Amino Acid Composition Of Protein Research Articles

Some results of the introduction study of <i>Leonurus cardiaca</i> plants in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic

The article summarizes the results of many years of studying Leonurus cardiaca L. under cultural conditions in the North. It was revealed that in the first year of life, with the seedling method of cultivation, motherwort plants are in the pregenerative period. The transition of individuals into the generative period is noted in the second year of life. The winter hardiness and stability of plants in agrocoenosis is quite high. Under cultural conditions, specimens of L. cardiaca plants of different geographical origins retained the rhythms of seasonal development characteristic of this species. It was revealed that plants of L. cardiaca are characterized by extended periods of flowering (38–44 days) and fruiting (35–40 days). The growing season from the beginning of regrowth to seed collection was 127–132 days. In the years studied, different samples of L. cardiaca formed mature seeds weighing 1000 pcs. seeds 0,86–1,03 g and laboratory germination of 55–91%, which meets the requirements for the quality of seed material of this type. L. cardiaca plants reached their maximum development in the third to fifth years of life, being in a middle-aged generative ontogenetic state: plant height 98–166 cm, shoot-forming capacity – 18–22 pcs. per individual, inflorescence length 26–36 cm, raw material of the main shoot 7,2–8,6 g of wet and 2,1–2,9 g of air-dried phytomass. For the first time the mass fraction of nitrogen (2,4–2,9%) and the amino acid composition of proteins were determined in the above-ground raw phytomass of L. cardiaca. 17 amino acids were quantified, including seven essential ones (39,4% of the total). The highest content in plants was observed for amino acids: glutamic (12,5%), aspartic (11,6%), leucine (9,9%), lysine (8,3%), alanine (6,6%), valine (6,6%) and arginine (5,8%).

The Key Role of Amino Acids in Pollen Quality and Honey Bee Physiology-A Review.

When studying honey bee nutrition, it is important to pay attention not only to the quantity but also to the quality of pollen for floral visitors. The recommended way to determine the value of pollen is to determine both the protein concentration and the amino acid composition in the insect's hemolymph. In addition, the composition of pollen also includes lipids, sterols and biogenic elements such as carbon, nitrogen, etc. Very high protein concentration is observed in aloe pollen, averaging 51%. Plants with a high protein content, at the level of 27% in Europe, are rapeseed and phacelia. In turn, a plant that is poor in protein (at the level of 11%) is buckwheat. The aforementioned plants are sown over very large areas. Vast acreages in Central and Eastern Europe are occupied by pollen- and nectar-providing invasive plants, such as goldenrod. Therefore, bees are forced to use one food source-a mono diet-which results in their malnutrition. In the absence of natural pollen, beekeepers use other foods for bees; including soy protein, powdered milk, egg yolks, fish meal, etc. However, the colony is the strongest when bees are fed with pollen, as opposed to artificial protein diets. More research is needed on the relationship between bee pollen composition and nutrition, as measured by protein concentration and amino acid composition in apian hemolymph, colony strength, honey yield and good overwintering.

ALTERNATIVE NON-TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF FEED PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS

The article presents a literature review on the risks of the global problem of fodder protein and protein amino acids in the feeding of agricultural animals and poultry. Alternative ways of solving it are due to the production and use of non-traditional feed raw materials in feed diets. A number of scientists consider atypical agricultural biotechnological products obtained from insects to be one of the alternative sources of fodder protein and amino acids and see prospects in the development of their production. The most common subjects for study in this regard are crickets, locusts, silkworm larvae, flies, worms, etc. Their protein value, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral composition, the content of vitamins, and other biologically active substances are studied. The development of this direction is considered one of the ways to solve a number of urgent environmental and fodder problems on a biological basis. Рurpose of the research was to study the protein value and complete amino acid composition of flour from insects, namely flour from the larvae of the BSF fly, crickets and snails, and the methods of its determining: crude protein by the Kjeldahl method, digestible protein with the help of 0,2% pepsin, and the digestibility coefficient, and the principles of conducting researches, as well as the characteristics of methods for determining the content of replaceable and essential amino acids, including sulfur-containing, using the Kapel-105M capillary electrophoresis system. As a result of the research, it was found that cricket flour is the least valuable in terms of protein value (digestible protein and digestibility coefficient), and it is also poor in the content of nonessential and essential amino acids, compared to other studied types of insect flour. The best indicators of protein value were noted in the flour from BSF fly larvae in terms of the content of crude and digestible proteins, as well as the digestibility coefficient, which is 75.6%, which indicates its good digestibility by the bodies of animals and birds. The highest content of amino acids is contained in the flour from BSF fly larvae. Taking into account the above results of crude protein content, digestibility, and digestibility in this sample, amino acid digestibility will also be higher compared to other flour samples. In addition, flour from BSF fly larvae is rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. The content of tryptophan and histidine, compared to other types of raw materials, is the highest. The studied samples of insect flour contain a complete set of essential and nonessential amino acids, but BSF fly larvae flour and snail flour are more valuable for essential amino acids.

