of the problem of reliable protection of land resources. The aim of the work is to establish the causes and regularities of formation of depressive zones in agrocenoses, and to determine the possibility and methods of suppressing their development. The research has been conducted for 8 years in the experimental-production system of 30 to 53-year old 2 to 4-row forest belts of Betula pendula ROTH, Pinus silvestris L., Ulmus laevis PALL. and other species on the automorphic chestnut soil of the Kulunda steppe (the Altai territory) by the generally accepted methods. It was found that the depressive zone in agrocenoses is the least wide for relatively sparse forest belts of birch and pine, and also for forest belts with marginal rows of xerophytic shrubs (3-7 m in total on windward and leeward sides), and the largest (up to 25-30 m) for elm and poplar (Populus laurifolia LEDEB.), i. e. for plantations of hydrophylous tall species with dense crowns. It is 1-3 m wider on the leeward side of forest belts, where more snow is deposited in winter and soil moisture is better in spring. The increase in height and density of stands, influencing the length and intensity of day-time soil shading, stimulates the expansion of the zone. Crop depression is more pronounced in wet years. The increased amount of atmospheric precipitation during the cold season, as well as at the beginning of the growing season and during the reaping season till the onset of stable cold weather also contributes to it. The development of depressive zones is suppressed by abundant precipitation during the period of active growth of field crops. Thus, the formation of depressive zone in agrocenoses of shelterbelt forests depends on many factors. Under arid conditions, the most effective factors are the need for soil moisture and moisture availability for the stand. The most active expansion of the tree root system in the field and the suppression of crops occur in wet years and during the periods with high soil moisture in the absence or weakened competition of field crops. To reduce damage to their productivity, it is necessary to implement a set of coordinated organizational, silvicultural and agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing moisture availability and limiting the expansion of tree root system of forest belts in the field.

Contemporary and ancient environmental conditions in the area of the AARI meteorological station Khastyr on Khatanga Bay on Hara-Tumus Peninsular

The aim of the article is to characterize the current and ancient environmental conditions in the area around a new AARI meteorological station, located in the west of the Khara-Tumus Peninsula (73° 49' 39,5'' N 109° 39' 13,5'' E) on the Khatanga Bay of the Laptev Sea. The Khastyr meteorological station was organized in 2016, and for the moment a 6-year (2017–2022) series of hydrometeorological observations has been performed. The average annual temperature at the station is –11.7 °C. The maximum temperature is 31.8 °C, the minimum temperature is –47.3 °C. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 238 mm. The wind blows from west to east or from east to west during most of the year. The maximum wind speed is 28 m/sec, the average wind speed is 5,4 m/sec. The ice cover in the Khatanga Bay disappears in the second part of July and forms again in September-October. The winter lasts here for 9 months of the year.The geological, geomorphological and permafrost structure along the shoreline near the station is investigated.The cliff consists of marine sediments of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The IR-OSL dating of the sands from the cliff’s basement shows that the sediments are 206 000 year old. The marine sediments, including Karginsky deposits with wood and amber, dated by the radiocarbon method and shown to be 42 000 year old (45 000 calendar year old), are covered by Ice Complex sediments, the mammal bones from which have a radiocarbon age of 32 thousand years (36 thousand calendar years). The saiga (Saiga tatarica) bones found near the Taimyr Peninsula for the first time have a radiocarbon age of 17 thousand 14C years (22 thousand calendar years).Permafrost processes are very active in this area of typical tundra. Therefore, a testing plot for investigating permafrost processes was organized on the territory of the station. Also, this place is very convenient for investigating coastal erosion processes. The Khastyr station can be used as a point for organizing complex studies of the natural environment in a typical tundra on the shore of Khatanga Bay.

Researching the current hydrological state of the Torey lakes region of the Ulzda-Torey internal drainage area

The research of the Torey lakes regon, Ulzda-Torey internal drainage area has established that the manifestation of the general global warming trend in the recent decades had been the moderate regional temperature shifts which induce significant changes in the hydrological states and lead to shifts of the hydrological cycle in general. It has been verified that in the discussed area the ground air temperature indications had shifted from the average negative to the average positive. In the period of 1938-1989 the air temperature had a negative value with the average of -1.0°C in 52 years. Starting from 1989 the average annual temperature indications had turned positive, namely +0.4°C in 32 years. A comparative research of the area for the 1938-2021 period has indicated that the regional air temperature rise by 2.2°C combined with the waning annual amount of atmospheric precipitation (with the average of 21%) leads to a sharp decrease of the average annual river flow (by 16%) and even down to none.

