Amount Of AlCl3 Research Articles

Passivation phenomenon and variable properties of ytterbium in different Lewis acid AlCl3-NaCl melts

To further explore the application of the low-temperature molten salt in processing heavy rare earths, the properties of ytterbium in AlCl3-NaCl melts have been investigated. In this melt, YbCl2 powder products are prepared by electrolysis based on the dissolution reaction of Yb metal. The properties of Yb(II) in AlCl3-NaCl melts have also been studied in detail. In-situ UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the coordination of Yb(II) changes in AlCl3-NaCl melts with different Lewis acidity, leading to variations in its diffusion ability. In addition, the conversion of Yb(II)/Yb(III) shows typical soluble-soluble reversible electrochemical behavior in strongly acidic AlCl3-NaCl. However, the electrochemical behavior of Yb(II) on inert electrodes becomes complicated when the amount of AlCl3 in AlCl3-NaCl melts less than 52 mol%. This change is attributed to the formation of a YbCl3 passivation film on the inert electrode during the electro-oxidation of Yb(II). Soaking the passivated electrode in the melt can alleviate the passivation. Understanding the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of ytterbium in AlCl3-NaCl melts paves the way for its subsequent applications.

Electrodeposition of Void-Free Nanostructured Aluminum from AlCl3–Diglyme Electrolyte

Since Al has a lower redox potential (–1.68 V vs. SHE), the use of aqueous baths fails to electrodeposit less noble Al. The development of AlCl3–based nonaqueous electrolytes attracts intense interest in the field of Al and its alloys electrodeposition. In our previous studies on AlCl3–glyme electrolytes, AlCl3–G2 has been successfully used for Al and Al–CNTs electrodeposition.The nature properties of AlCl3–G2 electrolyte will be influenced by amount of AlCl3. AlCl3–G2 electrolyte has been investigated via NMR, Raman, ionic conductivity, dynamic viscosity and cyclic voltammetry. AlCl3–G2 electrolyte contains ionic complex ([AlCl2(G2)2]+ and AlCl4 –) and neutral molecule (AlCl3·G2 and G2). Increasing the molar ratio (x) of AlCl3 from 0.1 to 0.2 and 0.4, the dynamic equilibrium towards the direction of forming ionic species. The AlCl3–G2 electrolyte with x = 0.4 has a lower conductivity (2.6 mS cm–1) than that of molar ratio x = 0.2 at 25oC, due to an increased viscosity (15.2 mPa s). However, it exhibits the best ionicity and can be used to electrodeposit void-free Al deposit with smooth appearance. As shown in Figure 1(a) and (b), the Al deposit from x = 0.4 electrolytes is accumulated by fine particles, giving rise to a compact and smooth surface with metallic luster. In contract, x = 0.2 electrolyte gives a flake-like Al deposit (Figure 1(e) and (f)), resulting in a rough surface with black appearance. In addition, adjacent Al flakes grow at a certain angle indicated by the yellow arrows shown in Figure 1(h), thus, the voids pointed by green circle are remained in the deposits during the continuous electrodeposition.The corrosion behaviour of Al deposits have been compared using EIS and cyclic polarization techniques. The corrosion behaviour shows a strong dependence on the crystalline size, orientation and compactness. Al deposit obtained from x = 0.4 electrolyte has a trait of nanosized crystalline (about 30 nm), <200> preferential crystal face and a compact microstructure. It accounts for an improved resistance to free corrosion and pitting corrosion in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution. By contrast, the preferential crystal faces are <111> and <220> for Al deposits obtained from x = 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. Besides, Al deposits from x = 0.1 and 0.2 have a much loose structure compared to that from x = 0.4, thereby leading to a more negative E corr and E pit. Figure 1

Facile synthesis of micro-sized Ni–Al alloy powders through low-temperature chemical alloying

