Amino Acid Components Research Articles

Metabolomics analyses provide insights into the nutritional quality profiling in 95 avocado germplasms grown in China

Avocado is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of China. Diverse germplasms have been generated through natural hybridization and selective breeding. Here, to screen high-quality avocado germplasms, we characterized the nutritional quality of 95 avocado germplasms grown in China based on metabolomics. The oil content of the 95 avocado germplasms was 2.18 %–16.60 % and followed a normal distribution. We further profiled nine fatty acids, 16 hydrolyzed amino acids, and eight mineral elements in avocado fruit, which varied widely among different germplasms. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between fatty acid components, as well as between amino acid components and between mineral elements. Clustering analysis and evaluation of the 95 avocado germplasms identified 14 germplasms with high nutritional quality. These findings provide a basis for evaluation of avocado fruit quality and utilization of high-quality avocado germplasms, as well as important implications for the breeding of avocado.

The effects of different processing treatments to active ingredients, nutrients, volatile components and antioxidant activity in Poria cocos wolf

The study compared the triterpenoid ingredients, polysaccharide, protein, amino acid, and volatile components of PC. The PC was treated with traditional sweating (TST), steaming sweating for 1 to 4 h (SS1h-SS4h, Δ = 1 h) and non-sweating (NS). The results showed the content of six triterpenoids (1.03 mg/g), water-soluble protein (0.33 mg/g) and total triterpenoid (3.81 mg/g) were the highest in NS; the content of alkali-soluble polysaccharide (51.96 mg/g) was the highest in SS1h; the content of crude protein (16.18 mg/g) and total amino acid (53.07 mg/g) were highest in TST. Moreover, the predominant volatile component of SS1h was hexanal, SS2h-SS4h and TST were Linalool, NS was D-limonene. Ulteriorly, the correlation analysis showed antioxidant effect of PC may be related to the content of alkali-soluble polysaccharide, Furan-2-pentyl, and 2-Octenal, PCA result indicated the score of SS1h-treated PC was the highest. This study could provide a new solution for the industrial production of PC.

Impact of Sulfur Deficiency and Excess on the Growth and Development of Soybean Seedlings.

Sulfur is a critical element for plant growth and development, serving as a component of amino acids (cysteine and methionine), iron-sulfur clusters, proteins, glutathione, coenzymes, and auxin precursors. Deficiency or low concentrations of sulfur in the soil can lead to significant growth retardation in plants. The objective of our study was to examine the effects of sulfur (S) deficiency and excess on morphological symptoms, sulfur and nitrogen (N) metabolism, as well as antioxidant activity in soybean. We found that S starvation decreased the fine root length, biomass, and activity, and the chlorophyll content was reduced, while excess sulfur promotes lateral root growth. In contrast to sulfur excess, sulfur deficiency inhibits N and S metabolism levels in both subsurface and above-ground parts, and induced the expression of some sulfur transporters (SULTRs). In this study, we created soybean hairy root lines overexpressing the SULTR gene (GmSULTR2;1a) to observe metabolic changes following sulfur deficiency treatment. The results showed that GmSULTR2;1a saved the sulfur-deficient phenotype, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was much higher than that of the wildtype in the absence of sulfur. Our study revealed the important role of sulfur element in soybean growth and development and the regulation of sulfur deficiency by GmSULTR2;1a.

Genotype by environment interaction effect and fresh root yield stability of cassava genotypes under contrasting nitrogen regimes