Effect of Soy Protein Products on Growth and Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus.

Microbial nitrogen sources are promising, and soy protein as a plant-based nitrogen source has absolute advantages in creating microbial culture medium in terms of renewability, eco-friendliness, and greater safety. Soy protein is rich in variety due to different extraction technologies and significantly different in the cell growth and metabolism of microorganisms as nitrogen source. Therefore, different soy proteins (soy meal powder, SMP; soy peptone, SP; soy protein concentrate, SPC; soy protein isolate, SPI; and soy protein hydrolysate, SPH) were used as nitrogen sources to culture Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus to evaluate the suitable soy nitrogen sources of the above strains. The results showed that B. subtilis had the highest bacteria density in SMP medium; S. lactis had the highest bacteria density in SPI medium; and S. clavuligerus had the highest PMV in SPI medium. Nattokinase activity was the highest in SP medium; the bacteriostatic effect of nisin was the best in SPI medium; and the clavulanic acid concentration was the highest in SMP medium. Based on analyzing the correlation between the nutritional composition and growth metabolism of the strains, the results indicated that the protein content and amino acid composition were the key factors influencing the cell growth and metabolism of the strains. These findings present a new, high-value application opportunity for soybean protein.

Effects of porcine somatotropin administration on the responses to dietary lysine and a near-ideal blend of amino acids on the amino acid composition of whole-body protein and amino acid accretion rate in growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) on the responses to a near-ideal blend of AA on the AA composition of empty, whole-empty body (WEB) protein and WEB essential AA accretion rate in pigs from 22 to 60kg BW. Forty Hampshire × Yorkshire gilts were individually penned and assigned to a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of four diets with and without pST injection. A fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet was formulated to contain 1.50% total Lys with Thr, Met, and Trp added to obtain a near-ideal blend of these AA relative to Lys. In three additional diets, Lys was reduced to 1.25%, 1.00%, and 0.75% by diluting the basal diet with cornstarch, cellulose, and sand such that the diets also contained the same ratios of AA. Pigs that received pST were administered a daily i.m. injection of 2mg of pST. At 60kg BW, the WEB (carcass, head, viscera, blood, nails, and hair) was ground and analyzed for proximate and AA composition. Administration of pST increased (P < 0.001) accretion rates of WEB protein and essential AA. Increasing dietary essential AA increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) accretion rate of WEB protein, His, Leu, Trp, and Val in pST-treated pigs, but not in untreated pigs. Lysine composition in the accreted WEB protein was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary Lys. The efficiency of Lys utilization for WEB Lys accretion was linearly affected (P < 0.01) by dietary Lys. These results indicated that the dietary Lys needed to achieve maximum WEB Lys accretion is markedly increased by pST administration.

Polymorphism of spore germination receptor genes in Bacillus anthracis strains of major genetic lineages

Introduction. The genetic structure of the global population of Bacillus anthracis characterized by an unequal distribution of isolates of the main genetic lineages A, B and C, the reason for which is unknown. Determining the characteristics of genes encoding factors that determine the existence of this pathogen at the intra- and extra organismal stages of the life cycle, which can influence the prevalence of strains, is relevant. Aim — сharacterization of the genes and proteins of spore germination in strains of the anthrax pathogen of different genetic lineages. Materials and methods. Whole genome sequences of 46 B. anthracis strains and the CI strain of B. cereus biovar anthracis from the NCBI GenBank database studied. In silico analysis carried out using the programs “BLASTn”, “MEGA X”, “Tandem Repeat Finder”. Results. The number of SNPs, indels and pseudogenes in B. anthracis strains of line B was 2,7–25,6 times higher, in line C 2–23,5 times, and in the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain was 20–2841 times higher than in strains of line A. Significant substitutions in genes leading to changes in the amino acid composition of 10 germination receptor proteins were also significantly more common in B. anthracis strains of lines B, C and the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain. Undescribed VNTRs within the gerHA gene with repeat units of 78 and 117 bp identified, varying between and within isolates of different genetic lineages. Six germination receptor genes have been shown to have rare starting codons. Conclusion. A larger number of non-synonymous SNPs in the genes of spore germination receptors with changes in the amino acid composition of proteins in B. anthracis strains of the main genetic lines B, C and B. cereus biovar anthracis than in strains of line A suggests their limited adaptive capabilities and may be one of the explanations for the lower prevalence compared to line A. Differences in the gerHA and gerM genes make it possible to differentiate the major B and C genetic lineages from A.

