Amidoxime Functionality Research Articles

Development of free flowing granular hybrid functionalized clay sorbent filters for chromium removal from waste water

Chromium (VI) contamination in water resources at industrial sites poses significant environmental and health risks. Conventional sorbents often suffer from limitations such as clogging, back pressure, poor kinetics, and challenges in coupling with flow systems and regeneration. This study focuses on developing, characterizing, and applying free-flowing granular (FFG) amidoxime-functionalized montmorillonite (Mt) clay sorbents (AO-Mt-H-C) to enhance chromium (VI) removal from contaminated waste water. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that AO-Mt-H-C outperformed montmorillonite clay modified with quaternary ammonium alone (Mt-H-C), achieving a Cr (VI) removal efficiency of 50.6 mg g−1 compared to 44.3 mg g−1, due to the synergistic interactions of quaternary ammonium and amidoxime functionalities. To address the limitations of conventional sorbents, such as clogging and poor kinetics, an FFG filter column was developed and tested, showing effective Cr (VI) removal across various water sources with minimal interference in drinking and groundwater. In industrial wastewater with higher matrix loads, over 99 % removal efficiency was achieved with a 25 % increase in sorbent dosage. Desorption and reusability assessments confirmed the AO-Mt-H-C's effectiveness across three cycles. Mathematical modelling using Thomas and Yoon–Nelson equations supported the design of customized treatment systems. Scalability was demonstrated by treating 1.6 m3 of textile industrial effluents (100 mg L−1 Cr (VI)) with quantitative removal efficiency (>99.5 %). This study illustrates that the hybrid functionalization and free-flowing granulation of clay sorbent materials significantly enhance Cr (VI) removal, providing valuable insights for advanced water pollution mitigation and environmental sustainability.

Amidoxime functionality of carbon black by plasma technology for efficient uranium extraction from aqueous solution and simulated seawater

Uranium as the imperative material for sustainable nuclear energy development can be enriched from the natural seawater resources with abundant uranium reserves. Exploration of excellent adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and selectivity has become an urgent task for uranium extraction from seawater. Here, a convenient and environmentally friendly plasma-induced grafting method was employed to accessorily graft amidoxime groups on carbon black (CB-AO) without destruction on the structure of substrate. The plasma treatment on CB surface was conducive to introducing oxygen-containing functional groups for subsequent grafting of organic functional groups. Adsorption behaviors of CB-AO towards uranium under various plasma treatment conditions and solution parameters were investigated. Most importantly, the static and dynamic adsorption experiments in spiked and simulated seawater were also studied, which laid a valuable foundation for subsequent applications in uranium extraction from practical seawater. Thanks to the strong chelating reaction of amidoxime groups with uranium, the CB-AO adsorbent exhibited an outstanding uranium adsorption capacity of 220.95 and 3.2 mg/g in aqueous solution and dynamically simulated seawater, respectively. This work demonstrated the feasibility of the effective plasma-induced grafting method for the fabrication of adsorbents with splendid performance for uranium entrapment from seawater.

Preparation and development of amidoxime-modified Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> core-shell magnetic microspheres for enhancing U(VI) adsorption efficiency from seawater

<abstract> <p>We synthesized and characterized amidoxime-modified Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> core-shell magnetic microspheres tailored for maximal U(VI) sorption efficiency from seawater. Through meticulous structure and spectroscopy analyses, the microspheres, which were designed with amidoxime functionality, exhibited remarkable U(VI) sorption capabilities compared to raw silica-coated Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> counterparts. The maximum percent uranium adsorption (98.57%) was achieved at 60 minutes with 0.05 g of adsorbent, using a synthetic solution of 25 mg L<sup>−1</sup> UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>. 2H<sub>2</sub>O at pH 7 and 25 º C (298 K). The kinetic studies highlighted rapid equilibrium achieved within 1 hours. Following the pseudo-second-order model, the microspheres reflected a maximum sorption capacity of 24.286 mg g<sup>-1</sup> at pH 7 and 298 K. The U(VI)-loaded microspheres could be efficiently separated via an external magnetic field with adsorption efficiency of 91.67% at pH 6.5 and efficiently regenerated by HCl, indicating their potential for U(VI) preconcentration and separation from seawater. This research contributed to the development of high-performance sorbents for U(VI) removal and holds promise for solving the radioactive element elimination and enrichment, performing its stability, selectivity, and reusability across multiple cycles.</p> </abstract>