Micro-sized Ni–Al alloy powders were synthesized using different quantities of Ni and Al powders as well as AlCl3 as an activator in a quartz batch reactor at ≤773 K. This method, named low-temperature chemical alloying (LTCA), which allows Al atoms to diffuse into micro-sized nickel particles mediated by aluminum chloride (chemical promotor), is distinct from conventional processes, such as cast-and-crush, and gas atomization. As-synthesized Ni–Al alloys were characterized using different analytical techniques that included X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), to confirm the formation of alloy phases, such as Ni3Al, NiAl, Ni2Al3, and NiAl3. The analytical results showed that the crystalline phase compositions of the Ni–Al alloys were highly dependent upon the initial amounts of Ni and Al powders employed at the given alloying conditions (alloying temperature, 773 K; alloying time, 20 h; amount of AlCl3, 1.2 wt%). As a result of the thermal treatment of Ni–Al powder mixtures with the Al contents of (5, 15, 30, and 50) wt.% under continuous powder mixing by rotation, each powder was found to have (i) Ni solid solution + Ni3Al, (ii) Ni3Al, (iii) NiAl, and (iv) Ni2Al3 + NiAl3 phases, respectively, corresponding to the equilibrium states of the Ni–Al phase diagram. The cross-sectional analyses showed that the alloy structures of the heat-treated powders exist in a single-phase or core-shell form, depending on the number of crystalline phase compositions predicted from the phase diagram. In particular, the Ni–50 wt% Al powder has a unique Ni2Al3@NiAl3 core-shell structure. We further evaluate the performance of the as-developed Ni–Al alloy powders as oxidation-resistant materials and template materials for high-surface area (∼60 m2/gcat) nickel catalysts.

Enhancement of Fire Retardancy Using Surface-Modified Silica Spheres with Aluminum Hydroxide

Large surface area and fire-inert property of sub-micrometer silica spheres were employed to improve the fire retardant performance by attaching large number of Si–O–Al(OH)\(_{2}\) groups. Various amounts of AlCl\(_{3}\) were attached to the surface of silica spheres and the residual –AlCl\(_{2}\) was hydrolyzed by adding excess amount of KOH. Although the FESEM image of pure silica spheres showed smooth surface, the surface-modified silica spheres exhibited nanoparticles on the surface of silica spheres. The characteristic absorption peaks of Al–OH and Si–O–Al were detected by FTIR spectra. Silica spheres attached with Si–O–Al(OH)\(_{2}\) were uniformly distributed on the surface of cellulose acetate films. The performance of the fire retardant was greatly enhanced by increasing the amount of aluminum hydroxide.

A new cation‐modified Al‐polyacrylamide flocculant for solid–liquid separation in waste drilling fluid

ABSTRACTA new cation‐modified Al‐polyacrylamide (CAPAM) flocculant was prepared by the in situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and (2‐methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) with Al(OH)3 sol. The optimum preparation conditions were obtained by a one‐factor experimental design: as the amount of AlCl3 was fixed at 0.025 mol, the polymerization time, polymerization temperature, n(AM) : n(AlCl3), n(DMC) : n(AlCl3), and n(K2S2O8) : n(AM) were 4 h, 70°C, 8, 0.9, and 1.82 × 10−3, respectively. The CAPAM was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The solid–liquid separation performance of the CAPAM was evaluated in terms of water content. The CAPAM showed better flocculation performance than cationic polyacrylamide and polyaluminum sulfate at a fixed concentration of 0.3% in waste drilling fluid and tended to perform well in alkaline solution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41641.

Rheological behavior of aqueous suspensions containing cationic starch and aluminum magnesium hydrotalcite-like compound in the presence of different electrolytes

The rheological properties of aqueous suspensions consisting of cationic starch (CS) and positively charged aluminum magnesium hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc) in the presence of different electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl 2 and AlCl 3) were investigated. It is found that the network-like structure of pure CS solution is formed by the interaction between CS molecules. Both the equilibrium viscosities and the elastic response of CS solution decrease with the addition of NaCl, CaCl 2 and AlCl 3. Small amplitude sinusoidal oscillation tests show that a three-dimensional network of the HTlc/CS suspension can be formed through the bridge effect between CS molecules and HTlc particles due to the hydrogen bonding between the ether groups or hydroxyl groups of CS and the hydroxyl groups of HTlc. Both the equilibrium viscosity and dynamic property of the HTlc/CS suspensions indicate that the network-like structural strength of the suspensions increases firstly and then decreases with increasing HTlc content. The equilibrium viscosity and the elastic response of the HTlc/CS suspensions decrease gradually with the addition of NaCl or CaCl 2, but decrease firstly then increase and then decrease with increasing AlCl 3 concentration, i.e., the structural strength of the HTlc/CS suspensions can be strengthened by the addition of appropriate amount of AlCl 3 content.

