American National Standards Institute Research Articles

Coupling Gold Nanospheres into Nanochain Constructs for High-Contrast, Longitudinal Photoacoustic Imaging.

Structural parameters play a crucial role in determining the electromagnetic and thermal responses of gold nanoconstructs (GNCs) at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Therefore, developing GNCs for reliable, high-contrast photoacoustic imaging has been focused on adjusting structural parameters to achieve robust NIR light absorption with photostability. In this study, we introduce an efficient photoacoustic imaging contrast agent: gold sphere chains (GSCs) consisting of plasmonically coupled gold nanospheres. The chain geometry results in enhanced photoacoustic signal generation originating from outstanding photothermal characteristics compared to traditional gold contrast agents, such as gold nanorods. Furthermore, the GSCs produce consistent photoacoustic signals at laser fluences within the limits set by the American National Standards Institute. The exceptional photoacoustic response of GSCs allows for high-contrast photoacoustic imaging over multiple imaging sessions. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our GSCs for molecular photoacoustic cancer imaging, both in vitro and in vivo, through the integration of a tumor-targeting moiety.

Spectral Dependence of Light Exposure on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Disruption in Living Primate Retina.

RPE disruption with light exposures below or close to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) have been observed, but these findings were limited to two wavelengths. We have extended the measurements across the visible spectrum. Retinal imaging with fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (FAOSLO) was used to provide an in vivo measure of RPE disruption at a cellular level. The threshold retinal radiant exposures (RREs) for RPE disruption (localized detectable change in the fluorescence image) were determined at 460, 476, 488, 530, 543, 561, 594, 632, and 671nm (uniform 0.5° square exposure) using multiples locations in 4 macaques. FAOSLO is sensitive in detecting RPE disruption. The visible light action spectrum dependence for RPE disruption with continuous wave (CW) extended field exposures was determined. It has a shallower slope than the current ANSI blue-light hazard MPE. At all wavelengths beyond 530nm, the disruption threshold is below the ANSI blue-light hazard MPE. There is reciprocity of exposure irradiance and duration for exposures at 460 and 594nm. We measured with FAOSLO the action spectrum dependence for photochemical RPE disruption across the visible light spectrum. Using this in vivo measure of phototoxicity provided by FAOSLO, we find that thresholds are lower than previously measured. The wavelength dependence in our data is considerably shallower than the spectral dependence of the traditional ANSI blue-light hazard, emphasizing the need for more caution with increasing wavelength than expected.

Costs involved in compliance with new endoscope reprocessing guidelines.

In March 2022, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) released the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/AAMI ST91:2021, their latest update on comprehensive, flexible, and semirigid endoscope reprocessing. These updated standards recommend the sterilization of high-risk endoscopes when possible and provide new recommendations for the precleaning, leak testing, manual cleaning, visual inspection, automated reprocessing, drying, storage, and transport of endoscopes. ANSI/AAMI ST91:2021 was compared with ANSI/AAMI ST91:2015 for major reprocessing differences that result in either time and/or cost increases. Time estimates were captured by explicit recommendation inclusion or taken from the literature. All the costs were estimated using publicly available resources. The updated standards represent a potential 24.3-minute and 52.35 to 67.57 United States dollars increase per procedure in terms of reprocessing time and spending, respectively, not including capital investments. Capital costs per procedure were highly dependent on the procedure volume of the facility. The new AAMI standards recommend several major changes, such as sterilization, for facilities to reprocess and manage endoscopes between uses. As more facilities increase their reprocessing methods to reflect the updated standards, they do so at a cost and introduce several delays. As the reprocessing landscape evolves, facilities should consider their true costs and alternative solutions, such as single-use endoscopes.

A Microfluidic High-Capacity Screening Platform for Neurological Disorders.