87 Evaluating the effects of an amino acid-formulated diet on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of an amino acid-formulated diet on ruminal fermentation in vitro. While most amino acid-formulated diets focus on improving the amino acid composition of rumen undegradable protein, additional benefits to microbial fermentation within the rumen are unknown. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a factorial treatment arrangement (2 donor diets and 2 substrates). Four ruminally cannulated steers were fed one of two donor diets: control (CON; 55% dry rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 15% dry distiller’s grain, and 10% supplement) and amino acid-formulated (AAF; 51% dry rolled corn, 15% corn silage, 14% dry distillers grain, 10% heat-treated soybean meal, and 10% supplement). After a 30-d diet adaptation period, rumen fluid was collected and pooled by donor diet for the in vitro fermentation. Additionally, two different substrates were used to represent each donor diet. Flasks contained 2.5 g dry matter (DM) of substrate and 150 mL of rumen fluid mixture (2 McDougall’s buffer:1 rumen fluid). Treatments were evaluated in triplicate flasks in two replicated runs for a total of six observations per treatment. Four sealed Ankom F57 bags were filled with 0.25 g DM of substrate each to facilitate measuring in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD). Flasks were incubated at 39°C with sample aliquots collected at h 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 to determine pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. Ammonia, pH, and VFA were analyzed with effects of donor diet, substrate, time, and all interactions. A treatment by hour interaction was detected (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for pH; fluid from steers fed CON was greater than AAF at h 4, 8, 12, and 24. A treatment by hour interaction was also detected (P = 0.02) for ammonia; fluid from steers fed CON was greater than AAF at h 24, but was not different at other time points. Total VFA was affected by hour (P &amp;lt; 0.01) as it increased over time, but substrate did not have an effect (P = 0.21). A treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.06) tended to be observed for molar proportions of acetate as AAF and CON were similar at h 0 but AAF was increasing greater than CON over time. A treatment by hour interaction was observed (P = 0.01) for molar proportions of propionate; at h 4 at 8, CON was greater than AAF. No effect (P ≥ 0.32) of donor diet, substrate or their interaction were observed on IVDMD. Overall, an amino acid-formulated diet for cannulated steers did impact ruminal fermentation in vitro, mostly altering molar proportions of volatile fatty acids and ammonia release from protein degradation.

Amino acid composition and chemical properties of protein noodles incorporated with cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer) powder

Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer) are considered a primary meat-alternative protein source. The insects comprise of 58 - 63% high-quality protein rich in essential amino acids. Nowadays, noodles are regularly consumed. Cricket powder-based protein noodles (PNCP) could be a choice for individuals with gluten allergies. In the present work, PNCP 0%, PNCP 15%, and PNCP 30% were assessed. PNCP 30% yielded the optimal nutritional quality in terms of moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fibre contents. It also contained the highest levels of 18 amino acids. Results also revealed that the noodles incorporated with cricket powder had double aspartic acid content, and increased proline content (3 - 7%) compared to control samples. Statistical analysis demonstrated a direct correlation between increased nutritional quality and the cricket powder amount added. Nevertheless, increasing cricket powder amount affected the colour of the resultant noodles. PNCP 30% yielded the darkest hue amongst the samples with an L* value of 38.21 ± 1.93%. Conversely, PNCP 0% and 15% samples yielded 56.18 ± 0.75 and 45.06 ± 1.66% L* values, respectively. Texture profile analysis also revealed the effects on the tensile strength values of enhancing the cricket powder content. Panellists scored the PNCP samples on a 9-point hedonic scale in a five-dimensional sensory evaluation. PNCP 15% recorded the ideal combination of palatability, appearance, and characteristics. Overall, the present work demonstrated that whilst utilising cricket powder as the alternative protein source in noodles is feasible, an accompanying sensory evaluation is critical to ensure that its incorporation does not compromise consumer acceptance of the final product.

