Amino Acid Composition Of Plants Research Articles

Amino acid composition of proteins of meristem cells of maize roots under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions

Heavy metals are one of the main causes of plant damage. The main route of entry of metals into plants is their absorption by the root system from the soil. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants disrupts the flow of biochemical processes. Amino acid metabolism is one of the important factors that ensure biochemical adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the content of protein amino acids in the generative tissues of the maize root under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions at the early stages of ontogenesis. To assess the impact of heavy metals, two-day-old corn seedlings were transplanted to solutions with heavy metal ions of various concentrations, both individually and in a mixture. The content of protein amino acids in the meristem was characterized by significant variation associated with both quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of water-soluble proteins during germination. The level of accumulation of amino acids in the meristem cells of maize roots depended on the concentration of the xenobiotic and the germination period, and the general regularity of the influence of nickel ions was a decrease in the content of arginine, leucine, alanine and an increase in the content of histidine, cysteine, serine, proline, and valine. During the period of germination, the qualitative amino acid composition of plants did not change, while the quantitative content of individual amino acids varied greatly. Various increases in the content of dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) testify to the intensification of metabolic processes under the influence of the studied substances. However, it cannot be excluded that the increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids is associated with a decrease in the speed of their utilization. In addition, heavy metals caused an increase in the content of amino acids of the ornithine cycle (arginine) and the end product of the cycle (proline) to varying degrees. Proline is an amino acid that has a stress-protective effect due to the binding of proline aggregates to surface hydrophobic residues of proteins, which prevents their denaturation. Perhaps a similar protective effect of proline occurs in the case, which is being considered.

Amino acid composition of some plants growing in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

Using gas chromatography, the amino acid composition of plants of the species Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex fera, Elytrígia répens, Bassia hyssopifolia, Xánthium strumárium, growing in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan was established. The plants studied contain a number of essential and partially replaceable amino acids, such as lysine, leucine and isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, arginine, histidine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. Glutamine amino acid, aspartic acid, alanine, arginine, leucine, and isoleucine are found in the largest quantities. Xánthium strumárium also contains a large amount of proline. For Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex fera, Elytrígia répens, Xánthium strumárium, 20 amino acids were detected, including traces of ornithine and hydroxyproline. For plants of the species Bassia hyssopifolia, the presence of 18 amino acids was recorded and it was noted that the accumulation of amino acids is lower compared to other species studied by us. The amino acid composition of plants growing in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan has its own characteristics. Differences in the qualitative and quantitative amino acid composition of the studied species were established with known data on plants growing in the climatic conditions of Northern Siberia and Southern Kazakhstan for Amaranthus retroflexus, Elytrígia répens, Xánthium strumárium.

Генотипическая изменчивость аминокислотного состава белков животного и растительного происхождения

В статье рассматриваются статистические данные по аминокислотному составу белков жи-вотных и растений, полученные методами ионообменной и высокоэффективной жидкостной хрома-тографии. Изучали состав аминокислот мяса разных животных и сои разных сортов. Для статистиче-ского анализа использовали экспериментальные данные по аминокислотному составу белков мясабройлеров (N=208), баранины (N=162), мяса кролика (N=65), свинины (N=52), мяса гуся (N=68), го-вядины (N=46), мясо кенгуру (N=10) и креветки (N=68), изолята сои (N=234). Обсуждаются выявлен-ные биохимические корреляции, наблюдаемые при изменении аминокислотного состава белков в за-висимости от их происхождения. Существенные прямые (симбатные) корреляции (R=0.70-0.90) на-блюдаются между содержанием глицина, аланина и пролина с изменением состава мясных белков.Содержание фенилаланина коррелирует с содержанием аланина, тирозина и аргинина. Более тесныекорреляции (R>0.9), наблюдаются между аминокислотами в соевом белке. Однако эти корреляцииотличаются от корреляций, характерных для животных белков. Установлены универсальные соотно-шения аминокислот в белках как животного, так и растительного происхождения. Это соотношениямежду глицином, аланином и фенилаланином, между фенилаланином и тирозином. В статье сравни-ваются контрольные диаграммы аминокислотного состава соевого изолята, говядины и баранины.Показано, что из-за незначительных различий в аминокислотном составе мяса и соевого изолята, порезультатам аминокислотного анализа трудно идентифицировать фальсификацию мясных продуктов,в которые добавлен соевый белок в количестве менее 25%. Тем не менее, найденные корреляции мо-гут быть полезны для определения происхождения белка и выявления грубой фальсификации мясныхпродуктов. Они также могут быть использованы в биологических, биохимических и диетологическихисследованиях.

