Ammunition Supply Research Articles

An Integrated Approach for Ammunition Depot Location Selection and Ammunition Distribution Network Design Based on P-Median and Vehicle Routing Problems

During the war, the safe provision of the required ammunition at the desired place and time can affect the fate of the war and even the country. Determining the number and locations of ammunition depots needed in the war is as important as planning their distribution. Ammunition supply has always been a force multiplier for military units. Although the timely delivery of ammunition to the unit is not sufficient for success on its own, it is an important factor. These two issues are directly related to each other. This study presents a two-stage methodology to solve the problems in question. In the first stage, it was decided which of the 3 different types of depots, whose establishment locations were known with the p-median model, would be opened, and the unit-depot assignments were determined. In the second stage, the distribution network design for the distribution of ammunition from the ammunition depot to the deployed artillery units was realized with the Capacity-Constrained Vehicle Routing Problem (CCVRP) model. This methodology was tested for a fictitious situation where the geographical location and numerical information of the depots and artillery batteries were generated generically. By solving the mathematical model in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) program, it was determined which depot should distribute how many vehicles to which artillery batteries, and the results were presented visually.

Gear fault diagnosis based on small channel convolutional neural network under multiscale fusion attention mechanism

AbstractDue to the insufficient feature learning ability and the bloated network structure, the gear fault diagnosis methods based on traditional deep neural networks always suffer from poor diagnosis accuracy and low diagnosis efficiency. Therefore, a small channel convolutional neural network under the multiscale fusion attention mechanism (MSFAM‐SCCNN) is proposed in this paper. First, a small channel convolutional neural network (SCCNN) model is constructed based on the framework of the traditional AlexNet model in order to lightweight the network structure and improve the learning efficiency. Then, a novel multiscale fusion attention mechanism (MSFAM) is embedded into the SCCNN model, which utilizes multiscale striped convolutional windows to extract key features from three dimensions, including temporal, spatial, and channel‐wise, resulting in more precise feature mining. Finally, the performance of the MSFAM‐ SCCNN model is verified using the vibration data of tooth‐broken gears obtained by a self‐designed experimental bench of an ammunition supply and delivery system.

The Entente’s Support for the White Armies in Southern Russia (Late 1918–1919)

This article examines a previously underexplored aspect of the Russian Civil War during its critical phase in late 1918–1919: the logistical support provided by the Entente to the White armies in the South, set against the backdrop of the final military interventions. The authors concentrate on the interactions between General A.I. Denikin's regime and the British authorities, who were the primary proponents of the Entente's intervention in Russia, as well as the conditions surrounding the involvement of the French armed forces.The research primarily draws on documents from the Russian State Military Archive, created by officers of the White armies of Southern Russia, and the National Archives of Great Britain. This comprehensive source base enables a reassessment of some long-held views in Russian historiography regarding the Entente's intervention in the Black Sea region. The study aims to delineate the scope and nature of the Entente’s support and to understand why this assistance failed to secure a victory for the White forces.Post-Soviet historiography commonly posits that the Red Army enjoyed an economic advantage in terms of weapons and ammunition supply for most of the Civil War. This article, however, reveals that the support from Entente countries was substantial and that the use of foreign weapons and equipment significantly influenced the late 1918-1919 period. Nonetheless, the critical factor, as argued by the authors, was the timing of deliveries. The peak of the Entente’s military-technical support to the Armed Forces of Southern Russia occurred after the Red Army had already fortified its positions with adequate firepower. The lengthy strategic decision-making processes of the British Cabinet, characteristic of British democratic and bureaucratic systems, resulted in delayed assistance to Denikin’s troops, ultimately undermining its effectiveness.

Aspects of the Impact of the Modern Security Environment on the Organisation of Ammunition Procurement in Operations

Abstract This article presents a novel analysis of the impact of the modern security environment on the organization of ammunition supply in operations. It draws on modern logistics theory to highlight the unique features of some of the leading logistics functions applied in ammunition supply operations. Based on these findings, it formulates innovative proposals and guidelines for improving the logistics subsystem for ammunition supply, offering fresh perspectives on enhancing operational effectiveness.