N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) malonamide based amidoxime functionalized polymer immobilized in biomembranes for highly selective adsorption of uranium(VI)

Amidoxime compounds have been widely used in metal separation and recovery because of their excellent chelating properties to metal ions, especially to uranium (VI). In this study, N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) malonamide was obtained from ethanolamine and dimethyl malonate, and used to prepare a two-dimensional network polymer, then the obtained polymer was immobilized in an environmentally friendly chitosan biomembrane, which enhanced its stability and hydrophobicity, meanwhile the amidoxime functionalization was achieved by oximation reaction of bromoacetonitrile, the application of the material further extends to uranium (VI) separation in solutions. Due to the synergistic action of amide group and amidoxime group, poly (ethanolamine-malonamide) based amidoxime biomembranes (PEA-AOM) showed extraordinary adsorption effect on uranium (VI), among which the saturation adsorption capacity of PEA-AOM-2 was 748.64 mg/g. PEA-AOM-2 also had good reusability (following five cycles of adsorption-desorption, the recovery rate maintained at 88%) and selectivity for uranium (VI), showing satisfactory results in competitive ion coexistence system and simulated seawater experiments. This study demonstrated that PEA-AOM-2 provided a new option for uranium (VI) separation in complex environment and low-concentration uranium background.

Fabrication of amidoxime functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymer for efficient extraction of uranium (VI) from water

Pollution, such as uranium(U), resulting from radionuclides, has become a severe environmental problem. Hence, developing highly efficient materials to reduce the environmental influence of uranium is necessary. Here, amidoxime functionalized hyper-cross-linked fluorene-9-bisphenol (HCP-AO) was synthesized by a Friedel–Crafts reaction followed by an amidoxime functionalization as a novel uranium adsorbent. The sorption properties of HCP-AO for U (VI) from water were evaluated in various environmental conditions (e.g., solution pH, contact time, temperature, etc.). The HCP-AO was characterized by a series of characterization methods. The HCP-AO’s maximum U(VI) sorption capacity was 234.46 mg/g (pH = 7) due to the strong coordination of amidoxime groups (AO) with uranium. The sorption data well matched with Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Even with competing metal ions, HCP-AO exhibited selective uranium adsorption capacity. After three regeneration cycles, the HCP-AO’s adsorption capacity was still considerable. These findings indicated that HCP-AO could be used to extract uranium from uranium-bearing wastewater.

WCK 4873 (INN: Nafithromycin): Structure–activity relationship (SAR) identifying a novel lactone ketolide with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) and Streptococcus pyogenes (SPY)

Ketolides are the fourth generation semisynthetic macrolides derived from erythromycin A, designed to address the limitations of currently available drug treatments including penicillins, macrolides and glycopeptides. Ketolides-the next generation macrolides antibiotics are deliberate to pass the issues of bacterial resistance by introducing keto function at C3 position of macrocycle through the replacement of l-cladinose sugar moiety and brings a broader spectrum of activity. The original research work reported here covers, structure activity relationship based design and synthesis of 34 novel ketolide molecules, are subsequently subjected to desired microbial evaluations. Through this exercise; WCK 4873 (Nafithromycin) has been emerged as clinical candidate among the four different series synthesized. Nafithromycin, consists of novel amidoxime function bearing 2-pyridine-1,3,4-thiadiazole biaryl side chain set apart through a four atom spacer containing a cis double bond and a chiral methyl. This non-flexible spacer possibly aligns the biaryl ring system resulting in a favorable interaction with dual 23S rRNA targets exhibiting better potency to treat gram positive infections. WCK 4873 emerged as preclinical candidate based on in vitro studies, and animal model studies, it had successfully accomplished phase 1 and phase 2 clinical studies in United States, Europe and India. Currently, nafithromycin has acquired the status as phase 3 drug candidate having potential to fulfill the unmet medical needs for treatment of CABP infections.

Mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with enriched amidoxime functionalities for pH-controlled anticancer drug delivery

Amidoxime (AMI), an amphoteric functional ligand, mesoporous silica material (SBA-15@AMI NPs) was prepared and the pH-responsive drug release behavior was examined using Dox as model anticancer drug. Further, the cytocompatibility and the cell uptake results revealed that SBA-15@AMI NPs could be applied as pH-responsive drug delivery applications in cancer therapy. • Developing pH- responsive drug delivery system is attracted a great concern. • An amphoteric ligand functionalized SBA-15@AMI NPs for pH-responsive drug delivery system has been proposed. • The SBA-15@AMI NPs is applicable for delivery of anticancer drugs in cancer therapy. Amidoxime (AMI) functionalized mesoporous silica material (SBA-15@AMI NPs) was synthesized by surface modification approaches. This method allows for the creation of a higher concentration of amidoxime ligand groups to the SBA-15's surface without affecting the morphology. The synthesized SBA-15@AMI NPs were verified using a range of instrumental characterizations. Further, the drug loading and pH-responsive release behavior of the SBA-15@AMI NPs were examined using Dox as model anticancer drug. The biocompatibility and cellular uptake behavior was studied using MCF-7 cell line. Overall, the prepared SBA-15@AMI NPs could be applied as pH-responsive drug delivery applications in cancer therapy.

A Catalytically Accessible Polyoxometalate in a Porous Fiber for Degradation of a Mustard Gas Simulant.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are versatile materials for chemical catalysis due to their tunable acidity and rich redox properties. While POMs have attracted significant attention in homogeneous catalysis, challenges regarding aggregation and instability in solvents often prevent the wide implementation of POMs as heterogeneous catalysts. Therefore, the successful incorporation of a POM into a solid support, such as a polymer, is desirable for practical applications where unique functionalities of the POM combine with the advantages of the polymer. In this work, we showcase how polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) can serve as matrices for anchoring a pure inorganic Keggin-type POM (H3PW12O40) to fabricate PIM-based composite materials. Specifically, we found that PIMs installed with amidoxime functionalities could successfully attach POMs (PW12@PIM-1-AO) without self-segregation. Furthermore, we fabricated porous fibrous mats via electrospinning of the PIM-POM composites. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the integrity of the POM in the composite material. Following this, we demonstrated that the incorporated POMs in the composite fibers maintained their innate catalytic activity for the oxidative degradation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a sulfur mustard simulant, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Ultimately, our work highlights that PIM-based hybrid materials provide a potential route for implementing these reactive fiber mats into protective equipment.

Utilization of modified polymeric composite supported crown ether for selective sorption and separation of various beta emitting radionuclides in simulated waste

Theoretically, crown ethers are expected to contribute to the formation of a host–guest composition with a polymer backbone and improve its disadvantages. Based on this hypothesis, preparation of the modified multi-functional polymeric composite was carried out by mini emulsion –irradiation of Poly Sodium styrene sulphonate (Acrylonitrile-Di amino benzo 18-crown-6) PSS (AN-DAB18C6) in the presence of N, N'-methylenediacrylamide (DAM) as a crosslinker and sodium styrene sulphonate as a-surfactant and high-share ultrasonic. The main role of the prepared adsorbent is to modify both the inert crown ether-based and shared monomer into more reactive forms. The influences of synthesis conditions, particularly filler concentration and radiation dose, were examined. The chemical modification reaction was carried out using hydroxylamine hydrochloride to get the amidoxime function group (AO) within the modification of the acrylonitrile (AN) system. The characterization of the composites by SEM, FTIR, and DLS confirmed that the modified polymeric composites exhibit good transformation. The sorption of La3+, Gd3+, Y3+ and Sr2+ ions in aqueous solution on PSS (AN-DAB18C6) and PSS (AO-DAB18C6) composite sorbents was investigated by the batch method. The results showed the higher selectivity of the PSS (AO-DAB18C6) composite towards La3+ and Y3+ions more than that of Gd3+ and Sr2+ions with the maximum sorption capacity of 63, 52, 25, and 24 mg/g, respectively. The experimental data fitted well to pseudo-second-order, elovich kinetic modeling and also fitted well to the Langmuir isotherms.

