American Dominance Research Articles

The Opinio Juris and Opinio Moris in the Anglo-American Interventions During the Greek Civil War: An Archival Study of Legal Narratives

Abstract This article investigates the British and American interventions in Greece during the Greek Civil War, examining their legal and moral justifications. Using archival documents, the study uncovers two primary layers of discourse: the official diplomatic language of opinio juris (conviction of legality) and opinio moris (conviction of morality), alongside the covert political interests that drove these interventions. The research argues that British and American actions were primarily motivated by a ‘conviction of interest,’ with legal and moral narratives used tactically to justify their interventions. The archival materials reveal a notable lack of empathy and understanding from British and American officials regarding the trauma endured by the Greek populace due to the German occupation and collaborationist violence. Additionally, there was a significant neglect of the will of the Greek people. The study critically examines the Caserta and Civil Affairs Agreements, which provided a legal basis for British intervention, arguing that these agreements, when viewed in light of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, fail to justify the extent of foreign interference, thus questioning the authenticity of Greek consent. The article also explores the transition from British to American dominance in Greek affairs. As Britain faced economic constraints after the end of WWII, it ceded its role to the U.S., leading to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The U.S. intervention is analyzed through legal and geopolitical lenses, revealing a strategic focus on preventing communist expansion rather than providing purely legal or moral support for Greece’s recovery. Similar to British actions, American involvement often overlooked the political situation and the will of the Greek people, thereby contributing to prolonged instability.

Heading in the direction of bifurcated networks: Hong Kong's evolution amidst the global submarine cable system

The full understanding of the importance of submarine cables as part of the global network infrastructure in the digital economy era, along with decades of knowledge accumulation in this field, has not prevented Hong Kong from facing increasing difficulties in gaining more access to submarine cable systems since 2017. Given that geopolitical differences between China and the U.S. are dividing the international network infrastructure, the business interests of Hong Kong enterprises and the urban development prospects of the Hong Kong government have been forced to defer to Beijing’s security concerns. Meanwhile, in recent years China has been acquiring data power by modelling the “data collection – data sharing – data space governance” path that the United States and its allies set previously. During this process, the power shaped by China’s unique technological, social and institutional characteristics offers an alternative to American dominance, although it exacerbates the global divergence of internet infrastructure. Many projects along the Belt and Road Initiative and the Digital Silk Road are the examples of China’s data power projection, and will bring opportunities for Hong Kong’s own submarine cables sector and for the city’s role as a super connector in the coming years.

China's Growing Interest in the Middle East: Implications for US Role

This paper aims to examine the shift of power from the US to China in the Middle East without paying attention to some of the most vital economic factors such as energy supply, infrastructural investments and trade. Using qualitative research, the study employs secondary research that involves surveying of peer academic journals, government data, and trade statistics. Also, it involves a comparative analysis of the economic factors and strategic policy comparison. According to the findings of the study, the oil imports and investments of China today are remapping the Middle East economy and poised to dethrone the American dominance in the region. The Chinese model is focused on economic relations and exchange and does not meddle in the domestic affairs of its counterparts, which is why many Middle Eastern countries looking for diversification and reliability are interested in this approach. Such a shift is capable of leading to new alignments of power on the international and regional levels or even the fall of American hegemony. The study also reveals the fact that the US must alter its strategy in order for it to be effective; the plan that the study recommends includes diplomacy and aid and also a cooperative approach, some economic incentives and a collaborative strategy. Some of the findings that have been established across the Middle Eastern countries include the need to be able to manage relations with superpowers and defend national interests as crucial for sustainable development. The implication for international ties, therefore, underscores a shift in the nature of power relations within the global system, hence the need to study further the social-political impact of Chinese financial engagement as well as the changing nature of the uneasy relationship between the US and China.