Biochemical and Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Agriculturally Useful Association of a Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium and Nodule Sinorhizobium with Medicago sativa L.

Seed inoculation with bacterial consortium was found to increase legume yield, providing a higher growth than the standard nitrogen treatment methods. Alfalfa plants were inoculated by mono- and binary compositions of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Their physiological and biochemical properties were estimated. Inoculation by microbial consortium of Sinorhizobium meliloti T17 together with a new cyanobacterial isolate Nostoc PTV was more efficient than the single-rhizobium strain inoculation. This treatment provides an intensification of the processes of biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia bacteria in the root nodules and an intensification of plant photosynthesis. Inoculation by bacterial consortium stimulates growth of plant mass and rhizogenesis and leads to increased productivity of alfalfa and to improving the amino acid composition of plant leaves. The full nucleotide sequence of the rRNA gene cluster and partial sequence of the dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene of Nostoc PTV were deposited to GenBank (JQ259185.1, JQ259186.1). Comparison of these gene sequences of Nostoc PTV with all sequences present at the GenBank shows that this cyanobacterial strain does not have 100% identity with any organisms investigated previously. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this cyanobacterium clustered with high credibility values with Nostoc muscorum.

Amino Acid Composition of Plants and Microbes as Biological Factors Related to the Pedogenesis of Melanudands and Fulvudands

Amino Acid Composition of Plants and Microbes as Biological Factors Related to the Pedogenesis of Melanudands and Fulvudands

Nutritional improvement of the aspartate family of amino acids in edible crop plants

Plants are the primary source of protein for man and livestock, however, not all plants produce proteins which contain a balance of amino acids for the diet to ensure proper growth of livestock and humans. Alteration of the amino acid composition of plants may be accomplished using techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering. Genes encoding key enzymes regulating the synthesis of lysine and threonine have been cloned from plants andE. coli and are available for modification and transformation into plants. Genes encoding seed storage proteins have been cloned and modified to encode more lysine residues for developing transgenic plants with higher seed lysine. Genes encoding seed storage proteins naturally higher in methionine have been cloned and expressed in transgenic plants, increasing methionine levels of the seed. These and other approaches hold great promise in their application to increasing the content of essential amino acids in plants.

Nutritional evaluation of south-west Queensland pastures. 3. The amino acid composition of pasture plants in a Mitchell grass association and their digestibility by grazing sheep

The amino acid composition of the plants in a Mitchell grass pasture was determined, together with estimations of the rate of intake and extent of digestion of amino acids by fistulated and intact sheep grazing these pastures; two grazing systems were examined, one where the sheep were grazed at the district average stocking rate of one sheep to 1.5-2 ha, and the other at a 20% higher stocking rate. Plant amino acid compositions were reasonably constant, although the cyst(e)ine content of the green leaf fraction of Queensland blue grass (Dicanthium sericeum), Flinders grass (Iseilema spp.) and Enneapogon spp., and the green stem and dead leaf fractions of curley Mitchell grass (Astrebla lappacea), was low. The amino acid concentrations in the oesophageal fistulae boluses were higher than the concentrations found in the green fraction of any plant growing in the pasture. The quantity of amino acids flowing into the small intestines of the sheep in the higher stocking rate group exceeded by 16.4 g/kg DOMI the quantity consumed, while in those in the lower stocking rate group the flow was 24.8 g/kg DOMI less than the quantity ingested; reduced amino acid flow into the small intestines was associated with a higher forb content in the diet.

The effect of mineral supply on the amino acid composition of plants

Turnip plants have been grown under conditions of normal mineral nutrition and with deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium or magnesium. The uncombined amino acids were separated from the protein fraction. The protein fraction of the leaves was analyzed for constituent amino acids. It was found that there were considerable differences in protein level between deficient and normal leaves but that the relative composition of the protein fraction was only slightly affected. The non-protein amino acids were profoundly influenced by mineral nutrition. The differences in amino acid concentrations suggested that the lack of various macronutrients affected the metabolism of amino acids in many ways.