Ammonium Bismuth Citrate Research Articles

Enhancement Effects and Mechanism Studies of Two Bismuth-Based Materials Assisted by DMSO and Glycerol in GC-Rich PCR.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has extensive bioanalytical applications in molecular diagnostics and genomic research studies for rapid detection and precise genomic amplification. Routine integrations for analytical workflow indicate certain limitations, including low specificity, efficiency, and sensitivity in conventional PCR, particularly towards amplifying high guanine-cytosine (GC) content. Further, there are many ways to enhance the reaction, for example, using different PCR strategies such as hot-start/touchdown PCR or adding some special modifications or additives such as organic solvents or compatible solutes, which can improve PCR yield. Due to the widespread use of bismuth-based materials in biomedicine, which have not yet been used for PCR optimization, this attracts our attention. In this study, two bismuth-based materials that are inexpensive and readily available were used to optimize GC-rich PCR. The results demonstrated that ammonium bismuth citrate and bismuth subcarbonate effectively enhanced PCR amplification of the GNAS1 promoter region (∼84% GC) and APOE (75.5% GC) gene of Homo sapiens mediated by Ex Taq DNA polymerase within the appropriate concentration range. Combining DMSO and glycerol additives was critical in obtaining the target amplicons. Thus, the solvents mixed with 3% DMSO and 5% glycerol were used in bismuth-based materials. That allowed for better dispersion of bismuth subcarbonate. As for the enhanced mechanisms, the surface interaction of PCR components, including Taq polymerase, primer, and products with bismuth-based materials, was maybe the main reason. The addition of materials can reduce the melting temperature (Tm), adsorb polymerase and modulate the amount of active polymerase in PCR, facilize the dissociation of DNA products, and enhance the specificity and efficiency of PCR. This work provided a class of candidate enhancers for PCR, deepened our understanding of the enhancement mechanisms of PCR, and also explored a new application field for bismuth-based materials.

Bismuth Oxychalcogenide Nanosheet: Facile Synthesis, Characterization, and Photodetector Application

AbstractNew 2D bismuth oxychalcogenide nanosheets have excellent theoretical properties such as high electronic mobility and excellent oxidation resistance, which have good application prospective for optoelectronic devices. In this paper, during the synthesis process via mild hydrothermal route, ammonium bismuth citrate (C6H13BiN2O7·H2O) is selected as Bi source. Both Bi2O2S and Bi2O2Se nanosheets (lateral size: over 2.0 µm, thickness: ≈ 5.0 nm) are synthesized successfully using thiourea (CH4N2S) as S source, and sodium selenite (Na2O3Se) as Se source, respectively. The as‐synthesized Bi2O2S and Bi2O2Se materials have desirable nanosheet‐like morphologies. After adding C6H13BiN2O7·H2O, [(NH3)2C6H7O7]3‐ can intercalate between the interlayers of Bi2O2S or Bi2O2Se, limiting the growth along c‐axis direction, so that 2D sheets can be obtained. Finally, the photodetectors are fabricated based on Bi2O2S and Bi2O2Se films coated by thermal spraying. The experimental results show that the maximum responsivity and detectivity of Bi2O2S‐based photodetector are 0.059 A W‐1 and 6.77 × 109 Jones, respectively. As to Bi2O2Se‐based photodetector, the maximum responsivity and detectivity can reach 75.14 A W‐1 and 3.95 × 1012 Jones, respectively. The mild hydrothermal synthesis using ammonium bismuth citrate as Bi source is a universal and facile method to obtain Bi2O2S and Bi2O2Se nanosheets for optoelectronic applications.