Solubility and degradability of feed protein and the effectiveness of use of nitrogen in rations when feeding cows during the period of increasing the milk yield

Protein solubility significantly affects the efficiency of nitrogen absorption by ruminants. Easily soluble proteins are intensively converted into microbial protein in the forestomach, and less soluble proteins pass to the small intestine where they are digested. For highly productive animals, rations should be created that contain both easily soluble (60 %) and poorly soluble proteins (40 %). The purpose of the research was to study the solubility and degradability of feed protein and the effi ciency of using nitrogen in rations when feeding cows during the period of increasing the milk yield. Under the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals the effi ciency of milking of cows was studied and a scientifi c basis was given for rations for holsteinized Black-and-White cattle with a daily milk yield of 20–25 kg based on traditional bulk feeds and concentrated mixtures enriched with locally produced rubsen presscake. In green feed, hay, silage, haylage, straw and concentrates, the solubility, degradability and amino acid composition of protein have been established. Comparing the tabulated data on the amino acid composition of the rubsen presscake protein and the data of our research we observed a diff erence in lysine (by 4,66 %), arginine (by 3,3 %), histidine (by 0,75 %) in favor of the rubsen presscake prepared under the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals. Higher milk yields for the fi rst 100 days as well as for the entire lactation were obtained from the cows of the experimental group, whose ration included a concentrated mixture prepared on the basis of oats, wheat, and rubsen presscake. Thus, in the fi rst 100 days of lactation, 6,27 % more milk was obtained from animals in the experimental group than from cows of the same age in the control group, and in 305 days of lactation by 7,06 % more.

Amino acid composition of proteins and technological indicators of grain quality of genotypes and varieties of spring soft wheat in northern Kazakhstan

The purpose of the paper was to carry out a biochemical and technological evaluation of spring soft wheat grain and to determine the total amino acid composition for the selection of the most valuable genotypes with a high content of essential amino acids. This paper presents the results of biochemical and technological studies of the grain and flour of spring soft wheat plants grown in northern Kazakhstan. The research involved 170 genotypes of spring soft wheat from northern Kazakhstan, 16 of which had the highest grain quality. In the grains of the studied samples, the protein content and the number of essential and nonessential amino acids were determined, and the biological value of the protein was evaluated using the amino acid score method. A strong positive correlation was established between phenylalanine and lysine (r = 0.98), and a weak negative relationship was established between protein content and methionine (r = -0.02) and between methionine and lysine (r = -0.17). Based on the obtained data, the most valuable varieties and lines (256/14 and 53/14) with high-quality information about grain, flour, and bread and the most balanced amino acid composition of proteins were selected because these varieties are important for enhancing the nutritional value and overall utility of these wheat varieties in food production and human consumption. The utilization of such genotypes in breeding programs and agricultural practices holds the promise of yielding crops with improved protein quality and nutritional content, ultimately contributing to enhanced food security and dietary health in the region

Amino acid composition of proteins and technological indicators of grain quality of genotypes and varieties of spring soft wheat in northern Kazakhstan

Amino acid composition of proteins and technological indicators of grain quality of genotypes and varieties of spring soft wheat in northern Kazakhstan

A comprehensive review on walnut protein: Extraction, modification, functional properties and its potential applications

Plant proteins, as sustainable resources with various health benefits, have gradually been widely researched as substitutes for animal proteins. Walnut protein, as a plant-based protein source, is rich in essential amino acids and has a reasonable proportion of eight essential amino acids, making it a potential high-quality protein that has attracted widespread attention. The potential application of walnut protein as a sustainable protein source is summerized in this review. Firstly, the amino acid composition, protein classification, and functional properties of walnut protein were discussed. Secondly, the main limitations of walnut protein utilization were discussed, such as anti-nutritional factors, poor functional properties, and allergenicity were discussed. Finally, commonly used modification methods, including physical methods, chemical methods, biological methods, and backbone hybridization technology to improve the functional characteristics of walnut protein, as well as its potential application for use in the food industry were summarized. This review provides new ideas for its development and utilization.

Exploration of nutritional and bioactive peptide properties in goat meat from various primal cuts during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption.