Compartmentalized cell cultures (CCCs) provide the possibility to study mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, such as spreading of misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease or functional changes in, e.g., chronic pain, in vitro. However, many CCC devices do not provide the necessary capacity for identifying novel mechanisms, targets, or drugs in a drug discovery context. Here, we present a high-capacity cell culture microtiter microfluidic plate compliant with American National Standard Institute of the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening (ANSI/SLAS) standards that allows to parallelize up to 96 CCCs/experimental units, where each experimental unit comprises three microchannel-connected compartments. The plate design allows the specific treatment of cells in individual compartments through the application of a fluidic barrier. Moreover, the compatibility of the plate with neuronal cultures was confirmed with rodent primary as well as human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons of the central or peripheral nervous system for up to 14 days in culture. Using immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated that the plate design restricts neuronal soma to individual compartments, while axons, but not dendrites, can grow through the connecting microchannels to neighboring compartments. In addition, we show that neurons are spontaneously active and, as deemed by the appearance of synchronous depolarizations in neighboring compartments, are synaptically coupled. In summary, the design of the microfluidic plate allows for both morphological and functional studies of neurological in vitro cultures with increased capacity to support identification of novel mechanisms, targets, or drugs.

Öğrenme Ortamlarının Mevcut İmkanlarından Faydalanılarak Akustik Ortamların Oluşturulması ve Karşılaştırılması

In this study, the situation that noise in schools has a significant effect on students' adaptation and understanding of the lesson was discussed. In classroom environments where students gain academic, social and emotional skills, 60.00-75.00% of learning activities require verbal communication with the teacher and other students (American National Standards Institute [ANSI], 2002; The Institute for Enhanced Classroom Hearing [IECH], 2018). In this context, the process was carried out in order to consider the acoustic quality of the educational environment as one of the important elements that determine the quality of the learning and teaching process. In this research, the effect of the acoustic arrangement of the classrooms as a learning environment on the listening and perception activities of the students was examined. For this reason, the main purpose of this research, the acoustic arrangements, without any professional support, alternatively, with the help of the students' bags or with acoustic diffusers that they can make themselves (for example, plastic bottles) are based on the situation of making the learning environment more efficient acoustically. The research design is the experimental design. The experimental process was carried out in the classroom environment of Maltepe Kadir Has Science and Art Center. The classroom and students in which the audio recordings were made were randomly assigned. Measurements were made by lecturing in an environment where acoustic study was not done and where it was done. The listening and perception activities of the students in the classroom in line with the acoustic studies were examined with the help of a semi-structured interview form. In this direction, it has been determined that an acoustic environment can be created with simple materials and that the acoustic environment affects student listening and perception activity. Keywords: Acoustics, Listening, Perception, Learning Environments

Professional Standards in Questioned Documents Expertises

Criminalistic/forensic expert examination of documents is a segment of criminal technique, i.e. forensic science. In modern countries, these activities are undertaken by highly specialized services that are frequently under the control of various security structures (judiciary, police, immigration services, etc.). In Bosnia and Herzegovina (as well as in the countries of the former Yugoslavia), these jobs have traditionally been associated with police agencies whose actions fall into the sphere of criminal techniques (more recently, forensics). Certain methods of behaving, ways of functioning, as well as processes linked to staff training and ways of acting within individual activities of this sort of expertise, have been formed via the accomplishment of the aforementioned duties. The purpose of this article is to introduce the field of criminal expert examination of questioned documents, namely the knowledge and conditions that a welltrained expert in this field should have. Furthermore, the work demonstrates in greater detail how the necessary insights and knowledge should be gathered. The fundamental reason for this work´s theme is the goal to describe this field from the standpoint of modern science, profession, and established standards that are used around the world. Another motive is the goal to explain the settings of this sector in a scientific and practical manner from the standpoint of international experience. Specifically, the article will examine some of the international standards and procedures for this field of expertise. The preceding study will be based on a survey of comparative literature as well as an examination of the standards and practices of organizations such as: The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination (SWGDOC), American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE), American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), The American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE), Southwestern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SWAFDE), Southeastern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SAFDE) and The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI).