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient element needed by cassava for optimum yield and it is a vital component of nucleotides (nucleic acids), enzymes, amino acids (proteins), chlorophyll molecules and hormones, among other essential compounds required for growth and development of cassava. Nitrogen stress is a major cassava production constraint, the study aimed to examine genotype by environment interaction (GEI) effects and fresh root yield stability of 203 diverse cassava clones to identify genotypes with stable performance under low and optimum nitrogen regimes across environments using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. Experiments were conducted using an augmented block design with three replications for two years in three locations in Nigeria. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in the genotype’s mean performances as well as significant differences (p < 0.001) in the environment’s mean performances for all the traits measured in both nitrogen regimes. The AMMI analysis of variance showed significant effects (p < 0.001) for genotypes, environments and the interactions for fresh root yield in both nitrogen regimes. The biplot analysis showed that for fresh root yield in the optimum nitrogen regime, the principal component accounted for 81.54% of the G + GE (Genotype plus and Genotype by Environment) variation. The G + GE for fresh root yield in the low nitrogen regime accounted for a total of 71.64% of the variation. Ten genotypes were identified as the best genotypes under the optimum nitrogen regime, while eleven genotypes were the best under the low nitrogen regime. Three genotypes under optimum nitrogen regimes were high-yielding. Still, they were unstable in their fresh root yield performance across the environments and can be recommended as specifically adapted to the environments they performed best. Three other genotypes were high-yielding genotypes under low nitrogen but were highly unstable in their fresh root yield mean performance across the environments. The environments Otobi_YR1, Igbariam_YR2, and Umudike_YR1 were identified as the most discriminatory among the test environments. The environments Umudike_YR2 and Igbariam_YR1 were identified as the most representative of the test environments and can represent a mega-environment. The best 21 genotypes that performed above the grand mean for fresh root yield in both nitrogen regimes can be further evaluated on the farmer’s field for possible advancement.

Determination of Taurine in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritionals by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Multiple Reaction Monitoring-Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2022.08.

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an essential β-amino acid, which is one of the most abundant intracellular amino acid component in humans. The level of free taurine in human milk is higher than in bovine milk. Since taurine is considered important for the development of a newborn, fortification of infant nutrition with taurine is common. This publication describes a rapid method for the determination of taurine in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals. This publication demonstrates the suitability and applicability of the method to determine taurine content in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals. Test portions are deproteinized by acid in an aqueous environment prior to analysis. The level of taurine is analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with multiple reaction monitoring MS (MRM-MS). Quantitation is accomplished using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SILS) for taurine. The accuracy of the method was validated using standard reference materials and spike recovery studies. The average recoveries ranged between 92% and 105%. The relative standard deviation repeatability (RSDr) and relative standard deviation intermediate precision (RSDiR) were in the range of 0.7-4.6% (RSDr) and 1.3-6.7% (RSDiR). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was below the requirement of 0.5 mg/100 g. The single-laboratory validation (SLV) of the method for determination of taurine content in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals demonstrates that it meets the requirements per AOAC INTERNATIONAL Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR) 2014.013. A fast method to selectively determine the content of taurine in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals was evaluated and found to be fit for purpose for routine product compliance testing. Based on the results of this SLV, the method was approved by the AOAC Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) Expert Review Panel for SPIFAN Nutrient Methods for First Action Official MethodsSM status.

The contribution of Ca and Mg to the accumulation of amino acids in maize: from the response of physiological and biochemical processes

BackgroundThe quality of maize kernels is significantly enhanced by amino acids, which are the fundamental building blocks of proteins. Meanwhile, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), as important nutrients for maize growth, are vital in regulating the metabolic pathways and enzyme activities of amino acid synthesis. Therefore, our study analyzed the response process and changes of amino acid content, endogenous hormone content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in kernels to the coupling addition of sugar alcohol-chelated Ca and Mg fertilizers with spraying on maize.Result(1) The coupled addition of Ca and Mg fertilizers increased the Ca and Mg content, endogenous hormone components (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA; gibberellin, GA; zeatin riboside, ZR) content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and amino acid content of maize kernels. The content of Ca and Mg in kernels increased with the increasing levels of Ca and Mg fertilizers within a certain range from the filling to the wax ripening stage, and significantly positively correlated with antioxidant enzyme activities. (2) The contents of IAA, GA, and ZR continued to rise, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were elevated, which effectively enhanced the ability of cells to resist oxidative damage, promoted cell elongation and division, and facilitated the growth and development of maize. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased consistently, which would attack the defense system of the cell membrane plasma to some extent. (3) Leucine (LEU) exhibited the highest percentage of essential amino acid components and a gradual decline from the filling to the wax ripening stage, with the most substantial beneficial effect on essential amino acids. (4) CAT and SOD favorably governed essential amino acids, while IAA and MDA negatively regulated them. The dominant physiological driving pathway for the synthesis of essential amino acids was “IAA-CAT-LEU”, in which IAA first negatively drove CAT activity, and CAT then advantageously controlled LEU synthesis.ConclusionThese findings provide a potential approach to the physiological and biochemical metabolism of amino acid synthesis, and the nutritional quality enhancement of maize kernel.