A Highly Sensitive Novel Method for Uranium Quantification in Water Samples at Ultra-Trace Level by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence, after its Direct Pre-Concentration on the Surface of Amidoxime Functionalized Quartz Sample Supports

A Highly Sensitive Novel Method for Uranium Quantification in Water Samples at Ultra-Trace Level by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence, after its Direct Pre-Concentration on the Surface of Amidoxime Functionalized Quartz Sample Supports

Self-Emulsifying Air-in-Water Hipes-Templated Construction of Amidoxime Functionalized and Chain Entanglement Enhanced Macroporous Hydrogel for Fast and Selective Uranium Extraction

Self-Emulsifying Air-in-Water Hipes-Templated Construction of Amidoxime Functionalized and Chain Entanglement Enhanced Macroporous Hydrogel for Fast and Selective Uranium Extraction

Highly-porous uniformly-sized amidoxime-functionalized cellulose beads prepared by microfluidics with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide

Uniformly-sized porous cellulose beads functionalized with amidoxime groups were prepared for the first time using a microfluidic method with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) monohydrate as a cellulose solvent. The molten state cellulose dope in NMMO monohydrate (cell/NMMO dope) as a disperse phase and hot mineral oil as a continuous phase were used in a T-junction microfluidic chip to produce uniformly-sized cell/NMMO droplets. Coagulation of the molten state cell/NMMO droplet at high temperature and amidoxime functionalization could prepare the highly-porous spherical amidoxime-functionalized cellulose beads with a uniform fibrous open internal structure. The prepared amidoxime-functionalized cellulose beads showed excellent metal adsorption properties with a maximum adsorption capacity of ~ 80 mg g−1 in the case of Cu2+/phthalate ions. The newly developed highly-porous cellulose beads can open many new applications with other proper functionalization at the reactive hydroxyl groups of the cellulose.Graphic abstract

Fabrication and characterization of amidoxime-grafted silica composite particles via emulsion graft polymerization

This study deals with the synthesis and characterization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-grafted silica composite particles by emulsion graft polymerization using potassium persulphate as the initiator and Tween 80 as the surfactant for potential application in wastewater treatment. The commercially available silica particles (37-70 micron) were first functionalized with vinyltriethoxysilane that were subsequently employed for the grafting of PAN via emulsion polymerization. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as varying the amount of the monomer, initiator, and the emulsifier in the feed on the grafting (%) has been investigated in detail. The maximum grafting (296%) was achieved with 6% (w/v) monomer, 0.15% (w/v) initiator, and 1% (w/v) emulsifier concentration. The nitrile groups of the PAN-grafted silica composite particles were converted into amidoxime by treating with hydroxylamine. The synthesized products in all the preparation steps were carefully characterized by various analytical tools, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). In FTIR spectrum of the silica-grafted PAN, the appearance of the characteristic peak at 2245 cm-1 that corresponds to CN stretching confirms the successful grafting of PAN onto the modified silica particles; while the transformation of nitrile into amidoxime functionality was verified by the appearance of peaks at 1642 cm-1 and 920 cm-1. Further verification of the grafting of PAN and amidoxime formation also comes from the SEM micrographs and the XRD profiles. Finally, the obtained amidoxime-grafted silica composite particles were evaluated as an adsorbent for Cu+2 ions from the simulated wastewater for potential application in wastewater treatment. The maximum adsorption capacity of 130 mg/g was achieved at pH 5 in 2 hrs.

