Ammunition Stockpile Research Articles

The Use of Remote Sensing Data for Investigation of Environmental Consequences of Russia-Ukraine War

Abstract The usage of remote sensing data for tracking or monitoring war conflicts is a reality nowadays. The Russian invasion in Ukraine seriously impacted on the environment of the attacked country in all areas: air, soil, water, flora and fauna. The war has created a massive increase in air pollution in some regions of Ukraine, and might have effect in neighbouring countries. The Russian attack has caused many fires at places such as oil depots, industrial complexes, equipment and ammunition stockpiles, the forests, and residential areas. In addition to this, many bridges, hydraulic and other structures located over and near the water bodies were destroyed. These events were analysed in this paper by using publicly available remote sensing data: NOAA-2, Suomi NPP, Aqua and Terra satellites, Sentinel and Landsat satellites, as well as from other sources open to public. We assume that the use of remote sensing data is an excellent tool to monitor effects of military conflicts on environment. The conducted research with proposed method can serve as a good scientific practice that should be implemented for monitoring of the harm to nature caused by wars.

155mm 연막탄 오작용 조사분석 및 향후 평가방안

155mm 연막탄은 치명적인 피해를 직접 주지 않으나 적절히 사용하였을 때 적 능력을 감소시킬 수 있으며 신호용, 항공기 유도용 표지탄 등으로 사용한다. 국내 저장되어 있는 155mm 연막탄은 저장기간이 상당히 오래 경과하였음에도 군에서 다량 사용하며 최근 군에서 오작용이 발생하였다. 해당 로트는 오작용 조사 결과 후속조치로 임시 불출중지하였고 차후 ASRP(Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program, 이하 ASRP) 결과에 따라 조치하도록 하였다. 이에 따라 ’21년 ASRP 대상 선정 시 군에서 요청한 오작용 발생 로트를 포함하여 6개 로트를 선정하였고, ASRP 및 오작용 조사 기능시험 결과를 분석한 결과 오작용의 발생은 연막탄과 연관이 적은 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 향후 155mm 연막탄 ASRP의 평가방안을 제시하였으며 저장탄약에 대한 신뢰성평가 방법에 대한 개선방안으로 대체시험기법을 제시하였다.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Single Screw Extrusion Process for Thermoplastic PBX Based on PVT Properties

Much of surplus ammunition stockpile inevitably requires demilitarized processing technology in the explosives industry. For the safe waste treatment and recycle, the thermoplastic polymer bonded explosive (PBX) can effectively reduce the military cost and non-conforming products. In addition, the thermoplastic PBX has excellent application prospect as the future explosive due to the good mechanical properties and insensitivity. However, for high solid content, most of thermoplastic PBXs still maintain a considerable viscosity even in high-temperature melting state, rendering traditional casting process unsuitable. In this study, a measuring method was adopted to accurately obtain the correlation of Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) for the simulative materials of thermoplastic PBX at first. The equations of state for PVT and viscosity model were then created, which are of great significance in single screw extrusion. An experiment system of single screw extrusion was designed to implement the molding process considering the poor liquidity problem of the thermoplastic materials. Excellent molding stability (ρ<0.5 % variation) was achieved for the extrusion system. Moreover, a numerical investigation was also performed. Good agreements were yielded by comparing the simulation data and experimental results. The effects of operational parameters, i. e., the entrance pressure, barrel temperature and rotation speed on molding process of the thermoplastic materials were investigated in detail. The wall shear stress decreases with the feed inlet well sealed whereas the maximum temperature rise increases a little due to limited thermal diffusion. Either increasing temperature or decreasing rotation speed is beneficial to overall process safety. However, production cycle and attainable molding density also need to be considered at the same time. Furthermore, the process parameters should be optimized on the basis of the PVT and viscosity properties of material in practice. The investigations above can be a better guidance for the development and implementation of thermoplastic PBXs molding process.