This research aims to explore the nutritional and bioactive peptide properties of goat meat taken from various primal cuts, including the breast, shoulder, rib, loin, and leg, to produce these bioactive peptides during in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and absorption. The goat meat from various primal cuts was obtained from Boer goats with an average carcass weight of 30±2 kg. The meat was collected within 3 h after slaughter and was stored at -80°C until analysis. A comprehensive assessment encompassed various aspects, including the chemical composition, cooking properties, in vitro GI digestion, bioactive characteristics, and the bioavailability of the resulting peptides. The findings indicate that the loin muscles contain the highest protein and essential amino acid composition. When the meats were cooked at 70°C for 30 min, they exhibited distinct protein compositions and quantities in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile, suggesting they served as different protein substrates during GI digestion. Subsequent in vitro simulated GI digestion revealed that the cooked shoulder and loin underwent the most significant hydrolysis during the intestinal phase, resulting in the strongest angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibition. Following in vitro GI peptide absorption using a Caco-2 cell monolayer, the GI peptide derived from the cooked loin demonstrated greater bioavailability and a higher degree of ACE and DPP-IV inhibition than the shoulder peptide. This study highlights the potential of goat meat, particularly cooked loin, as a functional meat source for protein, essential amino acids, and bioactive peptides during GI digestion and absorption. These peptides promise to play a role in preventing and treating metabolic diseases due to their dual inhibitory effects on ACE and DPP-IV.

A Novel Non-Destructive Rapid Tool for Estimating Amino Acid Composition and Secondary Structures of Proteins in Solution.

Amino-acid protein composition plays an important role in biology, medicine, and nutrition. Here, a groundbreaking protein analysis technique that quickly estimates amino acid composition and secondary structure across various protein sizes, while maintaining their natural states is introduced and validated. This method combines multivariate statistics and the thermostable Raman interaction profiling (TRIP) technique, eliminating the need for complex preparations. In order to validate the approach, the Raman spectra are constructed of seven proteins of varying sizes by utilizing their amino acid frequencies and the Raman spectra of individual amino acids. These constructed spectra exhibit a close resemblance to the actual measured Raman spectra. Specific vibrational modes tied to free amino and carboxyl termini of the amino acids disappear as signals linked to secondary structures emerged under TRIP conditions. Furthermore, the technique is used inversely to successfully estimate amino acid compositions and secondary structures of unknown proteins across a range of sizes, achieving impressive accuracy ranging between 1.47% and 5.77% of root mean square errors (RMSE). These results extend the uses for TRIP beyond interaction profiling, to probe amino acid composition and structure.

Omics data analysis reveals the system-level constraint on cellular amino acid composition

Proteins play a pivotal role in coordinating the functions of organisms, essentially governing their traits, as the dynamic arrangement of diverse amino acids leads to a multitude of folded configurations within peptide chains. Despite dynamic changes in amino acid composition of an individual protein (referred to as AAP) and great variance in protein expression levels under different conditions, our study, utilizing transcriptomics data from four model organisms uncovers surprising stability in the overall amino acid composition of the total cellular proteins (referred to as AACell). Although this value may vary between different species, we observed no significant differences among distinct strains of the same species. This indicates that organisms enforce system-level constraints to maintain a consistent AACell, even amid fluctuations in AAP and protein expression. Further exploration of this phenomenon promises insights into the intricate mechanisms orchestrating cellular protein expression and adaptation to varying environmental challenges.

Challenges in Functional Food Products with the Incorporation of Some Microalgae.

Much attention has been given to the use of microalgae to produce functional foods that have valuable bioactive chemicals, including essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids, fiber, and minerals. Microalgal biomasses are increasingly being used to improve the nutritional values of foods because of their unique nutrient compositions that are beneficial to human health. Their protein content and amino acid composition are the most important components. The microalgal biomass used in the therapeutic supplement industry is dominated by bio-compounds like astaxanthin, β-carotene, polyunsaturated fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and polysaccharides such as β-glucan. The popularity of microalgal supplements is growing because of the health benefits of their bioactive substances. Moreover, some microalgae, such as Dunaliella, Arthrospira (Spirulina), Chlorella, and Haematococcus, are commonly used microalgal species in functional food production. The incorporation of microalgal biomass leads not only to enhanced nutritional value but also to improved sensory quality of food products without altering their cooking or textural characteristics. Microalgae, because of their eco-friendly potential, have emerged as one of the most promising and novel sources of new functional foods. This study reviews some recent and relevant works, as well as the current challenges for future research, using different methods of chemical modification in foods with the addition of a few commercial algae to allow their use in nutritional and sensory areas. It can be concluded that the production of functional foods through the use of microalgae in foods has become an important issue.

