Ammunition Depot Research Articles

Neighboring Effect-Initiated Supramolecular Nanocomplex with Sequential Infiltration as Irreversible Apoptosis Inducer for Synergetic Chemo-Immunotherapy.

Chemotherapy-based combination regimens are recommended as first-line treatment for colorectal cancer. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) and limited drug infiltration in tumor microenvironment remain critical challenges. Herein, a pH/redox dual activated supramolecular DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) nanoparticles (NPs) via host-guest molecular recognition to achieve relay drugs delivery of active oxaliplatin (OxPt (IV)) and Src inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) between tumor cells is developed. DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs exhibit prolonged circulation in the blood and intra-tumoral retention. Triggered by the endo/lysosome (pH 5.0), flexible DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs exhibited proton-driven in situ assembly to form nanofiber in tumor cells. Dual chemotherapeutic agents released from DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs synergistically cause irreversible DNA damage by blocking p53-mediated DNA repair. Supramolecular nanofibers can further serve as the "ammunition depot" to continuously release drugs from dying cells and transport them into neighboring tumor cells, leading to domino-like cell death and enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy strikingly suppress CT26 tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis.

An Integrated Approach for Ammunition Depot Location Selection and Ammunition Distribution Network Design Based on P-Median and Vehicle Routing Problems

During the war, the safe provision of the required ammunition at the desired place and time can affect the fate of the war and even the country. Determining the number and locations of ammunition depots needed in the war is as important as planning their distribution. Ammunition supply has always been a force multiplier for military units. Although the timely delivery of ammunition to the unit is not sufficient for success on its own, it is an important factor. These two issues are directly related to each other. This study presents a two-stage methodology to solve the problems in question. In the first stage, it was decided which of the 3 different types of depots, whose establishment locations were known with the p-median model, would be opened, and the unit-depot assignments were determined. In the second stage, the distribution network design for the distribution of ammunition from the ammunition depot to the deployed artillery units was realized with the Capacity-Constrained Vehicle Routing Problem (CCVRP) model. This methodology was tested for a fictitious situation where the geographical location and numerical information of the depots and artillery batteries were generated generically. By solving the mathematical model in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) program, it was determined which depot should distribute how many vehicles to which artillery batteries, and the results were presented visually.

A Sustainable Retinal Drug Co-Delivery for Boosting Therapeutic Efficacy in wAMD: Unveiling Multifaceted Evidence and Synergistic Mechanisms.

Sustainable retinal codelivery poses significant challenges technically, although it is imperative for synergistic treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Here, a microemulsion-doped hydrogel (Bor/PT-M@TRG) is engineered as an intravitreal depot composing of temperature-responsive hydrogel (TRG) and borneol-decorated paeoniflorin (PF) & tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)-coloaded microemulsions (Bor/PT-M). Bor/PT-M@TRG, functioning as the "ammunition depot", resides in the vitreous and continuously releases Bor/PT-M as the therapeutic "bullet", enabling deep penetration into the retina for 21 days. A single intravitreal injection of Bor/PT-M@TRG yields substantial reductions in choroidal neovascularization (CNV, a hallmark feature of wAMD) progression and mitigates oxidative stress-induced damage in vivo. Combinational PF&TMP regulates the "reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1" pathway and blocks the "hypoxia inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor" signaling in retina, synergistically cutting off the loop of CNV formation. Utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, they present compelling multifaceted evidence of sustainable retinal codelivery spanning formulations, ARPE-19 cells, in vivo eye balls, and ex vivo section/retina-choroid complex cell levels. Such codelivery approach is elucidated as the key driving force behind the exceptional therapeutic outcomes of Bor/PT-M@TRG. These findings highlight the significance of sustainable retinal drug codelivery and rational combination for effective treatment of wAMD.

Facility Location Selection for Ammunition Depots based on GIS and Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS

The purpose of this study is to determine depot locations where expired ammunition will be controlled before being sent to recycling facilities. Expiration of ammunition means that using, transporting and even storing that ammunition where it is located poses a greater risk. For this reason, it is important to determine facility locations so that ammunition is stored in places that will least harm the environment and human health. The criteria to be used for ammunition depot location selection were determined through literature review, various researches and expert opinions. The proposed model is based on the combined use of Geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making. For an example application of the model, a generic study on a district basis in Turkey is presented. Candidate depot locations were determined using GIS with the help of 6 main criteria and 18 sub-criteria. Then, candidate depot locations were ranked by the Pythagorean Fuzzy Set-based WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessing) method, taking into account the opinions of military experts for the main criteria. WASPAS method selected location A1 as the most suitable ammunition depot location. The results show that the proposed methodology can be practically applied.