Alkylamine Incorporation in Amidoxime Functionalized Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Gas Capture and Separation

Amidoxime functionalized polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are synthesized from postsynthetic functionalization of PIM‐1 with hydroxylamine and processed into chemisorbents with alkylamine incorporation. Strong interaction between functionalized PIM‐1 and primary amines is characterized in detail by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) study. As‐prepared sorbents not only show the highest CO2 uptake capacity (37.9 cm3 g−1 at 0.15 bar and 298 K) recorded in reported PIMs, but they also demonstrate tunable, processable, and stable polymeric sorbent design, which can be nanoengineered for other gas capture and separation applications.

Amidoxime Functionalization of Algal/Polyethyleneimine Beads for the Sorption of Sr(II) from Aqueous Solutions.

There is a need for developing new sorbents that incorporate renewable resources for the treatment of metal-containing solutions. Algal-polyethyleneimine beads (APEI) (reinforced with alginate) are functionalized by grafting amidoxime groups (AO-APEI). Physicochemical characteristics of the new material are characterized using FTIR, XPS, TGA, SEM, SEM-EDX, and BET. AO-APEI beads are tested for the recovery of Sr(II) from synthetic solutions after pH optimization (≈ pH 6). Uptake kinetics is fast (equilibrium ≈ 60–90 min). Sorption isotherm (fitted by the Langmuir equation) shows remarkable sorption capacity (≈ 189 mg Sr g−1). Sr(II) is desorbed using 0.2 M HCl/0.5 M CaCl2 solution; sorbent recycling over five cycles shows high stability in terms of sorption/desorption performances. The presence of competitor cations is studied in relation to the pH; the selectivity for Sr(II) is correlated to the softness parameter. Finally, the recovery of Sr(II) is carried out in complex solutions (seawater samples): AO-APEI is remarkably selective over highly concentrated metal cations such as Na(I), K(I), Mg(II), and Ca(II), with weaker selectivity over B(I) and As(V). AO-APEI appears to be a promising material for selective recovery of strontium from complex solutions (including seawater).

Design Rules for Membranes from Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Crossover-free Aqueous Electrochemical Devices

Summary Here, we lay the design rules for linking microporous polymer membrane architecture and pore chemistry to membrane stability, conductivity, and transport selectivity in aqueous electrolytes over a broad range of pH. We tie these attributes to prospects for crossover-free electrochemical cell operation. These guiding principles are applied to two emerging cell chemistries for grid batteries: specifically, Zn–TEMPO-4-sulfate and Zn–K4Fe(CN)6 cells. Key to our success is the placement of ionizable amidoxime functionalities, which are stable at high pH, within the pores of microporous ladder polymer membranes, yielding a family of charge-neutral and cation exchange membranes at low and high pH, respectively—which we call AquaPIMs. Their notably high conductivity (up to 21.5 mS cm−1 in 5.0 M aqueous KOH) and high transport selectivity (up to 104 reduction in active-material permeability through the membrane) suggest exciting opportunities for battery development, even beyond those presently demonstrated.

Spherically shaped pectin-g-poly(amidoxime)-Fe complex: A promising innovative pathway to tailor a new material in high amidoxime functionalization for fluoride adsorption

Pectin was hydrolyzed and was processed in spherically-shaped structure through calcium crosslinker. The synthesized spherical-bead structure was surface functionalized by acrylonitrile grafting reaction, which extends the applications of pectin followed by derivatization with hydroxylamine. The matrix was further decorated with the iron metal to enhance the practical applicability in the aqueous system. The chemical structures were characterized via gravimetric analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDX, elemental analysis, XPS and XRD. The results supported the exceptional uniformity with the presence of substantial receptor amidoxime groups in morphology and elemental composition. The process of adsorption was concluded with good adsorption capacity with iron-impregnated-amidoxime. The presence of S2O32−, SO42−, and NO3− had an insignificant influence on fluoride uptake excluding Cl− and PO43− in a binary/mixture solutions. The adsorption data were excellently expressed by the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.998) which suggests that the surface of the ligand is multifunctional. The kinetic data was determined and pseudo-second-order rate equation showed well-fit (R2 > 0.998) to the presented data. The findings indicate that Fe-impregnated poly(amidoxime) is a cost-effective and eco-friendly promising adsorbent for fluoride removal even at trace level and a wide optimum pH range due to better aqueous dispersibility of pendent groups responsible for the sorption application.