Application and Research of Automatic Ammunition Resupply and Replenishment System for Artillery: A Review

Rapid ammunition resupply is important for artillery to enhance combat capability and guarantee combat effectiveness, and the application of automatic ammunition resupply system to artillery ammunition resupply equipment is a hot spot in the current research of logistics ammunition resupply. This paper summarizes the current situation of automatic ammunition resupply vehicle and ammunition self-loading technology of artillery combat vehicles, which has reference significance for understanding the development status of automatic ammunition resupply system of artillery weapons. The research trend of automatic ammunition resupply for artillery is reviewed. It is found that the application of robotic arm is a hot spot for the research of ammunition self-loading technology of artillery combat vehicles, which can be used for reference for the technical direction of automatic ammunition supply and replenishment system for artillery in the future.

군 부동산시설 관련 갈등에 관한 연구

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to contribute to national defense policies by analyzing the status of conflicts between the private and the military over military ammunition storage facilities and deriving the direction of policies for promoting effective conflict management methods and the optimization of the protection zone of military installations. (2) RESEARCH METHOD Three ammunition supply point (ASP)-level ammunition storage facility units, where conflicts were resolved or in progress, were selected and their conflict management status was analyzed, and literature review and interview with the relevant personnel were conducted at the same time. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS It was found that the conflicts can be managed effectively if the private-military joint areas are expanded through the application of the service distance to the existing ammunition storage facilities; the protection zone is reduced through the expansion of underground ammunition storage facilities; and if the cooperation system among the private, the government, and the military is reinforced. 2. RESULTS The military should continue to make efforts to supplement the operation system and improve facilities, alleviate and release the protection zone of military installations, and strengthen ties with the local community in order to properly manage the conflicts related to ammunition storage facilities.

Gun violence: insights from international research

ABSTRACT This article reviews research undertaken over the past two decades to support international policy on small arms and light weapons (SALW) – which include firearms – and discusses its relevance to academic debates and policy on gun violence. It examines whether SALW research generated a greater understanding of the most problematic uses and users of firearms, and of the role of different weapons as instruments of violence. SALW research helped shift international policy from armed conflicts to gun violence occurring in a range of developing and post-conflict settings, and in Europe following the 2015–16 terror attacks. This work underscored the proximate weapons sources that armed groups often utilise, and the importance of flows of certain weapons – such as converted firearms – and ammunition in fuelling violence. Undertaking impact evaluations of novel interventions, monitoring the impact of new technologies, and investigating the relationship between ammunition supply and violence are suggested ways forward.

Location Planning of Field Ammunition Depot for Multi-stage Supply Based on Dijstra Algorithm

The location of field ammunition depots is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of ammunition supply and support, and is affected by the changing needs of different stages of operations. In response to complex situations such as damage to transportation roads, repairs, and dynamic changes in demand in the course of combat, the fastest supply speed is the primary goal, while the satisfaction rate, balance, and cost factors of the ammunition supply at each demand point are taken into account to build a multi-stage supply Site selection planning model for field ammunition depot. Use Dijstra algorithm’s hierarchical sequence method to determine the shortest supply time, gradually increase the supply time, find the relationship between supply time, satisfaction rate, balance and cost, and find a satisfactory location plan. Finally, the simulation case calculations show that the model can cover some key dynamic changes during wartime, with strong adaptability and more scientific site selection.