‘It was no different to a prison camp’: Oral accounts of adaptations, transitions and surviving an ‘emergency camp’; from Sophiatown to Ammunition Depot 91, 1955–1960s

The demolition of Sophiatown, Cato Manor, District Six and other areas under the apartheid regime hugely impacted the socio-economic lives of various South Africans (particularly those people classified as non-whites). The classification of South African cosmopolitan townships as slums according to the Slums Act of 1934, and the ambitions of achieving social segregation, resulted in the geographical separation of races facilitated by the Group Areas Act of 1950. The act legally justified the forced removal of Indian families from Sophiatown. Then, they were temporarily placed in a military base next to Lenasia. Through the use of oral interviews, this article interrogates the unknown history of the Indian families in their transitional period from Sophiatown to Ammunition Depot 91 (also referred to as the ‘military camp/military base’ in Lenasia). Furthermore, the article sheds light on their untold experiences; particularly on the arrival of Indian families in the military camp, their living conditions, health-related matters, the utilisation of coping mechanisms such as religion and recreational activities, perceptions about their stay, effects on transportation and their general experiences in the transition camp. The article accentuates the rapid nature of these removals particularly in Sophiatown which resulted in the lack of adequate alternative accommodation for the Indian residents.Contribution: The article offers fresh perspectives for deeper interrogation of the consequences of forced removals in apartheid South Africa, by reflecting on the memories and lived experiences of interviewees in a case study that has hitherto not been addressed by social historians.

Air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, on the ground and buried shallow underground blast-resistant shelters: A review

Weak political systems and poor governance in certain developing countries are found to have a war-like environment where structures are being targeted by blasts and bombs. Industrial blasts due to frail know-how and mishandlings are also quite common. Recent accidental explosions like that occurred at the Beirut Port, Lebanon (August 2020); ammunition depot in the outskirt of the Ryazan City of Russia (November 2020) are of concern for the safety of adjacent building infrastructure and their users. Such intense loading events cause damage to certain elements of a structure which may result in disproportionate or progressive collapse. It necessitates a clear understanding of the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it, and response of the target structure under such loadings. In this study, the state of research on air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, and on the ground and buried shallow blast-resistant shelters are presented. The phenomenon of the self-Mach-reflection of the explosion, loading parameters and empirical blast models available in the open literature followed by the damage criteria for the buildings subjected to the underground blasting and available peak particle velocity (PPV) prediction models have been discussed. To make the application of advanced materials such as fibrous concrete, ultra-high performance concrete, FRP composites, etc., it is important to comprehend the existing blast/shock-resistant shelters and their response under such loading. The shelters are primarily designed by incorporating features of the materials like high degree of deformability/ductility, use of the shock-isolation panels and the mechanism for controlling crack formations. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future studies are summarised. This paper presents prospects to engineers, town planners, researchers, policymakers and members of the core drafting sectional committees to understand the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it.

Location Planning of Field Ammunition Depot for Multi-stage Supply Based on Dijstra Algorithm

The location of field ammunition depots is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of ammunition supply and support, and is affected by the changing needs of different stages of operations. In response to complex situations such as damage to transportation roads, repairs, and dynamic changes in demand in the course of combat, the fastest supply speed is the primary goal, while the satisfaction rate, balance, and cost factors of the ammunition supply at each demand point are taken into account to build a multi-stage supply Site selection planning model for field ammunition depot. Use Dijstra algorithm’s hierarchical sequence method to determine the shortest supply time, gradually increase the supply time, find the relationship between supply time, satisfaction rate, balance and cost, and find a satisfactory location plan. Finally, the simulation case calculations show that the model can cover some key dynamic changes during wartime, with strong adaptability and more scientific site selection.