Amino-Acid Composition of Proteins in Hulled and Naked Oats

Amino-Acid Composition of Proteins in Hulled and Naked Oats

Genomic basis of environmental adaptation in the widespread poly-extremophilic Exiguobacterium group.

Delineating cohesive ecological units and determining the genetic basis for their environmental adaptation are among the most important objectives in microbiology. In the last decade, many studies have been devoted to characterizing the genetic diversity in microbial populations to address these issues. However, the impact of extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature and salinity, on microbial ecology and evolution remains unclear so far. In order to better understand the mechanisms of adaptation, we studied the (pan)genome of Exiguobacterium, a poly-extremophile bacterium able to grow in a wide range of environments, from permafrost to hot springs. To have the genome for all known Exiguobacterium type strains, we first sequenced those that were not yet available. Using a reverse-ecology approach, we showed how the integration of phylogenomic information, genomic features, gene and pathway enrichment data, regulatory element analyses, protein amino acid composition, and protein structure analyses of the entire Exiguobacterium pangenome allows to sharply delineate ecological units consisting of mesophilic, psychrophilic, halophilic-mesophilic, and halophilic-thermophilic ecotypes. This in-depth study clarified the genetic basis of the defined ecotypes and identified some key mechanisms driving the environmental adaptation to extreme environments. Our study points the way to organizing the vast microbial diversity into meaningful ecologically units, which, in turn, provides insight into how microbial communities adapt and respond to different environmental conditions in a changing world.

Problems and Collisions of Vaccinology

The article discusses the limitations of the protective potential of the immune system associated with the peculiarities of the evolutionary mechanisms of the emergence of protein diversity and the late emergence in the evolution of the adaptive immune system, as well as problems associated with the formation of immunity to viral infections and immune collisions during vaccination. Using the example of hemagglutinin of the H1N1 influenza virus and S protein of the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus, the features of the amino acid composition of their immunodominant (NA1 and S1) and subdominant (NA2 and S2) subunits are illustrated and the possibility of creating a universal vaccine against influenza viruses is analyzed. The principle of a new method for detecting linear peptide immunoepitopes recognized by MHC I and II and biomarkers of long-term immunity in surface viral proteins used as vaccines is described. The model of proteolysis of vaccine proteins in immunoprotesomes and lysosomes, features of the amino acid composition of surface proteins of viruses to which vaccines cause long-term immunity, and viruses to which vaccines have not yet been developed, as well as possible collisions with mRNA vaccines are examined. Possible collisions with mRNA vaccines are also being considered in connection with the identification of gene encoding limitations.

The Protein Response of Salt-Tolerant Zygosaccharomyces rouxii to High-Temperature Stress during the Lag Phase.

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii used in soy sauce brewing is an osmotolerant and halotolerant yeast, but it is not tolerant to high temperatures and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a synthetic medium containing only Pro as a nitrogen source, the response of Z. rouxii in protein level to high-temperature stress (40 °C, HTS) during the lag phase was investigated. Within the first two h, the total intracellular protein concentration was significantly decreased from 220.99 ± 6.58 μg/mg DCW to 152.63 ± 10.49 μg/mg DCW. The analysis of the amino acid composition of the total protein through vacuum proteolysis technology and HPLC showed that new amino acids (Thr, Tyr, Ser, and His) were added to newborn protein over time during the lag phase under HTS. The nutritional conditions used in this study determined that the main source of amino acid supply for protein synthesis was through amino acid biosynthesis and ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation. Differential expression analysis of the amino acid biosynthesis-related genes in the transcriptome showed that most genes were upregulated under HTS, excluding ARO8, which was consistently repressed during the lag phase. RT-qPCR results showed that high-temperature stress significantly increased the upregulation of proteolysis genes, especially PSH1 (E3 ubiquitin ligase) by 13.23 ± 1.44 fold (p < 0.0001) within 4 h. Overall, these results indicated that Z. rouxii adapt to prolonged high temperatures stress by altering its basal protein composition. This protein renewal was related to the regulation of proteolysis and the biosynthesis of amino acids.