THE SHIFT OF POWER: ANALYSING THE DECLINE OF USA'S INFLUENCE IN AFRICA IN FAVOUR OF CHINA

In recent years, the African continent has emerged as a key arena in the global power rivalry between the United States and China. This study delves into the shifting power dynamics in Africa, with a focus on the increasing influence of China amidst receding American dominance. The research employs document review to analyze the multifaceted nature of China's engagement in Africa, encompassing trade, infrastructure investments, and diplomacy, establishing China as Africa's primary trading partner. Notably, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) plays a pivotal role in reshaping Africa's infrastructure and economic landscape. Conversely, the United States has witnessed a decline in diplomatic presence, foreign aid reductions, and a diminished focus on economic engagement, leading to a decrease in its influence. The outcomes of this evolving dynamic are far-reaching. While Africa stands to benefit from potential economic transformation, concerns regarding debt sustainability and reliance on Chinese support persist. Geopolitically, Africa's strategic significance has triggered competition between China and the U.S., with potential implications for regional security. Moreover, Africa's critical role in global supply chains, particularly in resources such as minerals and energy, amplifies China's influence in global markets. African nations face the challenge of balancing economic growth, sovereignty, and regional stability. To counter China's expanding presence and enhance relations with African countries, the United States should prioritize revitalizing diplomacy, formulating a comprehensive trade policy, emphasizing development assistance, and collaborating on regional security initiatives. Cultivating cultural exchanges and respecting African agency are equally imperative steps in this endeavor.

Algunas notas sobre la circulación de Utopía en América durante el siglo xvi

Thomas More’s Utopia circulated widely in 16th-century Europe, where the work was printed up to eleven times. In addition to these Latin editions, which appeared in Louvain, Paris, Basel, Florence, Cologne and Wittenberg, we must add the vernacular translations of Utopia into German, Italian, French, English and Dutch, published during the 16th century. In peninsular Spain, where the text was not printed a single time in the 16th century, the circulation of Utopia seems to have been less intense than in other parts of Europe. Nevertheless, Utopia enjoyed considerable success in the American dominions of the Spanish Crown, especially in New Spain, where the work was read, translated, annotated and put into practice. This article analyses the impact of Utopia in sixteenth-century America and investigates the close relationship that existed between Thomas More’s work and the New World in the 16th century.

Considerações sobre a reforma monetária na Alemanha após a II Guerra Mundial

ABSTRACT This article is theoretical and presents the currency reform of June 20, 1948, which laid the basis for the reconstruction and rebirth of the West German economy after World War II. The authors analyze the conditions related to the need to carry out the reform, emphasizing the role and interests of the United States in this undertaking. It is widely believed that the reform gave rise to impressive economic growth, the so-called “economic miracle” that no one could have predicted before. A closer analysis, however, shows that the initial aim was not to pave the way for an economic miracle, but it was rather a meticulously prepared plan of action by the American superpower to strengthen its position in the world and limit the influence of the socialist idea. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore the hypothesis that the currency reform in post-WWII Germany was primarily aimed at securing American dominance and limiting Soviet influence.

منظمة ايباك وتأثيرها على الانتخابات الامريكية 2020

The U.S.A presidential election is more important than any other election in the world. Perhaps this stems form the importance of America in days world which is characterized by unipolar and American domination of the international political system and its active role in many international issues and organizations The research is an attempt to diagnose AIPAC S role in the 2020 American election by knowing the roots of Jewish presence in America and its organization.

Ускорение реконфигурации Мир-Системы в связи с СВО и возможные сценарии будущего. Ст. 2. Возможные сценарии реконфигурации Мир-Системы и мирового порядка

Since February 2022, the World-System has entered a new phase of development. Its reconfiguration, associated with the weakening of American dominance, which has been going on since at least 2008 (since the outbreak of the global crisis), has accelerated. The uncertainty about the outcome of Russia's special military operation in Ukraine (SMO), the split in the world, the collapse of the world economy into a number of economic zones, the prospect of the formation of financial and monetary zones and other processes open up other options for transformation of the world order than those that seemed dominant yesterday. The present article aims at bringing together various factors of change into a single picture, to identify a range of possible scenarios for the reconfiguration of the World-System and the transformation of the world order. The present study consists of two closely related articles. In the first article, ‘The Impact of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine on the Reconfiguration of the World-System ‘, we considered the following issues: the balance of power in the USA and the world as a whole due to SMO in Ukraine; which forces in the USA and Europe benefit from the military conflict and which do not; how the military conflict undermines the US world order; why the World-System reconfiguration has been accelerating and what new phase it is entering. It is shown how the situation will change in developed and developing states, and how the global contradiction of the modern world is being transformed. In the second article ‘Possible Scenarios for the Reconfiguration of the World- System and of the World Order’ as the title suggests, we consider in detail several possible scenarios for changes in the World-System in connection with the SMO in Ukraine and the collapse of the modern American world order as well as a number of other aspects of the transformation of the world order.