RSM optimization of fermentation technology of yellow wine produced from Millets rice (containing Daylily and Agaricus blazei Murr) and analysis of volatile aroma constituents and amino acid contents by GC–MS and HPLC

The fermentation process was carried out with varied input variables, and all the models showed significant p-values for interaction of variance (<0.05). Millet rice yellow wine with ethanol yield of 15.68%, v/v was produced at an optimized temperature of 32 °C, yeast addition quantity of 9%, and time of 41 days. The volatile compounds in millet rice wine were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Amino acid components in yellow wines were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ten, twelve and sixteen volatile compounds were detected in wines in fermentation time of 41, 55 and 70 days, respectively. HPLC shows that the content of amino acids in rice wine is not only the highest, but also has 20 kinds, including 8 kinds of essential amino acids for human body. The difference in volatile components and amino acids composition greatly contribute to the flavor of the wine.

A comparative analysis of growth and nutritional quality of the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) in a simulated pond system and a recirculating aquaculture system

Groupers, as a popular economic fish species, are now more frequently cultured in land-based facilities, however, traditional pond-farming methods are plagued by frequent disease outbreaks, unstable economic benefits, and environmental pollution. To explore a new farming mode for a grouper, an 80-day cultivation experiment was conducted using both a simulated pond system (SPS) and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The research aims to evaluate the growth performance, health (pathogenic bacteria, intestinal microbiota), off-flavor compounds (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol), and nutritional component (amino acids, fatty acid composition and content) of a hybrid grouper (Pinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) under different aquaculture systems. The results showed that the hybrid grouper in a RAS exhibited better growth performance; the concentration of Vibrio in the fish tissue in the RAS was significantly lower than that in the SPS. Moreover, the content of fresh amino acids in the RAS was significantly higher, and the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6PUFAs) were significantly higher in the RAS. This finding indicates the superior flavor and nutritional value of the grouper. These results prove that the RAS is suitable for the widespread cultivation of grouper.

Comparative studies of hair shaft components between healthy and diseased donors.

Globally, the rapid aging of the population is predicted to become even more severe in the second half of the 21st century. Thus, it is expected to establish a growing expectation for innovative, non-invasive health indicators and diagnostic methods to support disease prevention, care, and health promotion efforts. In this study, we aimed to establish a new health index and disease diagnosis method by analyzing the minerals and free amino acid components contained in hair shaft. We first evaluated the range of these components in healthy humans and then conducted a comparative analysis of these components in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, androgenetic alopecia, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. In the statistical analysis, we first used a student's t test to compare the hair components of healthy people and those of patients with various diseases. However, many minerals and free amino acids showed significant differences in all diseases, because the sample size of the healthy group was very large compared to the sample size of the disease group. Therefore, we attempted a comparative analysis based on effect size, which is not affected by differences in sample size. As a result, we were able to narrow down the minerals and free amino acids for all diseases compared to t test analysis. For diabetes, the t test narrowed down the minerals to 15, whereas the effect size measurement narrowed it down to 3 (Cr, Mn, and Hg). For free amino acids, the t test narrowed it down to 15 minerals. By measuring the effect size, we were able to narrow it down to 7 (Gly, His, Lys, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val). It is also possible to narrow down the minerals and free amino acids in other diseases, and to identify potential health indicators and disease-related components by using effect size.