Study of the reaction of 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-phenylethylene with some acyl chlorides in the presence of AlCl 3

1,1-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-phenylethylene ( 1), which has been synthesized from the Peterson reaction between (Me 3Si) 3CLi and benzaldehyde, reacts with various acyl chlorides (RCOCl, R = Me, Et, iso-Pr, n-Bu, iso-Bu, iso-C 5H 11, PhCH 2, PhCH 2CH 2) in the presence of AlCl 3 to give α-silyl-α,β-unsaturated enones 3a– 3h with high E stereoselectivity along with trans-α,β-unsaturated ketones 4a– 4h. The enones 3 can be partially converted into the ketones 4 with an excess of AlCl 3. Reaction of 1 with RCOCl, (R = Ph, CH 3CH=CH) afforded only the ketones 4. Yields were dependent on time and the amounts of AlCl 3 used.

Regiospecific Phenyl Esterification to Some Organic Acids Catalyzed by Combined Lewis Acids

A new and efficient method for the preparation of various phenyl esters has been achieved by a simple reaction of an acid with phenol in the presence of anhyd. ZnCl2 and a catalytic amount of AlCl3. This combined Lewis acid also catalyzes the selective phenyl esterification to different dioic acids and is very simple and high yielding.

Pengaruh Cekaman Aluminium terhadap Kandungan Asam Organik dalam Kalus dan Pinak Tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

&lt;p class="p1"&gt;The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of Al stress on citric, malic and oxalic acid content of &lt;em&gt;L. esculentum &lt;/em&gt;cv. Intan callus and plantlet, also aluminum content of &lt;em&gt;L. esculentum &lt;/em&gt;plantlet. Callus was induced from cotyledone of &lt;em&gt;L. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;esculentum &lt;/em&gt;on Murashige &amp;amp; Skoog (MS) media containing 10&lt;span class="s1"&gt;-7 &lt;/span&gt;M NAA and 10&lt;span class="s1"&gt;-6 &lt;/span&gt;kinetin. The callus was then transferred step wisely at 3 weeks interval to media containing 220, 275, 330, 385, 440, 550, 825, and 1100 μM AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;. The callus cultures on the control media and media with the addition of 550 μM AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;were able to regenerate and produce shoots after 8 passages of subculture. The shoots from media with the addition of 550 μM AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;were transferred into the media with addition of 825 μM AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;, then to the media with 1100 μM AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;. The High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that Al stress callus and plantlets contained malic acid, but no citric and oxalic acid. The content of malic acid in callus decreased with increasing AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;concentration from 0 to 385 μM. On the other hand, the content of malic acid in callus increased with increasing AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;concentration from 440 μM to 1100 μM. Similarly, the content of malic acid in root increased with increasing concentration of AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;from 550 μM to 1100 μM. The result of Neutron Activation Analysis showed that Al content in root decreased as the amount of AlCl&lt;span class="s1"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;increased in the media. These results suggested that &lt;em&gt;L. esculentum &lt;/em&gt;callus and plantlet respond to the Al stress by producing higher amount of malic acid.&lt;/p&gt;

Wood liquefaction by ionic liquids

Abstract The liquefaction of wood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) has been studied in two imidazole-based ionic liquids: IL1, 3,3′-ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) dichloride; and IL2, 3,3′-ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) dichloroaluminate. Rapid and complete liquefaction was obtained in IL2 without residue at 120°C for 25 min, in contrast to liquefaction in phenol/H2SO4 (liquid/wood ratio 20:1) with 25.9% residue. Temperature- and time-dependent studies indicate that the performance of the reagents investigated is IL2&gt;IL1&gt; phenol/H2SO4. The liquid/wood ratio and the amount of AlCl3 as catalyst affect the liquefaction rate. In the course of liquefaction with IL2, AlCl3 plays a dual role as a catalyst and a liquefaction reagent. Ionic liquids separated from the liquefied product can be recycled at least five times to maintain a good liquefaction rate.