The American Foreign Police Towards Afghanistan in the period (2001-2021)

The study dealt with the nature of the American foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the period (2001-2021). In this study, the descriptive analytical approach , the case study Approach and the decision-making approach were used. The problem of the study identified the nature of the American foreign policy orientations towards Afghanistan in the period (2001-2021). The study reached many results, the most important of which is: America had many declared and undeclared golas in its war on terrorism and on Afghanistan. This war was within the framework of the American domination and individuality in world countries. The study recommended the necessity to achieve security and peace in Afghanistan as well as the resulting situations after theTaliban's control over Afghanistan.

Two centuries of spatial and temporal dynamics of freshwater fish introductions

AbstractAimInvestigating major freshwater fish flows (translocations) between biogeographic regions and their temporal dynamics and also quantifying spatial patterns and temporal changes in the array of introduced species, and the emergence and distance between major donor and recipient regions.LocationGlobal.Time Period1800–2020.Major Taxa StudiedFreshwater fishes.MethodsWe analysed a global dataset on freshwater fish introductions (4241 events of 688 species). Freshwater fish flows were investigated with flow diagrams and χ2 tests, while PERMANOVA (permutational multivariate analysis of variance) was used to test the association between species and regions and temporal shifts. Cluster analysis revealed major recipient areas and composition of the introduced species. Finally, changes in distances between donor and recipient sites were tested with PERMANOVA.ResultsThe number of introductions between biogeographic regions mirrored the European and North American dominance before World War II (WWII) and the trends in recreational fishing, biocontrol programmes and food production, especially in the Sino‐Oriental region, which has a long tradition of aquaculture and fishkeeping. Over the years, the origins and composition of introduced species changed uniquely in each biogeographic region, although the most introduced species are common to every region. Salmonids and other cold‐water species were frequently introduced before the 1950s, whereas tropical ornamental and aquaculture species currently prevail. Distances between donor and recipient sites did not vary over the time. After WWII, the Sino‐Oriental region consolidated its dominance and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions emerged as new global donor and recipient regions.Main ConclusionsGlobal policy should focus on tropical ornamental and aquaculture species, which could benefit from global warming, especially in the Sino‐Oriental region, because it currently dominates freshwater fish species flows, and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions, because they recently emerged as important global donor and recipient regions of freshwater fish introductions.

How Unique is VC’s American History?

VC: An American History, by Tom Nicholas, offers a compelling chronicle of the development of professional venture capital (VC) in the United States—from VC-like fore-bearers as diverse as eighteenth-century cotton manufacturing and nineteenth-century whaling up to the state of the modern VC market at the turn of the millennium. The book emphasizes America’s enduring advantage in VC as a consequence of these early developments and as a practical governance solution for investing in the long-tailed returns of risky new ventures. In this essay we discuss similar historical precedent and governance arrangements in the spice-trading voyages of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Dutch Republic, calling into question the uniqueness of early American VC ancestors. Moreover, far from being a distinguishing feature of early ventures, long-tailed returns exist even in public equities, suggesting that the VC governance structure is about more than the distribution of returns. We conclude that the reasons for American dominance of contemporary VC remain unclear. Picking up where the book leaves off, we summarize facts and trends in twenty-first-century VC. (JEL G24, M13, N20, O16, O31)

The end of the American domination era and the formation of the multipolar world

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the bipolar world order that existed for more than 40 years went down in history. A new era of the unipolar world order has begun, led by the United States, which now have an opportunity to set the "rules of the game" themselves and change them if necessary. However, in the late 2010s, it became clear that American leadership does not look indisputable, and the liberal world order supported by them is in obvious decline. This was the result of both foreign and domestic political mistakes and miscalculations of the United States itself. At the same time the growth of the new centers of power in the world weakened the American dominance. The events of 2022 clearly revealed the ongoing processes. It’s accompanied by various crises, such as high inflation in many countries, record prices for the energy resources, as well as a shortage of food products. The article reveals the causes and consequences of the ongoing processes.