Study on Improving Learning Speed of Artificial Neural Network Model for Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Classification

Study on Improving Learning Speed of Artificial Neural Network Model for Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Classification

Case study on quality prediction of the ammunition stockpile reliability program based on a small amount of discontinuous data

This research proposes a new framework on reliability assessments of stored ammunition stocks. Many previous studies on reliability assessments are based on the correlation between the content of residual stabilizer and the year of manufacturing. However, it ignores the quality difference of the lot and other possible deterioration factors. In this research, we suggest a new framework which can overcome those shortcomings. To estimate the life of the stored ammunition, this research combined two popular techniques. The first one is Markov analysis and the second one is Bayes’ theorem. Markov analysis is used to represent the discontinuous experimental interval and quality difference in the lot, and Bayes’ theorem is used to overcome the circumstance that information from the experiments is limited. We obtained data from previous research article, and calculated three state transition matrix(function, non-function, stability) to apply the Markov analysis. Weights from the opinions of experts are given to three matrix, and the calculated total state transition matrix is used to estimate the long term ammunition status. In this paper, we propose a new framework which can reflect the quality degradation in lot and state-based business procedure. Also, the business reality that number of possible experiments is small and the observation period can be discontinuous are reflected.

Explosion of Excess Stock Ammunition. The Impact on the Health of the Civil Community and the Army.

Albania, like all the former communist countries, has inherited in 50 years a large arsenal of weapons and ammunition stockpiles, as shells and projectiles of various calibers, which constituted a negative phenomenon and seriously jeopardized the lives of people and communities throughout the geography of their deployment. After the 1990s, the Albanian Armed Forces embarked on the path of transformation and integration of Albania into NATO. In this framework, the implementation of defense reforms aimed the reduction and modernization of the military. In this context, one of the transformation goals was the getting rid of the remaining excess ammunition that was being destroyed under the programs of the Ministry of Defense and partner countries and the role of the University Hospital of Trauma and the Military Hospital in Tirana, Albania. This paper aims to discuss the security threat that these stockpiles pose to our nation and the wiser region. It also explains how the excess munitions eliminating process was completed in Albania.

Assessment of Effective Ammunition Stock Levels

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the current approach to determining the amount and composition of ammunition stocks, including the strengths and weaknesses of individual practices within North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its selected member states. The starting points of this article are the practical findings in the preparation of NATO and EU battlegroups, including real foreign operations. The individual methods were analyzed with a partial use of SWOT analysis, with a main focus on the strengths and weaknesses of the inventory process. There were found discrepancies between the general principle of individual methods and their practical application. A major drawback is that the principle for calculating inventory needs for combat activities is yet unestablished, where the internal regulation does provide for 120 SDOS and the introduction of some coefficients. However, doing so without establishing the principle of creating its amount. The article offers possible solutions to increase the efficiency of inventory generation in order to achieve greater objectivity in the planning process of operations management and crisis management, including self-provision of ammunition stockpiles.

저장탄약신뢰성평가가 국방경영에 미치는재무성과에 대한 실증연구

본 논문은 저장탄약의 신뢰성 보장을 목표로 수행한 저장탄약 신뢰성 평가 결과에서 얻어진 효과가 국방경영에 미치는 직접효과와 간접효과로 구분하여 산출하는 방법을 연구하고 실제 실시한 사업에 대해 재무효과를 산출하였다. 저장신뢰성평가 결과에 따라 수명연장, 제한사용, 정비, 폐기한 경우에 대한 직접적인 재무성과를 산출하는 방법을 각각 제안하였고, 전력지수 향상에 따른 재무성과 산출방법과 산업연관분석표에 의한 생산유발효과 및 고용유발효과를 산출하는 간접적인 재무성과 산출방법을 각각 제시하였다. 또한 연구된 산출방법론을 이용하여 2013년도에 수행한 저장탄약 신뢰성평가 사업에 적용하여 재무성과를 산출하였다. 그 결과 직접재무성과가 999.6억원, 전력향상에 의한 재무성과가 1206.1억원, 생산유발성과가 3,037.2억원으로 국방경영에 미치는 총 재무성과는 5,242,9억원으로 분석되었다. 【We studied the financial performance of ammunition stockpile reliability program on the Defense Management. We proposed the direct effect analysis, the indirect effect analysis and the combat power reinforcement effect as the financial performance analysis methodology. And, we estimated the financial performance using the proposed methods and the data of 2013 ASRP's data The financial performance by direct effect and indirect effect analysis was 99.96billion won and 303.7billion won. Also, The financial performance by reinforced Combat power reinforcement was 12.06 billion won. Therefore, the total financial performance of Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program was 52.43 billion won.】