A Study of Army Ammunition Supply Chain Resilience in Wartime

A Study of Army Ammunition Supply Chain Resilience in Wartime

The Design Specificity of the Ammunition Supply and Storage Mechanism in Naval Weapon System OSU-35

The article presents the design of the ammunition supply and storage mechanism developed for the 35 mm Naval Cannon, which is an integral part of the Naval Weapon System OSU-35. The system for supplying and storing ammunition for the 35 mm KDA automatic naval cannon, was developed and manufactured in Zakłady Mechaniczne (Mechanical Plant) ‘Tarnów’ S.A. in Tarnów (Poland), as part of the project ‘35 mm Automatic Naval Cannon KDA with a Fire Control System Installed on the Ship Using the Sea Version of the ZGS-158 Integrated Tracking Head with Fire Control System’. The manufactured ammunition supply and storage mechanism used in the 35 mm Naval Cannon has been tested in the factory, military training area and verified in real conditions during research conducted at sea. The sea tests of the Naval Weapon System, installed on board of Polish anti-submarine corvette ORP Kaszub, were carried out in real conditions and included tests of shooting at surface and air targets at various parameters and distances to the target. The results of the tests carried out showed that the adopted design solutions met the assumptions that had been set and defined for the development of the 35 mm Naval Cannon, which is an integral part of the Naval Weapon System.

Snabdevanje municijom - novi predlog ovezbeđenja zaliha

Introduction/purpose:The paper is one of the outcomes of the project in the area of ammunition supply and standard day of supply (SDOS) design for ACR needs. It discusses the current approach of determining the amount and composition of ammunition stocks. Possible solutions to increase efficiency are considered. The aim is to achieve greater objectivity of the planning process where operations management and crisis management are included. Methods: Basic scientific methods were used together with specific methods such as the target-oriented method (TOM) and the effort level method (LoE). Results: The result of the scientific research is to determine the effective ammunition stock of the battalion level in order to achieve higher objectivity of the planning process of conducting operations and coping with crisis situations. The authors deal with a description of the current system of ammunition supply creation in the Czech Armed Forces and NATO, strengths and weaknesses included. A new consolidated system is proposed to improve a stock pile planning process for effective provision and sustainment to achieve operational success and risk mitigation. Objectives from NATO and EU task forces and current operations have been taken into account. The research used the target-oriented method (TOM) and the effort level method (LoE). Conclusion: The result of the scientific research is to achieve higher objectivity of the planning process of conducting operations and coping with crisis situations.

Scheduling stored combat load retrieval

Purpose This paper aims to raise awareness of a potential planning pitfall and provide recommendations on how to assess and improve upon current practices. In potential conflict areas, such as the Korean Theater of Operations (KTO), military forces are required to store a portion of their ammunition combat load within depots and ammunition supply points under the control of a servicing ammunition company. This necessitates a lengthy retrieval process, as the ammunition company does not have enough resources to serve all customers simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach The stored combat load (SCL) retrieval process is modeled as a parallel machine scheduling problem and simulated using synthetic requirements. The current system of retrieval is contrasted against a proposed alternate system through a series of simulations scaled across three factors: number of ammunition company Soldiers, number of customer units and number of magazines. Findings The proposed alternate system demonstrates a significant potential for reducing the makespan of the SCL retrieval process when more than half of the magazines store SCL for multiple customers and there are more than five customers per Soldier. Originality/value Transitioning military units from a peacetime standing to full combat readiness as quickly as possible is of immense value within the KTO and other hostile areas with established troops not actively engaged in combat.

Development of criterion measure task simulations for physically demanding tasks

When evaluating the physical work demands of physically demanding tasks, testing procedures must replicate the physical demands of the task, be repeatable, reliable, safe and not require high skill levels from naïve subjects. For some tasks the original task is the most appropriate way to evaluate a subject's abilities. For others it may be too expensive or dangerous for naïve volunteers to perform. Based on these considerations it is essential to decide whether to use actual tasks or simulations. This paper will summarize the process of evaluating existing high physical demand tasks, and finally the development of criterion measure task simulations (CMTS). From a test design viewpoint there are different reasons for using either the actual task or a simulation: (1) A task like a loaded foot march presents little objective danger and does not require specialized skills to safely execute. As such it does not require a simulation. Modifying the duration of the road march can maintain the predictive power of the task while reducing the likelihood of injury. (2) With some physically demanding tasks the test itself can cause alterations of the test environment consequently degrading the repeatability or standardization of the test. An example would be a dummy drag test simulating the rescue of a casualty. Depending on the surface it is dragged on, there can be a large difference in the coefficient of friction acting on the dummy, and therefore differences in the physical requirements necessary to move it. Using a specified purpose-built dummy and dragging it on a specific durable surface will eliminate these sources of variability across different test venues. (3) A third approach is to simplify the test environment to preserve the physical demand and reduce the need for military equipment. This approach reduces cost and the need for volunteers to have specialized skills or training to complete the test and may therefore be suitable for use as point-of-entry tests. An example of this would be a task simulating the loading of the main gun of a main battle tank. (4) Some tasks cannot be easily simulated due to financial, logistical or safety issues. The field artillery ammunition supply vehicle reload task is an example. The implementation of modified or simulated CMTSs can streamline physical employment standard testing making the tests more repeatable, reliable, safer, and more economically feasible.