Картографирование пространственной структуры геосистем центральной части Баргузинского хребта

The article presents the results of the landscape study, with the analysis of landscapes and mapping of the area of the 151 km2 polygon. The polygon is located in theми Eastern Transbaikal, covering the part of the Urbican basin and its mountainous frame. For the analysis of the structure of geosystems and the estimation of disturbance, the basic geosystem approach is applied to modern geoinformation-cartographic and remote methods. Based on of V. B. Sochava’s theory of geosystems it is meant for use in processing and ordering a large body of information. The regional background and the main factors of the landscape differentiation of the study areas were analyzed. It is established that the main factors influencing the landscape diversity are the aspect and steepness of the slopes, the composition and structure of rocks, the absolute height, the amount of atmospheric precipitation, and pyrogenic impacts. The high-altitude, middle and lower parts of the Urbican basin differ from each other in terms of the development of geosystems in different high-altitude tiers, when the influence of the climatic factor and cryolithomorphic with slope-cryogenic processes increases with altitude. Geosystems at the level of homogeneous facies and their groupings are displayed on a large-scale map at a scale of 1:50,000. taking into account natural and pyrogenic characteristics. The assessment of changes in the structure since the work of the Barguzin expedition of 1914–1915 under the influence of fires was carried out, while the emphasis was placed on the change of the dark coniferous component in the vegetation cover.

Geographic Information System for changing the level of soil salinity in Jizzakh province, Uzbekistan

The task of GIS is to receive, collect, analyze, store and transmit data in any format. Being able to access any of these data formats and accessing the program will further enhance GIS capabilities. The ability of GIS to conduct various statistical analyzes, mapping and creation of various databases ensures that it is more relevant and popularized in the area of land and water conservation. Therefore, the task of GIS is to receive, collect, analyze, store and transmit data in any format. Being able to access any of these data formats and accessing a meal program will further enhance GIS capabilities. In Uzbekistan, especially in the Jizzakh province, the reclamation state of irrigated lands and soil salinization is inextricably linked with the level of groundwater, their salinity and movement. The level of groundwater and its salinity depends largely on the technical condition of the drainage networks and the amount of atmospheric precipitation, the supply of fresh water during the vegetation period, and the movement of groundwater from outside. Discussed future of using GIS in different sphere. GIS gives possibilities to collect the data, renewing it or use new information in analysis. It requires quick change of GIS information about Earth because procedures in the Earth are dynamically changeable. Periodically changing information in GIS gives us possibility to get new information and analyse it. GIS technologies and techniques started using widely in all sphere of humanity. It is important to know its properties.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ХІМІЧНОГО СКЛАДУ ВОДИ ТА ГІДРОХІМІЧНОГО РЕЖИМУ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНИХ ПРИТОК ДНІСТРА В МЕЖАХ ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition of water, the hydrochemical regime and water quality of the left-bank tributaries of the Dniester within Ternopil region (Zolota Lypa, Koropets, Strypa, Seret, Nichlava and Zbruch rivers) based on water monitoring data of the State Water Agency of Ukraine (1993-2020). The chemical composition of water was studied according to: main ions and water mineralization; physical and chemical parameters (pH, O2); biogenic substances ((NН4+, NO2–, NO3–, РO43–); trace elements (Cu, Cr); specific pollutants (petroleum products, detergents). It was established that the hydrochemical type of water in most of the studied rivers is calcium bicarbonate. The water of the Nichlava River is calcium bicarbonate-sulfate. The average annual water mineralization of the studied rivers varies from 476 mg/dm3 to 699 mg/dm3. The water of most rivers is moderately fresh in terms of mineralization. The water of the Nichlava River is fresh with high mineralization. The hydrochemical regime of rivers is related to the hydrological regime. The minimum concentrations of the main ions and water mineralization are observed during the summer-autumn mezhenia, which is explained by the precipitation of a significant amount of atmospheric precipitation and the presence of floods during this period. The maximum of these indicators is observed in winter. The hydrochemical regime for biogenic substances, trace elements and specific pollutants is less pronounced. Among biogenic substances, the clearest manifestation of the hydrochemical regime was recorded for nitrates. The minimum concentrations of NO3– are observed in the summer-autumn boundary, when nitrates are consumed for the development of aquatic plants. Nitrates accumulate in the autumn period with the death of aquatic plants, and during the winter period, their maximum average content is observed. The assessment of the water quality of the studied rivers, carried out by analyzing long-term series of observations using the “Hygienic water quality standards of water bodies … (2022), showed that the content of the studied components mainly met the regulatory requirements, with the exception of iron. At the same time, the absence of copper, chromium, petroleum products and detergents in water was recorded in all studied rivers during the observation period in different years (zero values of these components were recorded in 70-90% of samples).