Stereoselective Amine-omics Using Heavy Atom Isotope Labeled l-and d-Marfey's Reagents.

Biological amines and amino acids play essential roles in many biochemical processes. The chemical complexity of biological samples is challenging, and the selective identification and quantification of amines and amino acid stereoisomers would be very useful for amine-focused "amino-omics" studies. Many amines and amino acids are chiral, and their stereoisomers cannot be resolved on achiral media without chiral derivatization. In prior studies, we demonstrated the use of Marfey's reagent─a chiral derivatization reagent for amines and phenolic OH groups─for the LC-MS/MS resolution and quantification of amines and amino acid stereoisomers. In this study, a heavy atom isotope labeled Marfey's reagent approach for the stereoselective detection and quantification of amines and amino acids was developed. Heavy (13C2) l-Marfey's (Hl-Mar) and heavy (2H3) d-Marfey's (Hd-Mar) were synthesized from 13C2-l-Ala and 2H3-d-Ala, respectively. Both light and heavy Marfey's reagents were used to derivatize standard amine mixtures, which were analyzed by LC-QToF-HRMS. Aligned peak lists were comparatively analyzed by light vs heavy Mar mass differences to identify mono-, di-, and tri-Marfey's adducts and then by the retention time difference between l- and d-Mar derivatives to identify stereoisomers. This approach was then applied to identify achiral and chiral amine and amino acid components in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) extract. This approach shows high analytical selectivity and reproducibility.

Morphometric analysis of the effects of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate and amino acids mixture on face rejuvenation.

Skin aging can be observed at various levels in the epidermis, dermis, and dermo-epidermal junction. Reducing the cosmetic effects of skin aging in the facial region is a widespread demand due to common aesthetic concerns. Consequently, many injectable products on the market promise antiaging effects and cosmetic improvements. We aimed to evaluate the cosmetic efficacy of a high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate and amino acids mixture for the facial region using morphometric analysis. This study evaluates the morphometric effectiveness of an injectable mixture (high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, glycine, L-Proline, L-leucine, L-lysine HCL, L-valine, and L-alanine collagen active ingredient) on the mid-face and jawline in women aged 30-55. We used morphological measurements and digital image data to assess changes and determine effectiveness. Various computational methods were applied simultaneously with statistical tests for validation. The hydration assessment showed a significant increase on both sides of the face. A noticeable decrease was observed in gonion angle, bitragion breadth, bigonion breadth, and marionette wrinkle scale. These results suggest combining mechanical and chemical stimulation from the injection and its components (hyaluronic and amino acids) effectively enhances skin quality. The study indicates that the mechanical stimulation of the injection improves skin quality. Combining hyaluronic and amino acids (collagen, elastin, and pro-synthetic) is a safe and effective alternative for antiaging treatments.

Pharmacokinetics of L-theanine and the effect on amino acid composition in mice administered with L-theanine

L-theanine, an amino acid component of the tea leaves of Camellia sinensis, is sold in Japan as a supplement for good sleep. Although several studies in humans and mice have reported the effects of L-theanine on brain function, only a few reports have comprehensively clarified the disposition of theanine administered to mice and its effects on concentrations of other blood amino acids. In this study, we aimed to determine the changes in the blood levels of L-theanine administered to mice and amino acid composition of the serum. L-theanine were administered to four-week-old Std-ddY male mice orally or via tail vein injection. L-theanine and other amino acids in serum prepared from blood collected at different time points post-dose were labeled with phenylisothiocyanate and quantified. The serum concentration of orally administered L-theanine peaked 15 min after administration. The area under the curve for tail vein injection revealed the bioavailability of L- theanine to be approximately 70%. L-theanine administration did not affect any amino acid levels in the serum, but a significant increase in the peak area overlapping the Glycine (Gly) peak was observed 30 min after administration. L-theanine administered to mice was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, suggesting that taking L-theanine as a supplement is safe without affecting its own levels or serum levels of other amino acids. However, considering that Gly, similar to L-theanine, is used as a dietary supplement for its anxiolytic effects and to improve sleep, determining the effects of L-theanine administration on Gly is important and needs further research.