Characterization of Seismic Sources from Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT): Examples from Baghdad

Abstract On 10 October 2006, a mortar attack on U.S. Forward Operating Base Falcon, south of the Iraqi Capital Baghdad ammunition supply point, resulted in an ammunition “cook‐off” accompanied by numerous explosions. The explosions shook the base and damaged surrounding structures, and they were both felt by Baghdadi residents and seismically recorded at the single broadband seismometer at the Baghdad seismic observatory BHD. The mortar activity, ensuing explosions, and accompanying military activities provided a wealth of information on the nature of seismic and acoustic wave generation and propagation resulting from nearby battlefield sources. Seismic records from the observatory show a variety of waveforms that can be qualified as different types of battlefield‐related sources, including weapon rounds, mortars, rockets, mines, improvised explosive devices, vehicle‐borne improvised explosive devices, and airborne vehicles. These different kinds of military operations in urban terrain are characterized and quantified by correlating their recorded military activity with observed seismic records and various aspects of the signals’ wave propagation.

Research on Aircrafts’ Ammunition Management System Based on Data Warehouse

With the development of database technology, there are many problems in the existing management systems of aircrafts’ portable ammunition which use traditional affairs database. The shortcomings of traditional database are analyzed firstly. To deal with these problems, a new ammunition management system based on data warehouse is proposed. The structure of the data warehouse is discussed in detail. The five steps of development and use of data warehouse in ammunition management system are then discussed. Finally, examples of ammunition supply are given.

A Simulation Study of an Ammunition Supply Chain of Wartime

A Simulation Study of an Ammunition Supply Chain of Wartime

A Simulation Study of an Ammunition Supply Chain of Wartime

A Simulation Study of an Ammunition Supply Chain of Wartime

An Effect of the Lateral and Direct Transshipment on the Army Ammunition Supply System in the Wartime

An Effect of the Lateral and Direct Transshipment on the Army Ammunition Supply System in the Wartime

Application of the operational research methods in solving the problem of ammunition supply of the anti-tank company

The paper describes the application of one of the operational research methods in solving the problem of ammunition supply in an anti- tank company. The method of transportation problem is applied in order to find the most cost-effective plan for ammunition transportation from the storage site to the area of anti-tank company deployment. .

Waste minimization and nitrocellulose fines removal at an ammunition plant

The Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RAAP) produces nitrocellulose (NC) as a major ingredient in tank and artillery ammunition propellant. Through the process of NC production, wastewater is generated which contains large quantities of NC in the micron and sub-micron size range. These suspended and colloidal particles are collectively called NC fines. Under the impetus of a proposed Ammunition Procurement and Supply Agency suspended solids effluent limit of 25 mg/l and a greater emphasis on pollution prevention, significant research has been conducted into the areas of waste minimization and NC fine removal at the RAAP. One aspect of the current research involved a field study at the RAAP. The purpose of the field study was to inspect and discuss the entire NC production process with the operators, foremen, and NC production supervisor. With the information collected at the RAAP, it was possible to propose several waste minimization schemes and NC fines removal alternatives. From existing data, it was calculated that the proposed pollution prevention ideas could save the RAAP approximately $1,500,000 annually.