A Nova ´Revolução Brasileira´: o maoísmo para enfrentar a ditadura militar no Brasil dos anos 1960 e 1970

In a world where Asia occupies again her historical role, after two centuries of European and North American domination – an “aberration”, according to Kishore Mahbubani –, the lega-cy of traditions from this continent in Latin American in-tellectual life and politics appears slightly. Thus maoism in-formed several political currents and generations of political activists, such as PCB, AP or PCdoB. Apart from definitions, they were interested in the way of thinking of Chinese communists, unlikely winners, which opened perspectives as to how to conceive revolution in Brazil in a way more cohe-rent with its historical originality, geographical complexity, and level of development. Aspects formerly seen as hindran-ces became beacons of hope: rural economic preponderance, especially peasant struggles in the Northeast or Maringa etc. Some examples from the continent favoured this bet. Ten years after the proclamation of the People's Republic of Chi-na, a Cuban revolutionary movement achieved power coming from the rural areas. The phrase “the countryside surrounds the city”, gaining power in the 1960´s, seemed to be realized here as well as with national liberation wars in Viet Nam, Asia, Africa and Latin America (Naxalites, MPLA, Sendero luminoso etc.). For young Brazilian activists, under strong repression from the military dictatorship since 1964, especially with AI 5 in 1968, maoism offered a new horizon. Apart from the change in model, perspectives opened in the arts, or currents such as feminism etc., the Little Red Book (although clandestine) representing an incentive to struggle, and a solidarity link with other fighters around the world.

Resilience and Resistance: Indigenous Agency of Hawai’ian Indigene in Lynn Kalama Nakkim’s Mahele o Maui

In recent years, the emergence of indigenous literature contextualizes the historicity of colonialism and the ensuing resistance. This present study articulates how the Native Hawai’ians articulate their resistance against American domination through the resilience of their cultural heritage and advocates for political changes, as is reflected in Lynn Kalama Nakkim’s Mahele o Maui. The study applied an econarratological perspective which foregrounds the reader's active role in reimagining a different socio-cultural perspective of the natural environment from Mahele’s perspective and engaging with other (non-Western) environmental imagination. The theory of resilience and resistance, as stated by Adamson and Molina, underlines how indigenous Hawai’ian tradition manages to persevere and transform through the Western model of narration, a novel. The study explores how Nakkim’s fiction articulates the indigenous epistemology of Aloha Aina to actively resist American domination with the eventual goal of achieving sovereignty and independence. The finding concludes how Native Hawai’ians’ literature has a similar concern with other indigenous struggles in the world, advocative and politically oriented in outlook, echoing their struggle for the right of self-determination and eventual sovereignty.

Shaping the global: knowledge, experts, and U.S. universities in the emergence of global health

ABSTRACT The term ‘global health’ has become the dominant way to describe worldwide interventions on health since the 2000s. Despite significant discussions about the meaning of the term, there is still a lack of understanding about how it came to dominate global thinking and the implications of such a shift. This article traces the emergence and diffusion of ‘global health’ as a concept. It focuses particularly on the role of US experts and universities in shaping the ‘global’. It uses a combination of interviews, literature review and archives to trace its apparition in expert discourses and diffusion in universities. It shows that the definition of ‘global health’ came out of and contributed to American dominance in globalization. In addition to bringing a fresh perspective on the origins of global health, the paper contributes to the globalization debates by showing the co-constitution of scientific and political fields in globalization.