On the test method for short-term level fluctuation of sound calibrators

Most noise bylaws state that a precision sound level meter which meets the International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 651 or the American National Standards Institute S1.4-1983 needs to be used for noise measurements. To ensure measurement accuracy, sound calibrators are used to check the sound level meter accuracy before and after any such measurements, as required by most noise regulations. The sound calibrator itself needs to be calibrated routinely and traceable to national standards. The International Standard IEC 60942, Electroacoustics - Sound calibrators, specifies performance requirements for the sound pressure level, short-term level fluctuation, frequency, and distortion and associated test methods. However, the test method for short-term level fluctuation specified in IEC 60942 is problematic. The short-term level fluctuation cannot be measured in some cases using the method specified in IEC 60942. In this paper, a detailed theoretical analysis is presented addressing this particular issue. Closed-form solutions are obtained for typical sinusoidal sound signals. Two experimental setups and measurement results for the validation of the theoretical analysis are also presented. One uses a commercial sound level meter and the other uses a precision sound pressure measurement system developed recently at the National Research Council Canada.

Tunable Interparticle Connectivity in Gold Nanosphere Assemblies for Efficient Photoacoustic Conversion.

Manipulating matter at the nanometer scale to create desired plasmonic nanostructures holds great promise in the field of biomedical photoacoustic (PA) imaging. We demonstrate a strategy for regulating PA signal generation from anisotropic nano-sized assemblies of gold nanospheres (Au NSs) by adjusting the inter-particle connectivity between neighboring Au NSs. The inter-particle connectivity is controlled by modulating the diameter and inter-particle spacing of Au NSs in the nanoassemblies. The results indicate that nanoassemblies with semi-connectivity, i.e., assemblies with a finite inter-particle spacing shorter than the theoretical limit of repulsion between nearby Au NSs, exhibit 3.4-fold and 2.4-fold higher PA signals compared to nanoassemblies with no connectivity and full connectivity, respectively. Furthermore, due to the reduced diffusion of Au atoms, the semi-connectivity Au nanoassemblies demonstrate high photodamage threshold and, therefore, excellent photostability at fluences above the current American National Standards Institute limits. The exceptional photostability of the semi-connectivity nanoassemblies highlights their potential to surpass conventional plasmonic contrast agents for continuing PA imaging. Collectively, our findings indicate that semi-connected nanostructures are a promising option for reliable, high-contrast PA imaging applications over multiple imaging sessions due to their strong PA signals and enhanced photostability.

Thermal characterisation of insulation panels based on vegetable typha domengensis and starch

The thermal characteristics of a typha-starch composite have been determined in this study in order to improve thermal comfort of the buildings in tropical environments. From six samples of this mixture of granulometry (0.425 mm; 1.25 mm and 1.70 mm), the kinetics of the water desorption have been characterized and the thermal properties of these materials were also studied. The results obtained indicate that the samples have a high rate of water desorption recorded in the first ten and fifteen days with proportions in loss of water which vary from 7% to 18.75%. The thermal conductivity obtained for samples without a binder (starch) varies from 0.1046 W.m−1K−1 to 0.1242 W.m−1K−1 and from 0.094 W.m−1K−1 to 0.5345 W.m−1K−1 for the composites. The thermal diffusivity evolves between 9.010−8 m².s−1 and 3.77.10−7m².s−1. In view of these results and according to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI 208, 1999), all the samples prepared except the formulation (0.425 mm + 20% starch) have good thermal properties for improving thermal comfort of buildings and the composite fraction (typha 1.70 mm + 20% starch) seems to be the optimal composition. The latter could be recommended as a local available insulation material to be integrated into the buildings in tropical environments in the form of sub-ceiling, instead of the widely used Isorel insulation panels (k = 0.82 W.m−1K−1) and plywood panels (k = 1.08 W.m−1K−1) of higher thermal conductivities and cost. For the first time in Africa, such a combination of local materials (Typha-amidon) used to improve energy efficiency has been demonstrated on the roof of the building envelope. The resulting scientific advances are linked to the originality of the formulation and the proportions of each material used to obtain the best composite. The development impacts of its implementation are directly linked to Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 7, 8, 14 and 15 (SDGs), as well as the African Union's Agenda 2063.

Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation low-voltage system using electrical transient analyzer program

<p><span lang="EN-US">In this paper, a simulation and analysis of 132 kV Substation in feeds western Iraq have been presented including a short circuit (S.C) analysis. This work helps to properly control and coordinate the protection equipment used in this grid interconnection spot. This work includes power flow analysis carried out using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) simulator. Also, the most common types of faults are investigated for the substation buses using International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards to discover the behavioral characteristics under different scenarios for the substation transformers connection to assess the range of S.C current this substitution can ride through. Finally, the results of ANSI and IEC are theoretically investigated for validity to ensure reliability and quality assurance in the case study substation.</span></p>

Development and Proposal of an Institutional Safety Program in the Operation of Laser Systems

Laser radiation can cause undesirable biological effects on living beings; although it is not ionizing, this type of radiation can cause burns to the skin and cornea, even cataracts, depending on the wavelength and intensity of the laser radiation. Due to the wide growth of laser applications in several areas, such as research and development, services, and industry, the occupational risks concerning this non-ionizing radiation have increased considerably worldwide. Several countries have normative documents and regulatory bodies or agencies that approach occupational safety and quality regarding laser application, equipment, and machines. In Brazil, there is a lacking of laser safety documents published by a national regulatory council. Therefore, large technological centers and educational institutions, such as SENAI Institute for Innovation in Laser Manufacturing and Processing Systems (ISI-Joinville) and the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), do not have an institutional safety program for laser operations, and to adapt to the most modern international recommendations they look for international documents and models from other institutions. The main objective of this work was to develop and propose an institutional program following Brazilian regulatory documents from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and the most modern international standard about laser safety from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI-Z 136-1: 2014). The developed safety program was applied to ISI-Joinville, but a model was adapted to be implemented at any research center and university.

Impact Strength Enhancement of PMMA base Denture Material by Fibre Addition

Prostheses used temporarily are flexible based on function. Given the paucity of empirical knowledge flexural strength of temporary resins, choosing the right material for their manufacturing is challenging. Dentures have been reinforced with partial fibres both during the production process and during repairs. Polymer's fiber-rich phase in the denture base can either form a distinct structure or the reinforcing fibres can be dispersed equally throughout the material. In this work, the static three-point flexural strength and modulus of denture base polymer reinforced with various fibre reinforcements were determined. PMMA base material can currently be strengthened by adding fibre reinforcement. The creation of bar-type specimens complied with standard 27 of the American National Standards Institute and the American Dental Association. After being immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C for 10 days, the specimens were broken under 3-point loading with a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min in a universal testing machine. The highest breaking weights were expressed in Newton’s. The mean flexural strengths were measured in MPa (n = 10 per group). Results were compared using variance analysis and Duncan's multiple ranges testing (P.05). Impact strength of The Glass and Natural fibre (Jute, Sugarcane, Banana etc.) group with 1% and 0.5% composition respectively composition have the maximum value. This group shows the maximum value of flexural strength, compression strength and tensile strength. The findings imply that fibres that are impregnated or re-impregnated strengthen the denture base polymer more than fibres that are not impregnated. When compared to the same amount of fibre reinforcement placed on the compression side, the fibre reinforcement applied on the tensile side produced much higher values for flexural strength and flexural modulus.

Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Bonded Particle Boards Produced From Agricultural Waste Wood Chips

The aim of this research work was to optimize the production of particle boards from agricultural waste (wood chips). The mechanical properties investigated were the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The production of particle boards was investigated under the following conditions: stacking time (14-21days), resin loading (386-463 g) and amount of agro residue (154-185 g) using Box-Behnken design. Statistically significant models (p<0.05) were developed to represent the relationship between the responses (MOE and MOR) and the independent variables. Both models showed significant fit with experimental data with R2 values of 0.99 and 0.97 respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that MOE and MOR were influenced by the stacking time, amount of resin and agro residue used. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the MOE and MOR and the optimization results showed that the maximum MOE and MOR values of 1114.09N/mm2 and 9.34 N/mm2 were respectively obtained at the optimum production conditions of stacking time, resin loading and amount of agro residue (i.e. 21days, 462.82g and 185.00 g respectively). The particle board produced at the optimized conditions satisfied the American National Standard Institute ANSI/A208.1-1999 specification for general purpose particle boards.