Construction and characterization of a hypervesiculation strain of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced by Gram-negative bacteria and deliver microbial molecules to distant target cells in a host. OMVs secreted by probiotic probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) have been reported to induce an immune response. In this study, we aimed to increase the OMV production of EcN. The double gene knockout of mlaE and nlpI was conducted in EcN because the ΔmlaEΔnlpI of experimental strain E. coli K12 showed the highest OMV production in our previous report. The ΔmlaEΔnlpI of EcN showed approximately 8 times higher OMV production compared with the parental (wild-type) strain. Quick-freeze, deep-etch replica electron microscopy revealed that plasmolysis occurred in the elongated ΔmlaEΔnlpI cells and the peptidoglycan (PG) had numerous holes. While these phenomena are similar to the findings for the ΔmlaEΔnlpI of K12, there were more PG holes in the ΔmlaEΔnlpI of EcN than the K12 strain, which were observed not only at the tip of the long axis but also in the whole PG structure. Further analysis clarified that the viability of ΔmlaEΔnlpI of EcN decreased compared with that of the wild-type. Although the amount of PG in ΔmlaEΔnlpI cells was about half of that in wild-type, the components of amino acids in PG did not change in ΔmlaEΔnlpI. Although the viability decreased compared to the wild-type, the ΔmlaEΔnlpI grew in normal culture conditions. The hypervesiculation strain constructed here is expected to be used as an enhanced probiotic strain.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on bacteria associated with periodontal disease

ObjectivesAn adjunct in non-surgical periodontal therapy might be sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)–based agents. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to get deeper knowledge on the influence of different parameters as time after mixing, pH, and chemical composition of an amino acid 0.475% NaOCl (AA-NaOCl) gel consisting of two components on its anti-biofilm activity.Materials and methodsSix-species biofilms were cultured for 5 days, before AA-NaOCl gel was applied. In the different series, the influence of the time after mixing of the two components before application, of the concentration of NaOCl in the gel mixture, of the pH of the gel mixture, and of an exchange of the amino acid component by hyaluronic acid (HA), was analyzed.ResultsMixing time point experiments showed that the AA-NaOCl gel is capable of statistically significantly reducing colony-forming unit (cfu) counts up to 30 min after mixing, but only up to 20 min after mixing the reduction was more than 2 log10 cfu. The pH experiments indicate that a reduced pH results in a reduced activity of the NaOCl formulation. NaOCl concentrations in the formulation in the range from 0.475 to 0.2% provide adequate activity on biofilms. A HA/NaOCl gel was equally active against the biofilm as the AA-NaOCl gel.ConclusionMixing of the components should be made in a timeframe of 20 min before applications. An optimization of the composition of the NaOCl formulation might be possible and should be a topic in further in vitro studies.Clinical relevanceThe AA-NaOCl gel formulation can be mixed up to 20 min before application. Further, the study indicates that the composition of the NaOCl gel formulation can be optimized.

IACVP-MR: Accurate Identification of Anti-coronavirus Peptide based on Multiple Features Information and Recurrent Neural Network.

Over the years, viruses have caused human illness and threatened human health. Therefore, it is pressing to develop anti-coronavirus infection drugs with clear function, low cost, and high safety. Anti-coronavirus peptide (ACVP) is a key therapeutic agent against coronavirus. Traditional methods for finding ACVP need a great deal of money and man power. Hence, it is a significant task to establish intelligent computational tools to able rapid, efficient and accurate identification of ACVP. In this paper, we construct an excellent model named iACVP-MR to identify ACVP based on multiple features and recurrent neural networks. Multiple features are extracted by using reduced amino acid component and dipeptide component, compositions of k-spaced amino acid pairs, BLOSUM62 encoder according to the N5C5 sequence, as well as second-order moving average approach based on 16 physicochemical properties. Then, two recurrent neural networks named long-short term memory (LSTM) and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) combined attention mechanism are used for feature fusion and classification, respectively. The accuracies of ENNAVIA-C and ENNAVIA-D datasets under the 10-fold cross-validation are 99.15% and 98.92%, respectively, and other evaluation indexes have also obtained satisfactory results. The experimental results show that our model is superior to other existing models. The iACVP-MR model can be viewed as a powerful and intelligent tool for the accurate identification of ACVP. The datasets and source codes for iACVP-MR are freely downloaded at https://github.com/yunyunliang88/iACVP-MR.