The Cuban Revolution Comes to America

The Cuban Revolution Comes to America

Balancing, Threats & Wedges in International Political Economy: The Origins and Impact of the Sino-Indian Alliance at the WTO

ABSTRACT Despite considerable tensions, China and India formed a surprising alliance at the WTO. Their alliance proved highly successful, bringing an end to American dominance and sharply curtailing the ability of the US to set the rules of global trade. However, the article shows, a key risk of soft balancing within an international institution is that, if successful, it may cause the dominant power to abandon the institution altogether. The US responded to China and India’s soft balancing by turning away from the WTO, actively undermining its rules and enforcement mechanism, and pursuing its interests through bilateral channels. The article thus identifies a distinct and previously unrecognized wedge strategy—vertical forum-shifting, or moving the action from international institutions to bilateral negotiations, to split an adversary coalition.

The Transition from Domestic Sphere to International Sphere in Pinter’s Political Play: Ashes to Ashes

Motivated by the absurd tradition in the 1950s, in the following years, Pinter transitioned comedy of menace to the memory plays. With the political drama booming in the 1960s although the playwrights of the period such as John Arden, Arnold Wesker, Edward Bond have written down overtly political plays, Pinter continued to write implicit plays unlike the writers of that time. By the time the political drama was on the decline, with the effect of globalization, Pinter wrote very overtly political plays after the 1980s. As a matter of fact, Pinter revived the New British Theatre with his third period plays such as One for the Road and Mountain Language. Pinter who gained prominence with the latest period plays, has also exceeded the borders of his country; therefore, he referred to the social and political cases he observed in other countries. He addressed several international issues, including the Gulf War, American dominance over other countries, and disempowerment of minority rights. He repudiated the borders pertained at his interviews, even sharply criticised the British politics with courage. Pinter, who was awarded the Nobel Prize, did not hesitate to criticize the policies of England and America with great heart, even in his Nobel speech. Pinter, who handled only British issues in his own country in the early period plays, became the voice of many countries in the latest period plays. Pinter, who never admitted to being a political playwright, was almost always annoyed being tagged, and tried to be the voice of whole world while cutting across all boundaries. This paper discusses Pinter’s domestic sphere in his early phase turns into a universally oppressive space filled with violence, rape, death and surveillance in his late plays. It is seen that the dramatised space in Pinter’s late plays has been widened both literally and figuratively. The image of “room” is superseded by the global cities and foreign countries as the locus of oppression and the centre of political power. His late stage goes beyond the world of the theatre as the paper will reveal that Pinter's political play entitled as Ashes to Ashes cuts across all boundaries.Keywords: Pinter, international issues, playwright who has no boundaries, political drama, Ashes to Ashes

Degrees of Difficulty: How Women's Gymnastics Rose to Prominence and Fell from Grace