Amidoxime functionalization of a poly(acrylonitrile)/silica composite for the sorption of Ga(III) – Application to the treatment of Bayer liquor

The copolymerization of styrene with divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of silica particles produces a commercial silica-supported polymer (SiO2-P) that was chemically reacted with acrylonitrile to synthesize silica-supported polyacrylonitrile (PAN/SiO2). PAN/SiO2 was functionalized by grafting amidoxime moieties to produce PAO/SiO2 sorbent (silica-supported polyacrylamidoxime). The sorbent (PAO/SiO2) was characterized by XPS, TGA, FTIR, pHpzc, elemental and SEM-EDX analyses and tested for Ga(III) recovery from aqueous solutions. The sorption performance was investigated through the study of pH effect, sorption isotherms at different temperatures, and uptake kinetics under slightly acidic conditions (around pH 4) and at pH close to 13.7 (similar to Bayer liquor). The equilibrium was reached within 60 min; the kinetic profiles can be fitted by the pseudo-second order rate equation (PSORE) and the resistance to intraparticle diffusion equation (RIDE). The maximum sorption capacity reaches 1.34 mmol Ga g−1 at 25 °C (1.76 mmol Ga g−1 at 55 °C): the sorption process is endothermic for solutions prepared by alkaline dissolving of Ga2O3. The sorption capacities are higher for solutions prepared with Ga(NO3)3 salt: the maximum sorption capacity increased up to 2.1–2.6 mmol Ga g−1 (from 25 to 55 °C). Langmuir and Sips equations were used for fitting sorption isotherms. Metal desorption and sorbent recycling were performed using 1.5 M HCl solution. Forty-five minutes were sufficient for achieving complete desorption of Ga(III). Sorption and desorption performances remain stable for a minimum of 5 cycles. Sorbent selectivity for gallium recovery was demonstrated in the presence of an excess of competitor cations. The sorbent was successfully applied for Ga(III) recovery from Bayer liquor at high pH values (around 13): combining relatively high efficiency and selectivity compared with LSC-600 amidoxime resin.

Amidoxime Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 with Various Mesostructures for Highly Efficient Concentration of U(VI)

Many current sorbents are limited for U(VI) concentration from aqueous solutions due to their inappropriate structures and surface chemistry. Herein, we report the rapid sorption of U(VI) with high capacities and selectivity by amidoxime modified ordered mesoporous SBA-15 with two typical morphologies (i.e., rods and plates) via a post-grafting method. Variables of the geochemical conditions (contact time, pH value, initial concentration, temperature and coexisting metal ions) are investigated. The results show that the mesostructures including morphologies and pore length of SBA-15 perform the dominant function for the fast sorption kinetics (10[Formula: see text]min for plates, 20[Formula: see text]min for rods), while the modified amidoxime groups make the excellent U(VI) sorption capacities (646.2[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] for plates, 499.8[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] for rods at pH 5.0 and [Formula: see text] 298.15[Formula: see text]K) and high selectivity possible. U(VI) adsorbed amidoxime-functionalized SBA can also be effectively regenerated by HCl solutions and reused well after six cycles.

Nanoporous Polymer Microspheres with Nitrile and Amidoxime Functionalities for Gas Capture and Precious Metal Recovery from E-Waste

Nanoporous materials could offer sustainable solutions to gas capture and precious metal recovery from electronic waste. Despite this potential, few reports combine target functionalities with physical properties such as morphology control. Here, we report a nanoporous polymer with microspherical morphology that could selectively capture gold from a mixture of 15 common transition metals. When its nitriles are converted into amidoxime, the capacity increases more than 20-fold. Amidoximes are also very effective in CO2 binding and show a record high CO2/CH4 selectivity of 24 for potential use in natural gas sweetening. The polymer is successfully synthesized in 1 kg batches starting from sustainable inexpensive building blocks without the need for costly catalysts. Because the morphology is controlled from the beginning, the nanoporous materials studied in lab scale could easily be moved into respective industries.