An Overview of Parenteral Nutrition from Birth to Adolescence Based on a Composite Fish Oil Containing Lipid Emulsion and a Pediatric Amino Acid Solution.

Intestinal failure (IF) is characterized by a critical reduction in functional gut mass below the minimum needed for optimal growth in children. It requires parenteral nutrition (PN) and home-PN (HPN), which is challenging in terms of meeting nutritional needs according to age, growth velocity, clinical situation, and rapid changes in fluid and electrolyte requirements. Due to these complex requirements, age-adapted multi-chamber bags (MCBs) are important additions to the nutrition armamentarium. The launch of composite fish oil (FO)-containing intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) heralded the development of MCBs containing these ILEs in combination with a crystalline amino acid solution adapted for pediatric use. The safety and efficacy of lipid and amino acid components in this context have been widely documented in numerous published studies. This narrative manuscript includes a review of the articles published in PudMed, Embase, and Google Scholar up to June 2023 for the age groups of term infants to children and adolescents. Preterm infants with their highly specific demands are not included. It aims to offer an overview of the clinical experience regarding the use of a composite FO-based ILE and a developed specific amino acid solution.

Toward multidimensional information: A derivatization-free UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for amino acid components of fingerprint.

The analysis of fingerprint chemical composition is a meaningful way to excavate the multidimensional information of fingerprint, including the donor profiling information and the age of a fingerprint, which broadens the evidential values of fingerprint, especially for the partial and distorted fingerprint. But the research remains still in the pilot phases or is ongoing. Amino acids are the dominant organic substances in latent sweat fingerprint and influenced by many donor factors. Hence, their content reflects personal information of donors. Forensic science will be revolutionized if suspects can be individualized by their amino acid content. The diverse nature, distinct physicochemical properties, and ultra-micro levels of amino acids present in fingerprints make it hard to detect. A high sensitivity method for detecting and quantifying multiple amino acid components is required. UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS offers high sensitivity, high separation, simultaneous multicomponents detection, and no derivatization, making it an ideal method for detecting and analyzing amino acids in fingerprints. Therefore, in this study, we propose and validate an efficient UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for the extraction and analysis of 13 amino acids from fingerprint. We compared the results of amino acids of 10 different substrates and found that the inherent amino acids in most porous substrates would have been extracted along with the fingerprint amino acids, making them unsuitable for quantitative amino acid analysis. Instead, plastic sheets are ideal substrates for laboratory studies. Then, extensive experiments were conducted among 30 donors for multidimensional information analysis. The type of samples analyzed were eccrine-rich fingerprints. A Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) model was developed, and the female and male donors were successfully differentiated by amino acids in fingerprints. Two other mathematical models were also developed to verify the accuracy, and all three different mathematical models were able to identify donors of different genders with over 90% accuracy. This demonstrates that amino acids have the potential to provide more information for donors as metabolic markers. In the future, we will conduct a series of experiments to analyze more multidimensional information for individual identification by amino acid content in the fingerprint.