Synthesis of ordered mesoporous Zr–P–Al materials with high thermal stability

A kind of mesoporous Zr–P–Al materials was synthesized by a three-step method, in which a hexagonal zirconium oxide–sulfate composite was prepared and subsequently treated with a phosphoric acid solution followed by the treatment with AlCl 3 solutions. These materials had ordered cylindrical pores, and their textual data depended on the amount of AlCl 3 and calcination temperature. Small amount of Al incorporation (Al/Zr = 0.49) leaded to a microporous material with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area of 314 m 2/g and a pore size of 0.6 nm. Increasing the Al/Zr ratio resulted in mesoporous materials with higher BET specific surface area. The mesoporous Zr–P–Al material exhibited a BET specific surface area of 462 m 2/g and a pore size of 2.9 nm after calcination at 773 K. 973 K calcination led to a BET specific surface area of 416 m 2/g and a pore size of 2.7 nm. Even after calcination at 1073 K, a BET specific surface area of 227 m 2/g and a pore size of 3.2 nm could still be observed. The pentacoordinated aluminium species seemed to be indispensable for the synthesis of mesoporous Zr–P–Al materials because of their effective reduction of the lattice contraction. NMR results showed that a hexacoordinated aluminium layer, a (HO) 2P(O–Zr) 2 layer and a Zr(OH) layer combined with each other were formed after AlCl 3 treatment. Upon calcination, the layers of Al 2O 3, (Zr–O) 2PO 2 and ZrO 2 formed the walls of the mesoporous Zr–P–Al materials. This unique structure was suggested to be responsible for the high thermal stability (up to 1073 K).

The Reuse of Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts in Diphenyl Oxide Alkylation with Dodecene

The diphenyl oxide alkylation with dodecene catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids has been studied. the reuse potential of acidic ionic liquids has been investigated. the reasons for the deactivation of the acidic ionic liquids are the decomposition and leaching of the actual catalytic species al2cl7- from the interaction between acidic ionic liquids and diphenyl oxide. the interaction between acidic ionic liquids and diphenyl oxide couldn't be avoided by changing the cations of ionic liquids. the reuse problem of acidic ionic liquids can be solved when certain amount of alcl3 is added into the used ionic liquids. the yield of target product is still around 90% after 8 cycles of the ionic liquids.

New approaches to immobilization of aluminum chloride on γ-alumina and its regeneration after deactivation

The preparation of an AlCl3 catalyst immobilized on γ-Al2O3 and its regeneration after deactivation have been studied. AlCl3, generated by reacting CCl4 with γ-Al2O3, was carried by N2 to a reactor containing the γ-Al2O3 support. The immobilized AlCl3 catalyst with meso- and macro-pore bimodal structure was shown to be suitable for isobutene oligomerization. The amount of AlCl3 immobilized on the support in terms of AlCl x (x = 2.2) was 7.5 wt%. The catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic properties for isobutene polymerization under mild conditions. The average molecular weight of the product was 1000–2500, and its distribution was narrow, around 2.0 in the reaction temperature range 10–40 °C. This catalyst showed nearly perfect reactive specificity to isobutene polymerization and remarkable stability. After 2000 h of continuous running, the conversion dropped from 99 to 57%, the selectivity was maintained with little change at about 90%, and the average molecular weight was within the range 1000–1200 under the conditions T = 32 ± 1 °C, LHSV = 2.0 h-1, and P = 1.0 MPa. Reneration of the deactivated catalyst was satisfactorily accomplished by treating the used catalyst with a saturated solution of AlCl3 in CCl4 either in situ or ex situ. The activity recovery can be as high as 96%, and the deactivated catalyst can be regenerated repeatedly.

The reaction of acenaphthene with nitrobenzene

The reaction of acenaphthene with nitrobenzene was investigated in the presence of AlCl3. The results showed that the reaction proceeded via carboncation-electrophilic substitution reaction and free radical substitution reaction pathway. The products of acenaphthenyl phenylamine and biacenaphthyl could be synthesized by this reaction. The influence of the amount of AlCl3 and the temperature on the components of products were also studied in this reaction.