Results of the hydrological, hydrochemical, biological and medico-hydrobiological studies of the Kuialnyk Estuary

The Kuialnyk Estuary belongs to the group of closed estuaries of the Northwestern Black Sea coast and is a unique water body of national importance with therapeutic properties. The natural territories of the Kuialnyk Estuary were declared as a resort of national importance and form a part of the Kuialnyk National Nature Park.
 The purpose of the research is to introduce the results of the hydrological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological and medico-biological studies of the condition of the Kuialnyk Estuary and seawater in the Odesa Bay that were conducted in 2021 and to compare them with the results of previous years. This would help to determine the conditions under which the estuary’s natural system is functioning, to ensure preservation and restoration of its natural resources, to prevent their pollution, clogging and depletion, as well as to identify changes of the natural resources of the Kuialnyk Estuary in the context of its artificial replenishment with seawater from the Odesa Bay and varying hydro-ecological factors.
 The general conclusion is as follows: replenishment of the estuary with seawater during the cold period of 2020-2021, increasing amount of atmospheric precipitation and decreasing rate of evaporation from the estuary’s water surface in 2021 raised the Kuialnyk Estuary’s water level. This led to significant improvement of the estuary’s hydro-ecological condition compared to 2020, however, because of its contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, some toxic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the water quality in 2021 is still assessed as satisfactory. The quality of the bottom sediments of the Kuialnyk Estuary from the environmental perspective is assessed as very poor because of their contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The physicochemical composition of colloidal dispersions of the Kuialnyk Estuary’s peloids is barely different as compared to previous years. As per indicators of Eh (2017-2021) and pH (2020-2021), the quality of the peloids within the area used by the sanatorium did not meet the established conditions and the Medical (Balneological) Conclusion. Compared to 2020, the sanitary and microbiological condition of peloids improved in 2021, however, was still unsatisfactory. The characteristics of peloids’ biological activity during different periods of studies correlate with general mineralization fluctuations. Maintaining oil mineralization at a level not higher than 250 g/dm3 is quite important in order to preserve the unique deposit of natural healing resources of the Kuialnyk Estuary.
 Therefore, solving the following problems remains a priority: reducing the mineralization of the estuary’s water via increase of the rate of clean fresh water supply from various sources instead of using salty seawater; preventing the pollution from anthropogenic sources from entering the estuary (through water runoff from the watercourses flowing into the Kuialnyk Estuary such as the chute from the sandbar, Korsuntsivska and Hildendorfska gullies and others).

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ РЕСУРСОВ ВЛАГИ НА ФОНЕ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОМ СКЛОНЕ БОЛЬШОГО КАВКАЗА (В ПРЕДЕЛАХ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ)

The paper presents the results of our investigation of the moisture resources on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus. For this purpose, standard meteorological data archives of the Siyazan, Khachmaz, Guba, Khaltan and Gyryz meteorological stations located at different heights of this slope were used for the period of 1966-2005. Regional climate changes were assessed by comparing the average monthly air temperature and the amount of precipitation using the diff method for 1961-1990 and 1991-2005. Long-term trends in the change in the total amount of atmospheric precipitation, the Selyaninov HTC andD.I. Shashko’s moisture index for the warm period of the year and the ratio of the precipitation amount for the warm period to the annual precipitation amount were evaluated. It was found out that the multi-year tendency of the precipitation amounts during the warm period has not actually changed.

Nature of current and assessment of possible future changes in the water regime of lake Lebedyne (Sumy region)