Analysis of Injury Pattern & Forensic Medicine Management in a Case of Bomb Blast Injury

Background: In 2016 midnight of summer a bomb blast occurred at ammunition depot Pulgaon. Blast wasso severe that villagers in the radius of 10km witnessed the blast wave. It had killed 19 people which includedArmy officers, soldier & fire brigade men. As per police inquest & alleged history given by eyewitness,anauthority of Central Ammunition Depot at Pulgaon noticed fire at ammunition store of the depot. For thisreason emergency task force team of the depot got activated and few army personnel including fire brigadepersonnel rushed to the spot to control the fire. But unfortunately large amount of ammunition blastedsuddenly as the fire spread inside the ammunition storage. Because of this 19 parsons were died on thespot & many were injured. To tackle the disaster civil authority were informed. When it was noted thattotal 19 personnel were died in the mishap, the District civil authority approached to Mahatma GandhiInstitute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram to send forensic medicine expert team to do spot Post Mortem (PM)examination. The main challenge before the forensic team was to establish the identity of the unidentifiedbody apart from doing PM examination, so that the body can be handed over the kin as early as possible toend the uncertainty of their loved ones.Aims & Objective: Forensic casework was carried out with aim to study the pattern of injuries in the bombblast cases, and to assess forensic management done in mass disaster.Material and Method: Study was carried out on 15 dead bodies involved in the bomb blast injury. Itincludes observation based on post mortem examination and assessment of forensic management done byour team.Result: Bomb blast injury includes complex of injuries like burn injury(100%), decapitation (33%), injuryof internal abdominal organs (40%) & chest organs (80%), fracture of bones (46%), Amputation of limbs(33%), and external mechanical injuries like contusion, abrasions and lacerations (100%). Due to destructiveinjuries identity of the victim gets obscured (40%).Conclusion: Medicolegal postmortem, sample preservation and humanitarian action of establishing theidentity of victims are the forensic management in bomb blast injury.

Applicability of a Design Assessment and Management for the Current Ammunition Depots in Taiwan

In Taiwan, many ammunition depots have become outdated after having been in service for a long period of time, and if they are not properly managed, then accidental explosions might erupt inside. Leakage pressure after an explosion is closely related to the opening of the structure and the thickness of the wall. In order to reduce the risk of implosion, it is necessary to design a new structure or strengthen the existing ammunition libraries for the storage of ammunition required for combat. In order to evaluate the applicability of an existing ammunition depot design, making management simpler and safer, this study integrates the scale model experiment of an ammunition depot with computer simulation, the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm in ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, and it compares the results with the UFC3-340-02 specification in order to verify its applicability. The results show that computer simulation can verify that the data related to an implosion of an ammunition depot is similar to the specification. Therefore, the design results of the ammunition depot optimized by computer simulation can be used as a reference for the construction or strengthening of ammunition depots.

Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Effects Accompanying the Strongest Technogenic Catastrophe

The results of observations of quasi-periodic variations of horizontal components of the geomagnetic field, the Doppler frequency shift of the radio waves reflected from the ionosphere, and observations of anomalous traces in ionograms during a catastrophe at the largest European ammunition depot on March 23, 2017, are presented. It is shown that the catastrophe was accompanied by oscillations of the geomagnetic field level (with periods from 5–6 to 13–14 min and an amplitude of 2–3 nT) and the ionospheric electron density (with periods from 14–16 to 50–60 min and a relative amplitude of ∼1–10%). A mechanism for the transfer of disturbances from the catastrophe site to the ionosphere altitudes is proposed. A key role in this mechanism is played by the acoustic gravity waves generated by widespread explosions and large-scale fire events.

Multi-agent System for Ammunition Depot Management Based on Ambient Intelligence

Multi-agent System for Ammunition Depot Management Based on Ambient Intelligence

“US-detonated nano bombs” facilitate targeting treatment of resistant breast cancer

Reversal of drug resistance and targeted therapy are the keys but remain challenging in resistant breast cancer treatment. Herein, low frequency ultrasound detonated “nano bombs” were rationally designed and used for treatment of resistant breast cancer. For the ‘nano bombs’, the ammunition (Doxorubicin, DOX) was loaded into the ammunition depot (hollow mesoporous TiO2, MTNs), and the safety device (dsDNA) was wrapped on the surface of MTNs to avoid the unexpected DOX release. We found the “US-detonated explosive” abilities of “nano bomb” MTNs (NBMTNs), including explosive generation of ROS, explosive release of DOX, US-triggered lysosome escape and mitochondrial targeting in the in vitro and in vivo studies. More importantly, the drug resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells could be reversed via the inhibition of mitochondrial energy supply approach caused by the “explosion” of NBMTNs. Furthermore, NBMTNs combined the superior chemotherapy efficacy of DOX and potent SDT efficacy in one single platform and significantly enhanced the anticancer efficacy. Our results demonstrate an approach for reversing resistance and specific targeting of tumors using ‘US-detonated nano bombs’.

Posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents exposed to the ammunition depot blast at Salawa, Sri Lanka – a descriptive study

Background Beyond the immediate physical consequences of the disaster, trauma exposure may cause lasting mental health problems especially in young people. Aim The objective of this study was to investigate the trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and the association between trauma exposure and PTSS among the adolescents in Salawa area, who were exposed to the explosion that took place on 5 th June 2016 at the ammunition dump of Salawa army camp. Methodology A cross sectional study was conducted eight months after the explosion, among all adolescents in the Salawa ammunition dump area. A self-administered screening instrument was used to assess the nature of the exposure to the blast. The University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA PTSD-RI) was used to measure the cumulative trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results A total of 108 adolescents (68.4% females), with a mean age of 14.3 (SD=2.12) were included in the survey. Diagnostic criterion for full and partial PTSD was met by 34.2% and 37.0% of the participants, respectively. The occurrence of PTSD was significantly associated with the severity of the ammunition blast (b=3.31, p p Conclusions There was a relatively high prevalence of PTSD among the adolescents exposed to the blast. Psychological support is needed for these adolescents, and further research is recommended to conduct evidence based interventions in this posttrauma setting.

The Bobwhite Quail of Crane Naval Ammunition Depot, Indiana - 25 Years of Protection and Plant Succession

A low-density bobwhite quail population was studied to determine its status after 25 years of plant succession ·and protection from hunting on Crane Naval Anununition Depot. The summer breeding population on the study area was approximately one-fifth of that around the periphery of CNAD. The winter population was approximately 1 bird per 50 acres. The subadult to adult ratio was normal (83: 17) but the corresponding sex ratio of 60M:40F was unbalanced. Coveys retained their identity and, with the exception of 1 covey, maintained their numbers during winter. The major habitat limitation occurred during the nesting and brooding season. The low density of bobwhites was concluded to be primarily the combined result of poor nesting cover and above-normal loss of mature females during the breeding season.

The Combination of Expert Judgment and GIS-MAIRCA Analysis for the Selection of Sites for Ammunition Depots

This paper suggests spatial multi-criteria model in order to assist decision makers in the selection of sites which are suitable for ammunition depots (AD). They represent military facilities which have more criteria that need to be matched than civil structures. The proposed model is based on combined use of Geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria techniques. The model application is presented in the case study of Carpathian region, the Eastern part of Serbia. The model deals with nine restrictions and six evaluation criteria. Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory—Analytic Network Process (DEMATEL-ANP) multi-criteria techniques are used to determine weight coefficients of evaluation criteria. Along with the above mentioned methods, this paper introduces a new technique for the multi-criteria decision making—MAIRCA (MultiAttributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis) method. The MAIRCA method is used for the ranking and selection of suitable locations. The results have shown that 45 km2 of the Carpathian region is very suitable for ammunition depot construction. The MAIRCA method chose location L1 as the most appropriate. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is capable of identifying a suitable ammunition depot location. This approach can be helpful in determining suitable ammunition depot locations in other regions with similar geographic conditions and can also be successfully used for the suitability assessment of existing ammunition depots.

TRABZON’DA 10 TEMMUZ 1919 CEPHANELİK PATLAMASI

A huge ammunition depot exploded in Trabzon on July 10, 1919. The effects of the explosion were seen even in Batumi, 100 miles distant. There were many weapons and ammunition left by the Russian army in the ammunition depot. The explosion of the ammunition depot was important because the opening date of the Erzurum Congress was scheduled to be the same day. On the other hand, British control officers in the city was preparing to hand over ammunition to the Volunteer Russian Army (White Army). The explosion caused enormous destruction. Nearly every window in the city was broken, roofs of the houses collapsed and serious damage was experienced in the other parts of the city in addition to a large number of casualties and deaths. Yet, the authorities kept secret the real causes of the disaster and the violence and the actual damage of the explosion. The Turkish “Military Investigation Commission” claimed that the explosion was an accident. According to officials Entente: The explosion of the ammunition depot in Trabzon was no doubt deliberately plotted by the Turks. This study analyses the reasons and the effects of the explosion according to the main sources such as the Turkish and American archival files together with the newspapers of that period

35th Anniversary of the International Pyrotechnics Society (IPS)

35^th Anniversary of the International Pyrotechnics Society (IPS)