Differently substituted aniline functionalized MWCNTs to anchor oxides of Bi and Ni nanoparticles

We have studied the consequence of different functionalization types onto the decoration of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface by nanoparticles of bismuth and nickel oxides. Three organic molecules were considered for the functionalization: 5-amino-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid and sulfanilic acid. Nanotubes modification with in situ created diazonium salts followed by their impregnation with suitable salts [ammonium bismuth citrate and nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate] utilizing infrared (IR) irradiation was found the crucial stage in the homogeneous impregnation of functionalized CNTs. Furthermore, calcination of these samples in argon environment gave rise to controlled decorated MWCNTs. The currently used technique is simple as well as effective. The synthesized materials were characterized by XPS, PXRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. Bismuth oxide decorations were successfully performed using 5-amino-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid (particle size ranges from 1 to 10 nm with mean diameter ~ 2.4 nm) and 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid (particle size ranges from 1 to 6 nm with mean diameter ~ 1.9 nm) functionalized MWCNTs. However, only 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid functionalized MWCNTs showed strong affinity towards oxides of nickel nanoparticles (mainly in hydroxide form, particles size ranging from 1 to 6 nm with mean diameter ~ 2.3 nm). Thus, various functions arranged in the order of their increasing anchoring capacities are as follows: sulfonic < carboxylic < phosphonic. The method is valid for large-scale preparations. These advanced nanocomposites are potential candidates for various applications in nanotechnology.Graphic abstract

Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Bismuth Oxide Nanocrystals Using Infrared Irradiation and Diazonium Chemistry

A simple and efficient method using infrared (IR) irradiation is presented to decorate multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with bismuth oxide nanocrystals (Bi2O3 NCs) using ammonium bismuth citrate (ABC) as Bi precursor. The present methodology comprises 4 steps: purification, functionalization, impregnation and calcination. Various techniques (XPS, TEM, PXRD, EDX, Raman and TGA) are used to characterize the resulting materials. The treatment with sodium hydroxide leads to the purification of MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs) which is confirmed by the absence of alumina. The chemical functionalization of p-MWCNTs with monocarboxylic aryl diazonium salts generated in-situ (p-MWCNTs-D1) followed by impregnation in the presence of IR radiation is the crucial step in homogeneously impregnating functionalized MWCNTs with ABC (p-MWCNTs-D1/ABC). Calcining p-MWCNTs-D1/ABC at optimum temperature results in a controlled decoration of Bi2O3 NCs in their pure phase. A bimodal distribution of Bi2O3 NCs on MWCNTs with a Gaussian mean diameter of ~ 1.1 and ~ 11.21 nm is evidenced. The originality of this work is the decoration of CNTs for the first time with Bi2O3 nanocrystals. Metastable β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal) crystal phase is noticed on the surface of CNTs. Electrical conductivity of the samples was assessed on bucky papers elaborated from the various modified MWCNTs. The present methodology is applicable to large-scale preparation which opens interesting perspectives for nanotechnology applications.

Hydrothermal synthesis and formation mechanism of single-crystal Auivillius Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets with ammonium bismuth citrate (C6H10BiNO8) as Bi sources

Single-crystalline Auivillium Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets with dominant (010) facets have been successfully synthesized by using ammonium bismuth citrate (C6H10BiNO8) as bismuth sources via a conventional hydrothermal route. The as-prepared Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffracton, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM, and selected area electron diffraction. In order to understand the formation mechanism of the Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets, a set of time-dependent experiments were carried out. The results reveal that the (C6H10NO8)3− ions involved in the feedstock suspensions released by the ionization of C6H10BiNO8 play an important role in the formation of the Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets. A possible formation mechanism of the Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets has been discussed based on the analyses of the lattice structure of Bi4Ti3O12 and the effect of C6H10BiNO8 used in the feedstock precursors.