Validation of the Aktiia blood pressure cuff for clinical use according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060-2:2013 protocol.

Assess the accuracy and precision of the Aktiia initialization oscillometric upper-arm cuff device (Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland) for home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in the general population according to the American National Standards Institute / Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/International Organization for Standardization (ANSI/AAMI/ISO) 81060-2:2013 standard. Three trained observers validated BP measurements performed using the Aktiia cuff versus BP measurements performed using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Two ISO 81060-2 criteria were used to validate the Aktiia cuff. Criterion 1 evaluated, for both SBP and DBP, whether the mean error between BP readings performed by the Aktiia cuff and auscultation was ≤±5 mmHg, and whether the SD of the error was ≤8 mmHg. Criterion 2 assessed whether, for the SBP and DBP of each individual subject, the SD of the averaged paired determinations per subject of the Aktiia cuff and of the auscultation met the criteria listed in the table of Averaged Subject Data Acceptance. Mean differences between the Aktiia cuff and the standard mercury sphygmomanometer (criterion 1) were 1.3 ± 7.11 mmHg for SBP and -0.2 ± 5.46 mmHg for DBP. The SD of the averaged paired differences per subject (criterion 2) was 6.55 mmHg for SBP and 5.15 mmHg for DBP. Aktiia initialization cuff complies with the requirements of the ANSI/AAMI/ISO guidelines and can be safely recommended for BP measurements in the adult population.

Developing an American (ANSI) Standard for the Prediction of Wind Turbine Sound Levels

Common modeling methods used in the United States yield relatively similar results given sound power level from IEC 61400-11 and propagation consistent with ISO 9613-2 are typically utilized. Nonetheless, standardization of predictions is anticipated to result in a robust and repeatable process that increases regulatory confidence and understanding. American Clean Power (ACP) is recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an Accredited Standards Developer. A wind turbine sound modeling standard working group was established and reached consensus on a preferred method of predicting project sound levels during the siting and permitting process. The goal of this standard is to establish uniform method of predicting future projects sound levels such that pre-development sound assessment results or predictions used in research can be readily compared.

Speech perception and deaf and hard of hearing children in the classroom: A multidisciplinary effort in the United States to bring data and standards to architects, school districts, and into building codes

This presentation will discuss efforts by a multidisciplinary team to overcome the notable lack of progress in the United States in acoustic accommodations for deaf and hard of hearing children in the classroom. Data collected through research efforts by members of this team, and by others, demonstrate the benefits of appropriate acoustics for all children and especially those deaf and hard of hearing. These efforts have resulted in a voluntary standard in classroom acoustics specifically for deaf and hard of hearing children by the American National Standards Institute. This standard, however, is not reaching built classrooms. This team representing the fields of acoustics, architecture and audiology is using speech perception data and new computer simulations to increase awareness of the need for classroom acoustic standards in building codes to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing children.

Mitigating Endoscope-Associated Infections: Revised ANSI/AAMI Standards and New Duodenoscope Surveillance Antimicrobial Sampling and Culturing Protocols