저장탄약신뢰성평가 데이터를 활용한 포병탄약의 효과적 관리방안 연구 -시험주기 설정, 저장수명 예측, 전력효과 분석을 중심으로-

ASRP 데이터는 야전에 저장 운용되고 있는 탄약을 평가한 유일한 필드 데이터이자 탄약성능 중심의 포병전력을 객관적으로 판단할 수 있는 자료이다. 하지만 ASRP 데이터는 야전에 저장된 탄약에 대한 저장상태를 판단하는 잣대로 활용될 뿐, 축적된 데이터에 대한 재평가와 깊이 있는 연구가 진행되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 포병탄약 성능 중심의 현존 포병전력을 분석하고 관리하기 위한 ASRP 데이터의 활용 방법 연구로 야전에 저장되고 있는 탄약의 시험주기 설정, 탄약수명 예측 및 M&S(Modeling & Simulation) 기법의 전투모의를 통한 전력효과 분석 등 3가지 방안을 제시하였다. ASRP(Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program) Data is stored and operated in the field of evaluating the ammunition is not only the only field data but also the ammunition performance-oriented data can determine objectively the power of the artillery. However, ASRP has been used as a yardstick to judge the status of ammunitions stockpiled in the field. On the other hand re-evaluation of the accumulated data and in-depth research have not been carried out. A Study on the Effective Management of Artillery Ammunition using ASRP data suggests how to utilize the ASRP data to analyze and manage existing artillery forces whose focus is centered on increasing the performance of artillery ammunitions through setting the test intervals of deployed stockpiled ammunitions, forecasting the shelf-life of ammunitions, and analyzing the effectiveness of the military strength through modelling and simulation.

열화데이터를 이용한 자색 연막수류탄(KM18)의 저장수명 평가

A violet smoke hand grenade(KM18) is used to generate signals. The grenade is considered to fail when its smoke emission time is longer than the specified one so that its smoke concentration becomes lighter. Accelerated degradation test for the grenade was performed, and then failure in smoke emission time was reproduced from the test. Stress for the degradation test was selected as temperature/humidity from the pre-test results. Degraded data of emission time from the accelerated test were analyzed through applying a distibution-based degradation model. Then, Peck Model was applied to predict the storage life under field conditions. In addition, the predicted storage life was compared with that of ASRP(Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program).

Investigating the relationship between ammunition stockpile information and subsequent performance

Ammunition plays an important role in national defense and military strength. However, it is typically produced long before its ultimate consumption, and its reliability can change throughout the stockpile period. This study used the second method of quantification based on a canonical correlation analysis in order to understand the relationship between ammunition stockpile information and a set of performance tests investigating velocity, accuracy, and the number of fuse failures. Our empirical finding is as follows: the ammunitions which are manufactured in spring/summer or stored for 15–19/23–26 years, have fewer instances of fuse failure, but have a higher degree of failures involving velocity and accuracy than the ammunitions which are manufactured in autumn/winter or stored for 20–22 years. Our analysis facilitates a nonlinear relationship between these parameters, and is expected to give useful feedback information.

English

The normal approximation for a sum of geometric random variables has been examined. Thisapproximation is relevant to the determination of direct-fire ammunition stockpile levels in adefence setting. Among the methodologies available for this assessment, one is a target-orientedmethodology. This approach calculates the number of rounds necessary to destroy a givenfraction of the enemy force and infrastructure. The difficulty is that the number of rounds requiredcannot be determined analytically. An obvious numeric approach is Monte Carlo simulation.Another is the approximation approach which has several advantages like it is easy to implement.and is accurate even in the case where the number of targets is low.

Monitoring declining quality of ammunition stockpile under step stress

Most ammunition is produced long before its ultimate consumption and stored in a series of different depots for a considerably long period of time. During storage, the quality of the ammunition stockpile deteriorates proportionally to the condition of the depots. We view different conditions associated with a series of depots as step stress. A random effects logistic regression model is employed to predict the quality of ammunition stockpile in terms of the routing information such as a series of locations and duration of storage of ammunition lots. The resultant prediction model can be used to determine the appropriate time for reorder or renovation of ammunition before the quality becomes substandard. An example is given to illustrate the implementation procedure of the prediction model suggested in this article. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.