Aim of the research is to identify the characteristic features of modern and predictive assessment until 2030 possible changes in the water regime of the Lake Lebedyne. Methods of the research – water balance method (to clarify the nature of modern changes in the water exchange of the lake), pairwise and multiple correlation methods (for statistical analysis of relationships between hydro-meteorological variables). Scientific novelty – for the first time the analysis of modern changes in the water exchange of the Lake Lebedyne by comparing the components of the lake's water balance for two periods - modern (1991-2019) with the period of the climatic norm (1961-1990); for the first time estimated for the next decade (2021-2030) changes in the water regime of Lake Lebedyne. Practical value is determined by the fact that the main provisions of this scientific research will be used when discussing a project to improve the state of Lake Lebedyne, which was provided for by the Program of Economic and Social Development of the city of Lebedin for 2020-2021 program years. Research results. It was revealed that the total volume of water inflow into the lake in the modern period (1991-2019) has decreased (compared to the period of the climatic norm - 1961-1990) by almost 16%. Of these, the inflow of water from the area adjacent to the lake (slope runoff) decreased by 17.8%, and the amount of atmospheric precipitation on the lake's surface by 11.7% also decreased. There is a decrease in the absolute volume of evaporation from the water surface of Lake Lebedyne due to a decrease in the volume of water inflow. However, at the same time, against the background of an increase in air temperature, the intensity of evaporation increases - its share in the water-balance ratios increased by 8.3% compared to the period of the climatic norm. Evaluating the accumulative component of the lake's water balance, it can be stated that during the period of climatic normal there was a certain accumulation of water in the lake - on average by + 22130 m3 annually. In the modern period, the volume of water in the lake was depleted - on average for the period 1991-2019 by - 81200 m3 per year. As a result, the volume of water in the lakebed in the modern period has decreased by about 40-42% compared to the period of the climatic norm. According to the forecast estimates of the values of the total water inflow into the lake Lebedyne for the period 2021-2030 it can be assumed that in comparison with the previous decade, they will grow by an average of 18%. Therefore, with a certain stabilization of the evaporation values, one can expect an insignificant, but nevertheless, replenishment of the lake with water.

Climate of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians and foreland in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries

Climate reconstruction of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians, its foreland and adjacent mountain and foothill areas in the 19th century is performed due to a dense network of meteorological observations, starting from the 60s of the 19th century in the Bukovyna and Galychyna provinces within the Austrian Monarchy and several paleoclimatic reconstructions, mainly dendroclimatic, carried out on the basis of data collected in the Eastern Carpathians. Spatial interpolations using universal kriging has been performed based on in-situ homogenized data of weather stations of the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. The longest series of observations in the city of Chernivtsi since 1852 has enabled to track multidecadal changes in average annual and monthly air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation. The centennial course of these climatic indicators corresponds to the general patterns characteristic of all the Eastern Carpathians with the most pronounced continentality among the rest of the Carpathian regions. Cold decades in the second half of the 19th century in Chernivtsi are considered the continuation of the coldest period of 1720–1850 in the Eastern Carpathians in the last 600 years. The spatial distribution peculiarities of average monthly temperatures in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries in the region are manifested in a pronounced orographic steplike isotherm pattern. In the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century, the average long-term temperatures ranged from +3.5 to +4 °C in the southwest to +8 °C in the north and northeast in accordance to the orientation of the mountains. Inversion features of the valleys and internal lowlands are revealed in the spatial distribution of average temperatures, especially in the summer months. These features are also distinguished by a lower amount of atmospheric precipitation in the dry months of spring and autumn. Spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in the second half of the 19th century – at the beginning of 20th century is also distinctive in the the inner mountain ridges of the adjacent Hryniava and Chornyi Dil mountains. These mountains are founded to be the coldest, often with a lack of meteorological summer and a maximum of precipitation in the spring and autumn months. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of average multi-year air temperatures and precipitation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was performed. In general, similar distribution of air temperatures and precipitation is revealed. The differences are more noticeable in the monthly context, especially in summer and in the mountainous parts of the region. Comparing the turns of 19th and 20th centuries, the average July monthly temperature in the southernmost mountain massifs of the region has increased by 1 °C, while in the foothills the increase does not exceed 0.5 °C. In the annual context, changes are less noticeable. The range of air temperature changes from north to south is the same at the turn of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The city of Chernivtsi is founded to become a bit warmer (by 0.5 °C), but interannual fluctuations of annual air temperatures within 2 °C are typical throughout all the centuries. Alongside, high annual temperatures (+9 °C and higher) have been observed more often. While in the last century such temperatures were recorded once per 5–10 years, in the first decade of this century, annual temperature above +9 °C is recorded every second year. Short-term fluctuations (5–10 years) of annual precipitation amounts have been characteristic of the whole period since the 19th century. The interpretation of local climatic differences involves further devolopment of accurate interpolation techniques and downscaling, especially for the construction of precipitation field given lack of high-mountain weather stations in the earlier centuries. The latter corresponds to the future studies of the author.