Article| January 2023 Mitigating Endoscope-Associated Infections: Revised ANSI/AAMI Standards and New Duodenoscope Surveillance Antimicrobial Sampling and Culturing Protocols Uday Jain, BSEE, MD, PhD, FASA Uday Jain, BSEE, MD, PhD, FASA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor January 2023, Vol. 87, 29. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000911792.39689.52 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Uday Jain; Mitigating Endoscope-Associated Infections: Revised ANSI/AAMI Standards and New Duodenoscope Surveillance Antimicrobial Sampling and Culturing Protocols. ASA Monitor 2023; 87:29 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000911792.39689.52 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: age-related cognitive decline, american national standards institute, antimicrobials, duodenoscopes, endoscopes, infections, surveillance, medical Anesthesiologists provide anesthesia for numerous endoscopy procedures. They also perform bronchoscopy and other endoscopies. There are recent developments in mitigating endoscopy-associated infections. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections, which are resistant to multiple antibiotics, have been traced to duodenal endoscopy, cystoscopy, and ureteroscopy (Am J Infect Control 2016;44:1032-6). These cases had all followed standard disinfection protocols. The outbreaks were traced to difficulty sterilizing complex shapes or materials, such as the hinge of side-viewing duodenoscopes. As a result of these outbreaks, new sterilization standards have been published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) (ANSI/AAMI ST91:2021; asamonitor.pub/3DEYQnI). Additionally, the FDA and the CDC published new surveillance antimicrobial surveillance guidelines (asamonitor.pub/3Qgqiwq). The FDA recommends transitioning to fully disposable duodenoscopes (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18:2108-2117) or using endoscopes with disposable components. This guidance includes developing schedules for routine inspection and... You do not currently have access to this content.

The new ACI code for the design of GFRP reinforced concrete

The American Concrete Institute has published ACI 440.11-22, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary. This new code was developed by an American National Standards Institute–approved consensus process and addresses structural systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, nonprestressed, and composite concrete construction. ACI 440.11-22 is the first comprehensive building code covering the use of nonmetallic, GFRP reinforcing bars in structural concrete applications. This article provides background on this new code and discusses potential uses for precast concrete components and structures.

Optimization of <i>Durio zibethinus </i>(Durian) Fiber-Reinforced Composite as Automotive Skin Material

Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) was developed from Durio zibethinus (durian) husk using urea formaldehyde (UF) as a binder. The output will be applied as an automotive panel, realigning the conventional application of MDFs. Fiberboards were prepared at varying mixing ratios and pressing pressure to determine the optimal conditions. The fibers and optimized fiberboard were characterized in terms of surface morphology, elemental analysis, FT-IR analysis, and thermal stability. Moreover, the physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard were also studied. Results showed that the fiberboard was optimized at a 1:4 fiber-to-resin ratio by mass and press pressure of 640 kPa. It has a density of 0.71 g/cm3, thickness swelling (TS) of 3.33%, water absorption (WA) of 62.44%, internal bond (IB) of 2.85 MPa, modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 3008.06 MPa, and modulus of rupture (MOR) of 22.25 MPa. These were compared against properties of commercial MDF based on American National Standards Institute (ANSI) specifications (0.5≤D≤1, TS≤15%, IB≥0.6 MPa, MOE≥2500 MPa, and MOR≥22 MPa). Based on the results, the optimized fiberboard demonstrated high potential for commercial application in the automotive industries.

Finding the bubbles in therapeutic ultrasound—For better or for worse

Cavitation has played a variety of roles in therapeutic ultrasound since the field began. Bubble activity has been seen as both a harmful side effect and the means to the therapeutic end. Throughout this range, the monitoring of bubble activity has been an important goal for numerous reasons including safety considerations, progression of treatment, and determining therapeutic efficacy. Methods of cavitation monitoring have been summarized in various contexts including the ASA effort led by Wesley Nyborg, PhD that generated the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S1.24 TR-2002 (R2007) entitled ANSI Technical Report—Bubble Detection and Cavitation Monitoring. More recently a six-part virtual series, The Detecting, Mapping, and Quantifying Bubble Activity in Therapeutic Ultrasound workshop (https://www.fusfoundation.org/posts/bubble-activity-in-therapeutic-ultrasound-workshop-series/) was held in 2021, sponsored by The Focused Ultrasound Foundation, in partnership with the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine’s Future Fund. A summary was released as a white paper. This presentation will provide an introduction to the field of bubble and cavitation detection and monitoring and a summary of this most recent workshop and associated follow-on efforts.