Double regulation of bismuth and halogen source for the preparation of bismuth oxybromide nanosquares with enhanced photocatalytic activity

In this paper, bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanosquares photocatalysts were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method with the double regulation of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and ammonium bismuth citrate (BCA). To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the BiOBr material with simultaneous bismuth and halogen bidirectional source regulation. The structures, components, morphologies, optical properties and photocatalytic properties of the as-prepared samples were specifically explored. The photocatalytic ability was assessed using the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. The BiOBr-IL+BCA exhibited improved photocatalytic activity compared with the BiOBr materials without double regulation. The primary active species were determined to be holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (O2−) using electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis and free radical trapping experiments. This enhanced activity was attributed to its larger specific surface, the superior electron transfer ability, and the increased negative conduction band position, which favors the photogenerated electrons to trap the molecular oxygen to produce O2−. The production of more O2− can benefit the removal of pollutants.

Single Precursor Mediated-Synthesis of Bi Semimetal Deposited N-Doped (BiO)2CO3 Superstructures for Highly Promoted Photocatalysis

Visible light utilization and charge separation efficiency are the two dominant factors for development of efficient visible light photocatalysts. In this work, visible light response N-doped (BiO)2CO3 and non-noble Bi semimetal-deposited N-doped (BiO)2CO3 superstructures were prepared by direct hydrothermal treatment of a single precursor (ammonium bismuth citrate) at different temperatures. The atomic utilization efficiency of the precursor was increased as all the components in the material were derived from this single precursor. Density functional theory calculations combined with systematical characterization results revealed that N atoms were in situ doped into (BiO)2CO3 lattice by substituting O atoms in (BiO)22+ layers. The upward shift of valence band top, originating from the hybridization of N 2p states with Bi 6s+6p and O 2p orbital, led to narrowed bandgap of (BiO)2CO3. Under higher hydrothermal temperature, Bi decorated N-doped (BiO)2CO3 superstructures were produced as Bi3+ ions can be reduced to Bi0 semimetal by citrate ions. For N-doped (BiO)2CO3, N-doping could narrow the bandgap of (BiO)2CO3 and then boost the visible light absorption. In terms of Bi decorated N-doped (BiO)2CO3, except for more absorption in the visible region, the plasmonic effect of the in situ formed Bi nanoparticles could accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, and thus more active species (hydroxyl radicals) were generated. With N-doped (BiO)2CO3 as photocatalysts, NO can be efficiently removed under visible light irradiation. Significantly, the Bi deposited N-doped (BiO)2CO3 with excellent stability showed much higher activity than N-doped (BiO)2CO3. This work encourages us to search for green methods to synthesize highly efficient photocatalysts, which also provides a strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance via combination of nonmetal doping and non-noble metal deposition.

Fabrication of Bi-Fe3O4@RGO hybrids and their catalytic performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Nanocatalysts are frequently connected to magnetic nanoparticles. These composites are easy to be retrieved from the reaction system under a magnetic field because of their magnetic properties. Magnetic separation is particularly promising in industry since it can solve many issues present in filtration, centrifugation, or gravitation separation. Herein, a facile method to prepare bismuth and Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide magnetic hybrids (Bi-Fe3O4@RGO) using soluble starch as a dispersant is demonstrated. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, and Bi nanoparticles were fabricated by the redox reactions between sodium borohydride and ammonium bismuth citrate in the presence of soluble starch. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that the average diameter of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles is about 5 nm and the diameters of Bi nanoparticles range from 10 to 20 nm. The magnetic Bi-Fe3O4@RGO hybrids exhibit high catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) by NaBH4 with a first-order rate constant (K) of 0.00808 s−1 and is magnetically recyclable for at least five cycles. This strategy provides an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the use in environmental protection applications.

Preparation of Bismuth Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution and Its Catalytic Performance for the Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol

A simple method to fabricate Bi nanoparticles by using redox reactions between sodium borohydride and ammonium bismuth citrate in the presence of soluble starch in water phase was developed. The results show that soluble starch is better than PVP in stabilizing Bi nanoparticles. The as-prepared Bi nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and powder X-ray diffraction. The catalytic performance of the Bi nanoparticles for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of sodium borohydride was studied. The effects of sodium borohydride concentration, initial 4-NP concentration, catalyst dose, and reduction temperature were also investigated.