Efficiency of early spring feeding of winter wheat complex fertilizers on light podzolic soil in Poland

Field experiments were carried out on sandy loamy podzolic soil in the Łdź Voivodship (Wieluń commune, Masłowice parish) at the Experimental Station of the Polish Research Variety Testing Center, to study the effect of various winter wheat feeding systems with an intensive cultivation system on yield and grain quality indicators. The soil before conducting the experiments was characterized by a neutral reaction of the soil environment, a very high level of mobile phosphorus, and an average content of mobile potassium in 2017 and 2019, and high availability in 2018. The initial level of nitrate nitrogen in the soil was medium in 2017 and high in 2018 and 2019. The podzolic soils of the region, with a light granulometric composition, often have a low supply of sulfur available to plants. With a low content of humus in such soils, there is a small reserve of sulfur in organic form, and therefore, variants with sulfur-containing fertilizers were included in the intensive technology of winter wheat cultivation. Weather conditions of the growing seasons 2017-2018, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 differed by an insufficient amount of atmospheric precipitation during the growth stages critical for grain formation. The yield of winter wheat grain in all years of research was maximum in variant 3 with the use of ammonium nitrate and complex sulfur-containing fertilizer Apaviva NPK(S) 15:15:15(10) as top dressing. The yield increase resulted from the autumn phosphorus-potassium application (double superphosphate and potassium chloride) was 25, 34 and 30 % in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The maximum grain yield of winter wheat in the experiment of 6.93 t/ha was obtained in variant 3 in 2019. Such a system of winter wheat top dressing provided a stable high additional income.

Совершенствование конструктивных решений низконапорных гидромелиоративных объектов в условиях меняющегося климата в Заречной группе Якутии

The regional temperature increase observed in recent decades has led to a noticeable increase in the amount of atmospheric precipitation, as well as to an increase in the water content of small rivers. As a result of these phenomena, changes in the engineering and geocryological conditions of the foundations of hydraulic structures occurred, cryogenic processes in the water areas of reservoirs became more active, which significantly reduced the stability of irrigation and drainage facilities. On the example of a typical low-pressure hydroelectric complex of the Zarechnaya group of Yakutia, the possibility of improving the design solutions of existing irrigation and drainage facilities based on the substantiation and development of measures to increase water availability in a changing climate is considered. The analysis of the data obtained in the course of the study confirms that due to the warming of the climate observed in recent years, there have been changes that negatively affect the stability of the frozen foundations of irrigation and drainage facilities, in particular, an increase in the layer of seasonal thawing of permafrost soils and an increase in the water content of small rivers exceeding the established initial carrying capacity. structures. In order to increase water availability in a changing climate, additional measures have been justified and introduced to improve the design solutions of the existing hydraulic structure, which consist in increasing the throughput of the structure and improving anti-seepage, heat-insulating and anti-heaving measures.

Stochastic modeling of meteorological elements for solving environmental monitoring problems

The purpose of the research presented in the publication is developing the stochastic model for simulating the series of meteorological elements used in predicting for transferring of biogenic elements into water bodies from the territory of agricultural land. The object of study is artificial series of meteorological elements with given statistical characteristics. As initial data, the meteorological data of the State Institution “Republican Hydrometeorological Center” for the Minsk object obtained for the period 2000–2020 were used. For development of the stochastic model, the following indicators were used: daily amount of total solar radiation, maximum and minimum air temperature, relative air humidity, amount of atmospheric precipitation, number of days with precipitation, maximum half-hour share of precipitation, wind speed at a height of 10 m above the earth’s surface. Artificial meteorological series are obtained on the basis of a sample set of randomly generated daily values with using the Monte Carlo method. The stochastic component of precipitation generation is a Markov chain gamma model; total precipitation – inverse method of two-parameter gamma distribution; relative air humidity – Simpson distribution; wind speed – inverse Weibull distribution method; the minimum and maximum air temperatures and solar radiation are determined using the Matalas first-order recurrent filter. For each of the elements, a differentiated correspondence of the statistical parameters determined from the measured and calculated series of meteorological elements were proved. The results of investigation can be used for modeling and forecasting of weather in areas with limited meteorological observation data for solving applied problems in biological and ecological systems.

Features of the fluoride behavior in the snow cover under the action of technological and weather conditions

Abstract This article summarizes the results of systematization of monitoring heterogeneous weather records (1961–2014) and interpretation of long-term observations of fluoride ion concentration in the snow cover of an area susceptible to emissions from an aluminum smelter in 2000–2014. The monitoring was carried out by the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia. The trends and correlation coefficients established in this study show that F concentration in the snow cover is affected by the following concurrent factors: distance from the emission source, amount of atmospheric precipitation, air temperature and duration of thaws during the period starting from formation of a stable snow cover to the date of sampling. These results emphasize the need to consider the weather factor in the future in the annual comparison of fluoride ion concentrations in the snow cover in order to increase the reliability of data on the changes in fluorine emissions from an aluminum smelter over many years.