Foliar spraying of Zn/Si affects Cd accumulation in paddy grains by regulating the remobilization and transport of Cd in vegetative organs

The reduction of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grains through biofortification of essential nutrients like zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) is an area of study that has gained significant attention. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanism of Zn/Si interaction on Cd accumulation and remobilization in rice plants. This work used a pot experiment to examine the effects of Zn and Si applied singly or in combination on the physiological metabolism of Cd in different rice organs under Cd stress. The results revealed that: Zn/Si application led to a significant decrease in root Cd concentration and reduce the value of Tf Soil-Root in filling stage. The content of phytochelatin (PCs, particularly PC2) and glutathione (GSH) in roots, top and basal nodes were increased with Zn/Si treatment application. Furthermore, Zn/Si treatment promoted the distribution of Cd in cell wall during Cd stress. These findings suggest that Zn/Si application facilitates the compartmentalization of Cd within subcellular structures and enhances PCs production in vegetative organs, thereby reducing Cd remobilization. Zn/Si treatment upregulated the metabolism of amino acid components involved in osmotic regulation, secondary metabolite synthesis, and plant chelating peptide synthesis in vegetative organs. Additionally, it significantly decreased the accumulation of Cd in globulin, albumin, and glutelin, resulting in an average reduction of 50.87% in Cd concentration in milled rice. These results indicate that Zn/Si nutrition plays a crucial role in mitigating heavy metal stress and improving the nutritional quality of rice by regulating protein composition and coordinating amino acid metabolism balance.

Review: Utilization of Mushrooms, Fish and Chicken as a Source of Natural Flavoring in Foods

Flavoring spices play an important role in the culinary world by enhancing the taste, aroma, and color of food. Generally, the flavorings used are synthetic flavorings that are not derived from nature but from chemical processes, while natural flavorings derived from animals and plants are very less used. There are many types of animal and vegetable raw materials such as mushrooms, fish and chicken that can be used as flavorings. Each type of raw material has a different flavor, aroma, texture and nutritional content. The purpose of writing this article is to enrich information about various types of natural seasonings and help consumers choose flavorings that suit their tastes and nutritional needs. Mushroom-based flavorings provide a delicious taste with a distinctive natural aroma, while fish-based ingredients provide a unique touch of flavor and chicken-based ingredients provide a deep savory taste. Mushroom, fish and chicken-based flavorings have amino acid components, especially high glutamic acid, which can provide umami flavor to dishes and be used as a natural flavoring. Processing with various conventional, enzymatic and fumigation extractions has potential as a natural flavoring processing method. The use of mushrooms, fish and chicken can reduce dependence on the use of synthetic flavorings.

Evaluation of effectiveness of foliar application of urea fertilizer on growth, development and yield of BRRI Dhan 84 in barind tract, Bangladesh

As a component of enzymes, hormones, amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and chlorophyll, nitrogen is a vitally important nutrient for plants. It encourages quick plant growth and enhances grain quality and production through increased protein synthesis, tillering, leaf area development, grain formation and filling. Urea is one of the greatest and popular sources of nitrogen. Rice production is hampered when nitrogen fertilizer, particularly urea, is unavailable during crucial times (flood, sowing season, drought). Studies in different literature have shown that applying nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application in addition to the soil application increases its efficiency. A study was carried out to observe the theme “Evaluation of effectiveness of foliar application of urea fertilizer on growth, development and yield of BRRI Dhan 84 in Rajshahi region’’ in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural extension Department Field, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh from December 2023-April 2024. Six different percentage of urea as foliar application with BRRI Dhan-84 rice variety were used for this study. 1. T1= N0% Control, 2. T2= 65% of recommended dose (N 50% as SA + 15% as FA), 3. T3= 70% of recommended dose (N50% as SA + 20% as FA), 4. T4= 75% of recommended dose (N50 % as SA + 25 % as FA), 5. T5= 80% of recommended dose (N60% as SA + 20% as FA), 6. T6= N100% Soil application (Traditional practice). A randomized complete block design with three replications was applied in this study. Almost all the parameters under this study showed significant results of foliar application of urea. Treatment T4 showed the highest result of phenological and growth parameters than the traditional practice and T1 (control) the lowest. Foliar fertilizer improves crop quality, regulate nutrient deficiencies. It is a fertilizer saving and an economical technique than others. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing actual data on the dynamics of rice production's profitability, productivity and fertilizer saving.