Study on the reaction mechanism of naphthalene with oxalyl chloride

The reaction of naphthalene with oxalyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 was investigated. The homolog of dinaphthyl methanone can be obtained mainly from this reaction. Naphthalene conversion does not have evident correlation with the amount of AlCl3. The results show that the reaction proceeds via carbon cation electrophilic substitution reaction-free radical substitution reaction pathway.

The Al3+ Sensitivity of Chitosan-Silk Fibroin Complex Membrane on Swelling and Its Application on Chemical Valve for the Separation of Isopropanol-Water Mixture

A novel natural biopolymer complex membrane, namely, a crosslinked chitosan-silk fibroin complex membrane (semi-IPN membrane) was prepared. The complex membranes manifested a good ion sensitivity when swelled in AlCl3 aqueous solutions with different concentrations. According to its different swelling values with different Al3+ concentrations, the complex membrane could act as a chemical valve to control the flux of isopropanol-water mixture when separated by pervaporation. The pervaporation results indicated that the flux also showed an ion sensitivity when the Al3+ content in the feed was changed. In the meantime, the ion sensitivity of the flux expressed the same tendency as that of the swelling ratio. In addition, the flux of isopropanol-water mixture was significantly improved while the high selectivity was maintained when suitable amount of AlCl3 was added to the feed.

Structural and Transport Studies for Ternary Graphite Intercalated Phases (CoCl2, AlCl3)

Metal dihalide low-volatility is the major characteristic slowing down their intercalation into graphite (GICs: graphite intercalation compounds). An original synthesis using volatile heterocomplexes between metal dihalide (CoCl2) and gaseous dimer Al2Cl6 increases strickingly CoCl2 intercalation rate but entails cointercalation of significative amount of AlCl3 in the compounds MGICs (mixture graphite intercalation compounds). Structural studies along c-axis, in plane and out the plane (3 D stacking) display a similar behaviour as in the CoCl2 containing binary compounds. Microstructural studies confirm the separation of CoCl2 and AlCl3 in distinct domains. Other ternary phases with alternate CoCl2 and AlCl3 layers and characterized by a similar AlCl3/CoCl2 ratio can be obtained using biintercalation method: (GBICs: graphite biintercalation compounds). X-Ray diffraction shows that the biintercalation involves a complete lost of correlations in the successive CoCl2 or graphite layers. Transport studies of ternary phases (MGICs and GBICs) display an anomalous behaviour as T is lowered below the magnetic ordering temperature Tc especially for in plane resistivity.

ChemInform Abstract: FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS REACTION OF BENZENE WITH 2‐PHENYLBUTANEDIOIC ANHYDRIDE

AbstractMengenverhältnis und Gesamtausbeute der bei der Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion des Anhydrids (I) mit Benzol entstehenden Ketosäuren (II), (IIIa) und (IIIb) hängen sehr stark von der Menge des eingesetzten A1C13, der Art des Lösungsmittels (l ,2‐Dichlor‐äthan, Nitrobenzol)und dem Reaktantenverhältnis ab; mit einem großen Benzolüberschuß und ohne Lösungsmittel erhält man praktisch ausschließlich (IIIa) und (IIIb) (l 12, in 50 bis 99%iger Gesamtausbeute), in Dichloräthan in Abwesenheit von Benzol ausschließlich (II) (93%).

Friedel-Crafts Reaction of Benzene with 2-Phenylbutanedioic Anhydride

Abstract The AlCl3-catalyzed acylation of benzene with 2-phenylbutanedioic anhydride was found to give a mixture of 3-benzoyl-2-phenylpropanoic acid, isomeric 3-benzoyl-3-pehnylpropanoic acid, and 3-oxoindan-1-carboxylic acid. The distribution of the products was affected markedly by the amount of AlCl3 or solvents used.

Intercalation of carbons by aluminum chloride

A technique is described which will distinguish between the amount of AlCl 3 that is intercalated by a carbon and the amount that adds in other ways. The method is applied to a variety of carbons and the results are compared with those reported for the reactions of K-Cs vapors with these same carbons.