Solvothermal synthesis of bismuth selenide nanotubes

Bismuth selenide (Bi 2Se 3) nanotubes have been synthesized for the first time using dimethyl formamide (DMF) by solvothermal method. Ammonium bismuth citrate (C 24H 20Bi 14O 28,6NH 3,10H 2O), elemental selenium (Se) and DMF when treated solvothermally in an autoclave at 165 °C formed Bi 2Se 3 nanocrystals of different morphologies. The morphological modifications are found to depend on the duration of heat treatment and the relative proportions of the reactants. Heat treatment for 24 h yields Bi 2Se 3 nanotubes whereas large needle shaped structures are produced on altering the relative proportions of the reactants during the same period. The as synthesized products were characterized by XRD, EDXA and TEM.

A Bismuth Salt Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus

Bismuth has been shown not only to heal peptic ulcers but also to reduce recurrence. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers, and since bismuth has a bactericidal effect on this organism, the beneficial effect of bismuth on peptic ulcer disease has been attributed to the effect on H pylori . However, not all pathophysiological changes found in patients with duodenal ulcer disease can be explained by H pylori infection, and bismuth has only a weak bactericidal effect on H pylori . Infection with Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in autonomic ganglion cells has also been suggested as an etiological factor of peptic ulcer. In the present study we accordingly examined the effect of bismuth on the growth of HSV and compared it with that on H pylori . Ammonium bismuth citrate trihydrate (ABC) inhibited completely the growth of H pylori at the concentration of 32 mg/l and HSV-1 and HSV-2 at the concentrations of 2000 mg/l and 1000 mg/l, respectively. Since bismuth after oral ingestion is concentrated or even precipitated at the base of peptic ulcers, an effective concentration of bismuth with regard to HSV may also be obtained. Keywords : bismuth, duodenal ulcer disease, Herpes simplex virus, Helicobacter pylori , pathogenesis.

A Bismuth Salt InhibitsHerpes SimplexVirus

Bismuth has been shown not only to heal peptic ulcers but also to reduce recurrence. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers, and since bismuth has a bactericidal effect on this organism, the beneficial effect of bismuth on peptic ulcer disease has been attributed to the effect on H pylori. However, not all pathophysiological changes found in patients with duodenal ulcer disease can be explained by H pylori infection, and bismuth has only a weak bactericidal effect on H pylori. Infection with Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in autonomic ganglion cells has also been suggested as an etiological factor of peptic ulcer. In the present study we accordingly examined the effect of bismuth on the growth of HSV and compared it with that on H pylori. Ammonium bismuth citrate trihydrate (ABC) inhibited completely the growth of H pylori at the concentration of 32 mg/l and HSV-1 and HSV-2 at the concentrations of 2000 mg/l and 1000 mg/l, respectively. Since bismuth after oral ingestion is concentrated or even precipitated at the base of peptic ulcers, an effective concentration of bismuth with regard to HSV may also be obtained.

Proton spin lattice relaxation by NH 4+ ion motions and spin diffusion in some ammonium compounds

The spin-lattice relaxation times ( T 1) of protons in polycrystalline diammonium- d-tartrate, (NH 4) 2C 4H 4O 6, ammonium bismuth citrate, NH 4BiC 6H 5O 7, diammonium hydrogen citrate, (NH 4) 2HC 6H 5O 7, sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate tetrahydrate, NaNH 4HPO 4·4H 2O, ammonium carbonate mohohydrate, (NH 4) 2CO 3·H 2O, ammonium thiosulfate (NH 4) 2S 2O 3 and hydroxylammonium chloride, NH 3OHCl, have been measured as a function of temperature. The first two compounds have double minima but each of the latter exhibits a single minimum in T 1. The results have been interpreted by considering the reorientational motions of the NH 4 + ions and their role of behaving as sinks to rapid spin diffusion of the other protons in the compounds. The double minima in T 1 for the first two compounds were attributed to the magnetically nonequivalent NH 4 + ions in their unit cells.