Corsham's Hidden Landscape

Corsham, in rural Wiltshire south-west of Chippenham (UK), is a multi-layered above-ground and below-ground site that encompasses historic components relating to nineteenth- and twentieth-century industrial and military heritage. This article focuses on its subterranean side, which is of particular archaeological significance but which we argue can be investigated and experienced as a landscape. Created in the nineteenth century for the mining of Bath stone, in the Second World War its network of deep tunnels and caverns was converted to accommodate an ammunition depot, aircraft engine factory and an RAF command centre. Arguably the most significant use of this vast below-ground domain, however, came during the Cold War, as the UK’s Central Government War Headquarters, (CGWHQ), known at the time under code names such as ‘Burlington’ and ‘Turnstile’. Finally decommissioned by the military in 2004, after almost 40 years of ‘mothballing’ and slow decay, it has now become a focus of heritage study and interest, and (although inaccessible) is emerging as an iconic landscape of memory, parts of which now have statutory protection. This article presents the results of applying landscape-based approaches to the subterranean domain of what is too easily considered purely as a heritage site.

SIGEST

The SIGEST paper in this issue, “Global Convergence of Radial Basis Function Trust-Region Algorithms for Derivative-Free Optimization,” by Stefan M. Wild and Christine Shoemaker, is an expanded version of “Global Convergence of Radial Basis Function Trust Region Derivative-Free Algorithms,” which appeared in the SIAM Journal on Optimization in 2011. The theoretical contribution of this paper is a convergence proof for a derivative-free optimization method. There are many classes of derivative-free methods. The methods of interest in this paper are for smooth problems where derivatives of the objective function (the function to be minimized) are not available. Such problems are common, arising, for example, from applications where source code is not available. These methods approximate the functions with interpolation, and the challenge for a particular method is using as few interpolatory nodes as possible while simultaneously producing an interpolant which is a useful surrogate for the objective function. The algorithm in this paper uses radial basis functions (RBFs) for the interpolation and manages the convergence of the nonlinear iteration with a trust-region approach. The authors do a fine job of explaining the technical aspects of the algorithm, the nodes for the interpolation, and the convergence analysis. The paper concludes with a compelling application to a subsurface contamination problem. The site is the Blaine Naval Ammunition Depot in Nebraska, and the authors collaborated with a large interdisciplinary team to design a remediation strategy. Three dimensional hydrology codes are used to evaluate the objective function. Because of the internal simulations, the objective function for this problem has noise which arises from internal iterations in the simulators and truncation errors in the discretizations. The RBF trust-region algorithm solved this large and complex design problem very nicely.

SURVEY, REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF A WAR I COMPLEX SYSTEM OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND FORTIFICATIONS IN THE GRESTA VALLEY, ITALY

Abstract. This work is part of a research on the use of terrestrial laser scanner, integrated with total station and GPS, for the documentation and comprehension of complex architectures in up-land sites. The research is performed in the framework of the project "Ambiente e Paesaggi dei siti di Altura Trentini" – APSAT (Environment and landscape of hill-top sites in Trentino), a multidisciplinary project focused on the evolution of hill-top anthropic system in the Trentino region, Italy. The study area is located in the Gresta Valley and this work concerns on the Nagià Grom site, fortified by the Austria-Hungarian Army during the World War I. The site has been interested by a significant restore operation of a large series of entrenches paths and fortifications in the last decade. The survey herein described has involved an area once interested by military barracks with Officers' Mess, water provision and by one of the biggest field kitchens discovered in the Trentino region. A second survey involved the tunnel connecting the ammunition depot to the artillery stations. The nature of such complex architectures, characterized by an irregular and composite 3D span leads, in general, to necessary simple surveys and representations and somehow to simplified studies too. The 3D point cloud, once filtered by the massive presence of dense vegetation, eventually constitutes a rich data set for further analyses on the spatial, geological, architectural and historical properties of the site. The analysis has been carried out on two different scales. At the architectural-scale, the comparison to historic photos has allowed to understand how the original structure of the barracks was made and to find building characters that now are lost. The on-site observation of the underground stratigraphic splices and their analysis in the 3D point cloud, e.g., spatial extension and slope, have permitted the understanding of the special excavation process guided by the practical advantage of exploiting the natural collapse of the rock along the stratigraphic splices. At the landscape-scale: the 1918's aerial photos, showing the trenches and military barracks during the World War I, have been georeferenced and compared to recent ortho- photos and DTM to evaluate the landscape changes and to assess the complete detection of the entire set of fortified structures. The analysis involved also the evaluation of the landscape visibility from some key points of the fortification and the visibility of the same fortification from the surrounding landscape. That has permitted, for example, to underline the very strategic location of the field kitchen. The availability of the 1×1m ALS DSM suggests a possible processing for the detection of the preserved surface artefacts and trenches so to extend the metric knowledge of the fortification system and to plan further surveys.