Since the late twentieth century, gymnastics has been “must-see” television during the summer Olympics, alongside swimming and track and field. All three sports garner huge ratings and, not coincidentally, feature American excellence. This is particularly true for gymnastics; Sunisa Lee's performance in the 2020 Tokyo games made her the fifth American woman in a row to win gold in the individual all-around. However, as Georgia Cervin reminds readers in Degrees of Difficulty: How Women's Gymnastics Rose to Prominence and Fell from Grace, the popularity of gymnastics and American dominance are not only of recent origin but came at great cost to both the athletes and the sport.Gymnastics gained prominence during the Cold War, a time when gymnasts’ victories and personalities served as potent weapons in the global fight for symbolic and sporting supremacy. Eastern bloc countries dominated the Olympic podium early on, ultimately changing the sport forever with their innovative routines. Although the popular conception is that Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci revolutionized gymnastics with their acrobatic tricks and youthful ages, Cervin argues that Americans deserve credit for the latter development, as they were the first to add gymnasts barely into their teens to their national teams. The move to recruit younger gymnasts—one that other countries soon emulated—contributed to a major power imbalance between older male coaches and their younger, female charges, as well as to an environment of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.While there have been several books and documentaries detailing that abuse in the wake of the Larry Nassar scandal, Degrees of Difficulty is the first to offer an international history of the sport that explains how gymnastics created and sustained an environment in which such abuse could take place. In tapping her own experiences as an international gymnast, marshaling numerous secondary sources, and researching the archives of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), Cervin offers a comprehensive account of the origins of women's artistic gymnastics and its evolution from an exhibition sport that debuted at the often overlooked Athens Olympics in 1906 to a marquee event in 2021.Cervin is at her best detailing the negotiations between the IOC and FIG, a collaboration that produced a sport that was traditionally feminine, entertaining, and, ultimately, fair. A new scoring system, which abandoned the “perfect 10” model made famous by Comăneci in 1976, now reflects a routine's degree of difficulty as well as its actual execution, produces greater transparency among judges, and grants gymnasts unprecedented opportunities to set world records. Even as Cervin comments on the collaborative process between the IOC and FIG that produced modern gymnastics as we know it, the resulting product was a sport that was quintessentially feminine. Cervin maintains that women's gymnastics were engineered to esteem elegance and grace—an intentional contrast with men's gymnastics—and thus was acceptable for females. However, as the author points out, it reinforced a very narrow definition of femininity—one that prized diminutive, elegant, and white participants—that blunted the sport's feminist intent.Less convincing is Cervin's claim that women's artistic gymnastics “opened the door for women's participation in other sports” (212). Her assertion of a link between the acceptance of women's gymnastics and their increased athletic participation lacks a clear cause and effect; certainly, the agency and appreciation women gained through gymnastics mattered, but Cervin fails to provide clear evidence that shows, for example, how the sport specifically influenced and encouraged the IOC to include more sports or events for women on its Olympic docket. Moreover, there were other sports in which women competed—golf, tennis, swimming, figure skating—that were also traditionally feminine, predated the emergence of women's gymnastics, and certainly contributed to the acceptability of female participation in sport, albeit without the female governance that gymnastics enjoyed early on.Nevertheless, Degrees of Difficulty is an important read and makes the case for necessary changes to a sport that millions love to watch but whose institutional history few understand. Those include increasing the minimum age of gymnasts, engendering a more collaborative relationship between athletes and coaches, and urging FIG to take a more activist role in banning coaches, administrators, and even nations from international competition for ethics violations. These reforms are necessary, particularly if, according to Georgia Cervin, the sport wants to fully embrace its feminist origins. In so doing it can set an important example for female gymnasts and, indeed, for all athletes, regardless of their sport or gender.

Эволюция концептуальных основ арктической стратегии США

Introduction. The article examines the features of the main stages in the evolution of the U.S. Arctic strategy in the period after the end of the Cold War that helps to understand the future of American regional policy. The United States is one of the main participants in the Arctic policy, on which the state of security and cooperation in the region largely depends. Methods and materials. The empirical basis for the study was the documents of various institutions and departments involved in the planning, implementation and control of the U.S. Arctic policy. These documents include the directives and public papers of the president, documents of the Department of Defense, the Arctic strategies of ministries and departments, reports of the Congressional Research Service, documents of “think tanks”. Analysis. The article concludes that the Arctic became a priority of U.S. policy only in the early 2000s after the revival of Russia’s activity in the Far North. The U.S. strategy was finalized only under President Barack Obama. It directed to achieving American dominance in all spheres by combining political, diplomatic, economic, military instruments. If B. Obama considered international cooperation in the Arctic productive, then the next President D. Trump shifted the American strategy towards nationalism and isolationism, curtailing many cooperation projects. Results. The development of the American strategy was inconsistent, and so far it does not represent a coherent, consistent vision of American policy in the Arctic. Relations between the United States and Russia in the Arctic decreased in the aftermath of the Ukrainian crisis, but objective conditions for cooperation remain. The scenario for the further evolution of bilateral relations remains uncertain under J. Biden. Authors’ contribution. Valery Konyshev: introduction, contours of the Arctic policy after the end of the Cold War: strategic interests, development of the U.S. Arctic Doctrine: limited cooperation. Alexander Sergunin: methods and materials, revision of the Arctic doctrine: from cooperation to rivalry, results.